RESUMO
Carrot pomace is an abundant, but underutilized, byproduct from the juice industry. In this study, the insoluble dietary fiber from carrot pomace was treated using an ultra-microgrinding process, and the resulting changes in its physicochemical properties and intestinal protective effect against heavy metal damage were examined. The SEM and fluorescence microscopy results showed that the grinding process could significantly decrease the particle size of carrot insoluble dietary fibre and increase its Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area from 0.374 to 1.835 m(2) g(-1). Correspondingly, the water-holding capacity, swelling capacity, and oil-holding capacity increased by 62.09%, 49.25% and 45.45%, respectively. The glucose-, nitrite-, and lead ion-adsorbing abilities also improved significantly compared with the raw samples. In addition, apoptosis assessment by AO/EB revealed that the ground fibre could effectively protect Caco-2 cells from lead ion damage. The MTT assay showed that carrot insoluble dietary fibre has no toxicity for Caco-2 cells at a concentration of 10.0 mg L(-1). The findings of this study highlighted the potential of the ultra-microgrinding process to produce a high added-value fibre ingredient from carrot residues.
Assuntos
Daucus carota/química , Enterócitos/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/química , Prebióticos , Substâncias Protetoras/metabolismo , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Células CACO-2 , Quelantes/efeitos adversos , Quelantes/química , Quelantes/metabolismo , Fenômenos Químicos , China , Daucus carota/economia , Enterócitos/citologia , Enterócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Manipulação de Alimentos , Indústria de Processamento de Alimentos/economia , Humanos , Resíduos Industriais/análise , Resíduos Industriais/economia , Chumbo/química , Chumbo/metabolismo , Chumbo/toxicidade , Intoxicação por Chumbo/prevenção & controle , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Tamanho da Partícula , Prebióticos/efeitos adversos , Prebióticos/análise , Prebióticos/economia , Substâncias Protetoras/efeitos adversos , Substâncias Protetoras/química , Substâncias Protetoras/economia , Solubilidade , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
The human intestinal epithelium is a useful model for pharmacological studies of absorption, metabolism, drug interactions, and toxicology, as well as for studies of developmental biology. We established a rapid and cost effective system for differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into definitive endoderm (DE) cells. In the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a low concentration of Activin at 6.25 ng/ml is sufficient to give a similar differentiation efficiency with that using Activin at 100 ng/ml at the presence of Wnt activator. In the presence of DMSO, Activin at low concentration triggered hiPS cells to undergo differentiation through G1 arrest, reduce apoptosis, and potentiate activation of downstream targets, such as SMAD2 phosphorylation and SOX17 expression. This increased differentiation into CDX2 + SOX17 + DE cells. The present differentiation procedure therefore permits rapid and efficient derivation of DE cells, capable of differentiating into intestinal epithelium upon BIO and DAPT treatment and of giving rise to functional cells, such as enterocytes.