Diversity Is Not Enough: Advancing a Framework for Antiracism in Medical Education.

Medical students, residents, and faculty have begun to examine and grapple with the legacy and persistence of structural racism in academic medicine in the United States. Until recently, the discourse and solutions have largely focused on augmenting diversity across the medical education continuum through increased numbers of learners from groups underrepresented in medicine (UIM). Despite deliberate measures implemented by medical schools, residency programs, academic institutions, and national organizations, meaningful growth in diversity has not been attained. To the contrary, the UIM representation among medical trainees has declined or remained below the representation in the general population. Inequities continue to be observed in multiple domains of medical education, including grading, admission to honor societies, and extracurricular obligations. These inequities, alongside learners' experiences and calls for action, led the authors to conclude that augmenting diversity is necessary but insufficient to achieve equity in the learning environment. In this article, the authors advance a 4-step framework, built on established principles and practices of antiracism, to dismantle structural racism in medical education. They ground each step of the framework in the concepts and skills familiar to medical educators. By drawing parallels with clinical reasoning, medical error, continuous quality improvement, the growth mindset, and adaptive expertise, the authors show how learners, faculty, and academic leaders can implement the framework's 4 steps-see, name, understand, and act-to shift the paradigm from a goal of diversity to a stance of antiracism in medical education.

Bronchoscopy Teaching Without a Gold Standard: Attending Pulmonologists' Assessment of Learners, Supervisory Styles, and Variation in Practice.

BACKGROUND: Despite the growing role of simulation in procedural teaching, bronchoscopy training largely is experiential and occurs during patient care. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education sets a target of 100 bronchoscopies to be performed during pulmonary fellowship. Attending physicians must balance fellow autonomy with patient safety during these clinical teaching experiences. Few data on best practices for bronchoscopy teaching exist, and a better understanding of how bronchoscopy currently is supervised could allow for improvement in bronchoscopy teaching. RESEARCH QUESTION: How do attending bronchoscopists supervise bronchoscopy, and in particular, how do attendings balance fellow autonomy with patient safety? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a focused ethnography conducted at a single center using audio recording of dialog between attendings and fellows during bronchoscopies, supplemented by observation of nonverbal teaching. Interviews with attending bronchoscopists and limited interviews of fellows also were recorded. Interviews were transcribed verbatim before analysis. We used constant comparative analysis to analyze data and qualitative research software to support data organization and thematic analysis. Education researchers from outside of pulmonary critical care joined the team to minimize bias. RESULTS: We observed seven attending bronchoscopists supervising eight bronchoscopies. We noted distinct teaching behaviors, classified into themes, which then were grouped into four supervisory styles of modelling, coaching, scaffolding, and fading. Observation and interviews illuminated that assessing fellow skill was one tool used to choose a style, and attendings moved between styles. Attendings accepted some, but not all, variation in both performing and supervising bronchoscopy. INTERPRETATION: Attending pulmonologists used a range of teaching microskills as they moved between different supervisory styles and selectively accepted variation in practice. These distinct approaches may create well-rounded bronchoscopists by the end of fellowship training and should be studied further.

Testing Boundaries COVID-19 made the USMLE, Clerkships a Moving Target for Med Students.

Medical schools typically have predictable schedules. The timing of lectures, clerkships, exams, and even extracurricular activities tend to follow in the same grooves year after year. Students can reliably block out even minor events months ahead of time and be confident they'll take place. All that changed with COVID-19. Since March, when the pandemic began closing down schools, businesses, and other institutions across the state, figuring out what comes next in medical school has been anything but predictable.

Projeto social e Educação Física: fundamentos e produção de sentidos em uma proposta de educação em valores / Social project and Physical Education: background and directions of production on a proposal of education in values

Este estudo analisa os sentidos que os professores de Educação Física, educadores sociais e jovens atribuem à educação em valores desenvolvida e ministrada em um projeto social do Estado do Espírito Santo. Caracteriza-se como um estudo de caso etnográfico, utilizando os instrumentos: análise documental, observação não participante, registro no diário de campo, entrevista semiestruturada e grupo focal. Participaram da pesquisa um professor de Educação Física, quatro educadores sociais e 28 jovens. O estudo identifica que os sujeitos partem a priori de suas experiências formativas e desenvolvem uma atividade que lhes é própria. A mediação do conteúdo valores acontece de forma incidental, não sistematizada, de acordo com as demandas que ocorrem na prática. Dentro do projeto social, a prática e a especificidade das oficinas demonstraram fazer sentido para a intervenção dos sujeitos.

This study analyzes the meanings that Physical Education teachers, social educators and young people attribute to values education developed and taught in a social project in the state of Espírito Santo. It is characterized as an ethnographic case study, using the following instruments: document analysis, non-participant observation, field diary recording, semi-structured interview and focus group. One physical education teacher, four social educators and 28 youngsters participated in the research. The study identifies that the subjects start a priori from their formative experiences and develop their own activity. The mediation of content values happens incidentally, not systematized, according to the demands that occur in practice. Within the social project, the practice and specificity of the workshops demonstrated to make sense for the intervention of the subjects.

Interprofessional provider educational needs and preferences regarding the provision of sexual and reproductive health care in cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is an important disease-specific concern for adolescent and young adult (AYA) women that is not consistently addressed in cystic fibrosis (CF) centers. This study identifies educational needs and preferences of interprofessional CF providers regarding SRH in AYA women with CF. METHODS: Interprofessional CF providers participated in an anonymous survey regarding general and CF-specific SRH knowledge and skills, factors for optimizing SRH care, and preferred approaches for SRH training. We calculated descriptive statistics for all respondents and stratified by provider type. RESULTS: A total of 523 providers completed the survey (39% physicians/advanced practice providers, 19% nurses, 20% social workers, and 22% other disciplines). Half reported comfort responding to female AYA SRH concerns; however, only one-third were comfortable asking appropriate questions and confident taking a sexual history. Only 29% were comfortable with their current CF-specific SRH knowledge. Respondents' preferred SRH topics for further training included: pregnancy/parenthood planning, sexual functioning, urinary incontinence, intimate partner violence, and taking a sexual history. Nearly two-thirds felt having connection to women's health specialists familiar with CF would facilitate SRH care. Approximately one-third desired SRH educational materials for providers to view at point-of-care or through online case-based learning; <10% were interested in role playing SRH skills. CONCLUSION: Many interprofessional CF providers lack comfort and skills in addressing SRH with AYA women with CF. Provider training needs and approaches identified in this study can be used to develop tailored educational interventions to improve comprehensive CF care.

Mentorship and Ethics in Global Health: Fostering Scientific Integrity and Responsible Conduct of Research.

Addressing ethical issues through mentorship is key to encouraging scientific integrity and increasing research capacity. Across the global health arena, mentorship requires helping mentees understand and negotiate the regulatory aspects of research-which can substantially differ even between countries with similar resources. Mentorship support spans across the research framework from obtaining ethical approval and ensuring scientific integrity, to determining authorship and disseminating study results-providing multiple opportunities to model ethical behavior for mentees. The power imbalances between the global north and south in accessing funding resources produce further challenges in setting the research agenda and for ensuring equity in the dissemination of research findings. Gender further complicates the aspiration for equity; the proportion of women in high administrative or research positions remains low. This study explores four specific mentoring case scenarios commonly encountered in the global health research field in low- and middle-income institutions.

Global Health Mentoring Toolkits: A Scoping Review Relevant for Low- and Middle-Income Country Institutions.

Capacity building in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) institutions hinges on the delivery of effective mentorship. This study presents an overview of mentorship toolkits applicable to LMIC institutions identified through a scoping review. A scoping review approach was used to 1) map the extent, range, and nature of mentorship resources and tools available and 2) to identify knowledge gaps in the current literature. To identify toolkits, we collected and analyzed data provided online that met the following criteria: written in English and from organizations and individuals involved in global health mentoring. We searched electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, and Google search engine. Once toolkits were identified, we extracted the available tools and mapped them to pre-identified global health competencies. Only three of the 18 identified toolkits were developed specifically for the LMIC context. Most toolkits focused on individual mentor-mentee relationships. Most focused on the domains of communication and professional development. Fewer toolkits focused on ethics, overcoming resource limitations, and fostering institutional change. No toolkits discussed strategies for group mentoring or how to adapt existing tools to a local context. There is a paucity of mentoring resources specifically designed for LMIC settings. We identified several toolkits that focus on aspects of individual mentor-mentee relationships that could be adapted to local contexts. Future work should focus on adaptation and the development of tools to support institutional change and capacity building for mentoring.

Pursuing an Ethical, Socially Just Classroom: Searching for Community Psychology Pedagogy.

Discussions of community psychology (CP) ethics often examine how we might best uphold CP values in community-based practice. However, for many community psychologists in faculty positions, our main domain of practice is the undergraduate classroom. Teaching is essential to the growth and sustainability of our field as prospective students tend to discover CP during their undergraduate studies. University-based work is also a key site of CP practice. Universities are contested spaces where interlocking forms of oppression manifest in many ways, including teaching (e.g., what is taught, how, by whom, to whom). CP values compel us to treat our classrooms as more than just information transmission spaces; just as there is no value-neutral research, there is no value-neutral course content or classroom practice. This first-person narrative explores ethical issues that arise when we put CP values, specifically social justice, respect for diversity, participation, and wellness, in conversation with pedagogical best practices and course content in higher education. It presents interrelated ethical dilemmas and the authors' conflicted responses. We conclude with a four-part call to the field for dedicated scholarly spaces and supports focused on the development and study of undergraduate CP pedagogy.

Preparación integral del vicedirector docente como gestor del proceso enseñanza- aprendizaje en las Ciencias Médicas / Integral preparation of the educational vicechancellor as agent in the process of teaching-learning in the Medical Sciences

Fundamento: Las transformaciones necesarias en el sector de la salud con el reordenamiento de los recursos humanos, requiere de una preparación integral del gestor del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje para lograr la calidad en la formación de los egresados. Objetivo: Proponer acciones integrales para perfeccionar la preparación del vicedirector docente en la gestión del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las ciencias médicas. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación de desarrollo tecnológico la cual se desarrolló en dos fases, la primera el diagnóstico con la identificación de las habilidades directivas en los 24 vicedirectores docentes con nombramiento del cargo en el momento del estudio de la provincia Sancti Spíritus, mediante la utilización de técnicas cuantitativas tales como encuestas, entrevistas, cualitativas como la de grupo focal y la segunda el diseño de las acciones. Resultados: Los conocimientos, la experiencia, la motivación, el liderazgo y la preparación general de los vicedirectores docentes resultaron ser adecuados; las reuniones mostraron baja efectividad, y el trabajo metodológico, especialización, capacitación y perfeccionamiento así como la actividad de la ciencia y la técnica fueron inadecuados. Se diseñaron acciones integrales encaminadas al perfeccionamiento de la preparación de los vicedirectores, las cuales fueron evaluadas por criterio de expertos. Conclusiones: La propuesta de acciones estuvo orientada a la preparación integral del vicedirector docente, evaluada como factible, aplicable y pertinente.

Background: The necessary transformations in the sector of health with the reorganization of the human resources, requires of an integral preparation of the agent of the teaching-learning process to achieve the quality in the formation of the graduated students Objective: To propose integral actions to perfect the preparation of the educational vicechancellor in the administration of the teaching-learning process of the medical sciences Methodology: It was carried out an investigation of technological development which was developed in two phases, the first one the diagnosis with the identification of the directive abilities in the 24 educational vicechancellors with appointment of the position in the moment of the study in Sancti Spíritus, by means of the use of technical quantitative such as surveys, interviews, qualitative as that of focal group and the second the design of the actions Results: The knowledge, the experience, the motivation, the leadership and the general preparation of the educational vicechancellors were to be adequately; the meetings showed low effectiveness, and the methodological work, specialization, training and improvement as well as the activity of the science and the technique were inadequate. Integral actions were designed guided to the improvement of the preparation of the vicechancellors, which were evaluated by experts' approach Conclusions: The proposal of actions was guided to the integral preparation of the educational vicechancellor, evaluated as feasible, applicable and pertinent.

Underreporting of conflicts of interest in clinical practice guidelines: cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Conflicts of interest affect recommendations in clinical guidelines and disclosure of such conflicts is important. However, not all conflicts of interest are disclosed. Using a public available disclosure list we determined the prevalence and underreporting of conflicts of interest among authors of clinical guidelines on drug treatments. METHODS: We included up to five guidelines published from July 2010 to March 2012 from each Danish clinical specialty society. Using the disclosure list of the Danish Health and Medicines Authority, we identified author conflicts of interest and compared them with the disclosures in the guidelines. For each guideline we extracted methodological characteristics of guideline development. RESULTS: Forty-five guidelines from 14 specialty societies were included. Of 254 authors, 135 (53%) had conflicts of interest, corresponding to 43 of the 45 guidelines (96%) having one or more authors with a conflict of interest. Only one of the 45 guidelines (2%) disclosed author conflicts of interest. The most common type of conflict of interest (83 of the 135) was being a consultant, an advisory board member or a company employee. Only 10 guidelines (22%) described the methods used for guideline development, 27 (60%) used references in the text and 11 (24%) graded the types of evidence. CONCLUSIONS: Conflicts of interest were common, but disclosures were very rare. Most guidelines did not describe how they were developed and many did not describe the evidence behind specific recommendations. Publicly available disclosure lists may assist guideline issuing bodies in ensuring that all conflicts are disclosed.

Intrinsic ethics regarding integrated assessment models for climate management.

In this essay we develop and argue for the adoption of a more comprehensive model of research ethics than is included within current conceptions of responsible conduct of research (RCR). We argue that our model, which we label the ethical dimensions of scientific research (EDSR), is a more comprehensive approach to encouraging ethically responsible scientific research compared to the currently typically adopted approach in RCR training. This essay focuses on developing a pedagogical approach that enables scientists to better understand and appreciate one important component of this model, what we call intrinsic ethics. Intrinsic ethical issues arise when values and ethical assumptions are embedded within scientific findings and analytical methods. Through a close examination of a case study and its application in teaching, namely, evaluation of climate change integrated assessment models, this paper develops a method and case for including intrinsic ethics within research ethics training to provide scientists with a comprehensive understanding and appreciation of the critical role of values and ethical choices in the production of research outcomes.

A integralidade na formação dos profissionais de saúde: tecendo valores / The integral health care in the training of health professionals: building values

A integralidade da assistência, um dos princípios doutrinários do sistema de saúde brasileiro, constitui uma das principais metas para se alcançar uma assistência de qualidade e humanizada. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a percepção dos professores dos cursos de graduação que formam profissionais de saúde na Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, sobre a formação orientada pela integralidade. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, na qual foi utilizada a técnica da entrevista semiestruturada com docentes dos referidos cursos. Como estratégia de análise dos dados, propõese a modalidade de análise temática. A categoria em torno da qual são trazidas as reflexões sobre a percepção dos docentes sobre o ensino voltado para o princípio da integralidade foi nomeada "os princípios do SUS orientando a formação". Os resultados do estudo apontam que os docentes expressam um envolvimento com os valores da Reforma Sanitária brasileira, no contexto das mudanças necessárias na formação em saúde.

Integral healthcare, one of the doctrinal principles of the Brazilian health care system, is one of the main ways to reach high-quality and humanized care. This work aims to analyze the perception of teachers of undergraduate courses who train health professionals at Juiz de Fora Federal University, Brazil, when it comes to integral care-oriented training. It is a qualitative research, employing the semi-structured interview technique with teachers of the studied courses. The thematic analysis is suggested as the data analysis method. The reflections on the perception of teachers about the principle of the integral healthcare have been centered on the category "trainingorienting principles of the Unified Health System". The study results show that teachers express involvement with the Brazilian Health Reform values, in the context of necessary changes in health training.

Financial conflicts of interest and the ethical obligations of medical school faculty and the profession.

Despite their potential benefits, relationships linking medical school faculty and the pharmaceutical and device industries may also challenge the professional value of primacy of patient welfare, a point highlighted in a recent Institute of Medicine report. Academic medical centers and professors have the added professional obligation to ensure the unbiased, evidence-based education of future doctors. This essay argues that faculty financial conflicts of interest may threaten this obligation by propagating the bias introduced by these relationships to students. This could occur directly through the process of curriculum determination and delivery, and also indirectly through the "hidden curriculum," which deserves particular attention, as its lessons may conflict with those professed in the formal curriculum. The essay concludes with guiding principles to consider when developing a conflict of interest policy at academic medical centers.

Teaching trainees to negotiate research collaborations with industry: a mentorship model.

Research collaborations with the pharmaceutical industry can offer valuable opportunities for academic psychiatrists to gain access to important resources. Such relationships, however, often produce significant conflicts of interest, and recent attention has focused on the ways in which these conflicts can compromise research integrity. Psychiatric residents generally receive little education about industry-academia interactions. The authors report their experience collaborating on a research project with representatives of a pharmaceutical company, and they propose a model for teaching psychiatric trainees responsible and productive engagement with industry investigators.

Commercial influence and learner-perceived bias in continuing medical education.

PURPOSE: To directly examine the relationship between commercial support of continuing medical education (CME) and perceived bias in the content of these activities. METHOD: Cross-sectional study of 213 accredited live educational programs organized by a university provider of CME from 2005 to 2007. A standard question from course evaluations was used to determine the degree to which attendees believed commercial bias was present. Binomial regression models were used to determine the association between course features that may introduce commercial bias and the extent of perceived bias at those CME activities. RESULTS: Mean response rate for attendee evaluations was 56% (SD 15%). Commercial support covered 20%-49% of costs for 45 (21%) educational activities, and > or = 50% of costs for 46 activities (22%). Few course participants perceived commercial bias, with a median of 97% (interquartile range 95%-99%) of respondents stating that the activity they attended was free of commercial bias. There was no association between extent of commercial support and the degree of perceived bias in CME activities. Similarly, perceived bias did not vary for 11 of 12 event characteristics evaluated as potential sources of commercial bias, or by score on a risk index designed to prospectively assess risk of commercial bias. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of perceived bias were low for the vast majority of CME activities in the sample and did not differ by the degree of industry support or other event characteristics. Further study is needed to determine whether commercial influence persisted in more subtle forms that were difficult for participants to detect.

Perspective: Conflict of interest and professional organizations: considerations and recommendations.

There are differences in conflicts of interest (COIs) in professional organizations compared with academic medical centers. The authors discuss nine major questions pertaining to industry relationships of professional organizations: (1) What makes COI management different in professional membership organizations? (2) What COI challenges are specific to professional organizations? (3) What are potential impacts of perceived or real COIs involving professional organizations and the management of COIs? (4) Is regulation necessary, or should professional organizations proactively resolve COI issues independently? (5) Are guidelines portable from academic medical centers to professional organizations? (6) What approaches may be considered for managing COIs of the organization's leaders? (7) What approaches are reasonable for managing COI issues at professional meetings? (8) What approaches are important for integrity of educational programs, publications, and products? and (9) What approaches are reasonable for managing and enforcing COI guidelines on an ongoing basis? Responses to these questions focus on four principles: First, a code of ethics governing general behavior of members and safeguarding the interest of patients must be in place; second, the monitoring and management of COI for leadership, including, in some cases, recusal from certain activities; third, the pooling and consistent, transparent management of unrestricted grants from corporate sponsors; and, fourth, the management of industry marketing efforts at membership meetings to ensure their appropriateness. The perspectives offered are intended to encourage individuals and learned bodies to further study and provide commentary and recommendations on managing COIs of a professional organization.

An analysis of candidate ethical justifications for allowing inexperienced physicians-in-training to perform invasive procedures.

Allowing relatively inexperienced physicians-in-training to perform invasive medical procedures is a widely accepted practice, generally felt to be justified by the need to train future generations of physicians. The ethical justification of this practice, however, is rarely if ever explored in any depth. This essay examines the moral issues associated with this practice, in the setting of a specific clinical scenario involving the emergency intubation of a critically ill newborn. The practice is ultimately shown to be justified based not only on the needs of society and future patients but also on the best interests of the patient being treated. However, several important qualifications need to be satisfied in order for this practice to be ethically permissible. The arguments and qualifications presented can be extended to clinical situations beyond the specific scenario discussed and are relevant to a wide range of medical and surgical settings.

An ethical solution to the challenges in teaching anatomy with dissection in the Chinese culture.

Universities and medical schools in China are faced with an ongoing shortage of cadavers for education and research because of insufficient numbers of cadaver donations. This article will examine the main obstacles to cadaver donation in the Chinese culture. These include superstitious traditional views about the body, a lack of legislation regulating donations, and a deficiency of effective channels for cadaver donations. Cadaver dissection has always been the most important method of teaching anatomy to medical students. Today, ethics courses have also become essential to a complete medical education. Contemporary physicians need to be equipped to navigate the myriad of moral and ethical issues inherent to modern medicine. In China, cadaver donations lag behind those in other countries, threatening to create valid disadvantages in medical education. New legislation and public education are necessary to remove cultural barriers and change Chinese views on cadaver donation. For this reason, the Department of Human Anatomy at Nanjing Medical University has established the "Educational Center for Medical Ethics." The goal of the Center is to promote proper respect for cadavers used for medical research and education, cherish the human lives the cadavers represent, and gain the trust of potential donors.