Avaliação in situ do potencial da solução de AmF/NaF/SnCl2, associada ou não ao laser de CO2, em prevenir a erosão em esmalte dental bovino / In situ assessment of the potential of AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution, associated or not to CO2 laser irradiation, on preventing dental enamel erosion

Apesar de vários estudos terem demonstrado resultados promissores do uso da solução de AmF/NaF/SnCl2 no controle da erosão do esmalte dental, não existem relatos da sua associação com a irradiação do substrato com o laser de CO2, de comprimento de onda de 9,6 ?m. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial da solução de AmF/NaF/SnCl2, associada ou não ao laser de CO2 (4,5 J/cm2, 20 Hz, 20 ?s), em controlar a erosão em esmalte dental bovino. Treze voluntários participaram desse estudo in situ, de delineamento cruzado, em 02 fases (04 dias cada), onde 04 tratamentos foram testados utilizando réplicas (n = 13): GC - nenhum tratamento (controle negativo); GF - solução de AmF/NaF/SnCl2 (controle positivo); GL - irradiação com laser de CO2 (9,6 ?m); GLF - laser de CO2 associado à solução de AmF/NaF/SnCl2. Os voluntários usaram dispositivos intra-bucais removíveis contendo 08 amostras de esmalte bovino. Na primeira fase, 07 voluntários utilizaram dispositivos intra-bucais contendo amostras dos grupos GC e GL, e outros 06 voluntários utilizaram dispositivos contendo amostras dos grupos GF e GLF. Na segunda fase, os voluntários foram cruzados, permitindo que todos os grupos experimentais fossem avaliados no meio bucal dos 13 voluntários da pesquisa. Os dispositivos intra-bucais foram removidos da boca para ciclagem erosiva ex-situ em ácido cítrico 0,65%, pH 3,6, durante 4 minutos, 2x/dia, em horários pré-determinados. As amostras foram avaliadas em perfilômetro óptico de não-contato (n = 13) para análise da perda de tecido mineral após o desafio erosivo, e um ensaio de ultramicrodureza transversal (n = 13) foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a profundidade da área de desmineralização abaixo da superfície do esmalte erodido. A análise morfológica foi realizada utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) (n = 3). Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio do modelo ANOVA 2 fatores para medidas repetidas, com subsequente comparação entre os diferentes tratamentos (? = 0,05). A ciclagem ácida realizada no presente estudo provocou perda de esmalte significativamente maior (p < 0,001) nos grupos GC (4,8 ± 1,4A ?m) e GL (4,4 ± 2,0A ?m). Não houve diferença estatística entre a perda de superfície nos grupos GF (1,9 ± 0,9B ?m) e GLF (1,7 ± 0,9B ?m). Os resultados de ultramicrodureza transversal mostraram que as amostras tratadas com a solução fluoretada (grupo GF) apresentaram uma zona parcialmente desmineralizada com média de dureza semelhante às amostras do grupo que não recebeu qualquer tipo de tratamento (grupo GC), com ambos os grupos apresentando média de dureza significativamente maior que os grupos que foram irradiados com o laser de CO2 (GL e GLF) (p < 0,001). As micrografias mostraram que as características morfológicas superficiais do esmalte nos grupos irradiados com laser de CO2 apresentaram-se semelhantes nos grupos GL e GLF, verificando-se a presença de áreas sugestivas de derretimento, resolidificação, microporos e microtrincas, sem evidências de precipitados fluoretados no grupo GFL. Uma camada amorfa pôde ser observada nas superfícies de esmalte tratadas apenas com a solução fluoretada contendo estanho. Pode-se concluir que o uso do enxaguatório bucal fluoretado contendo estanho (500 ppm F-, 800 ppm Sn2+, pH = 4,5) mostrou potencial de prevenção da erosão de esmalte dental. A irradiação do esmalte dental com o laser associado à solução fluoretada mostrou-se eficaz, mas seu efeito não foi sinérgico. O laser de CO2 (9,6 ?m), nos parâmetros utilizados, não foi capaz de prevenir a erosão em esmalte causada por ácido cítrico.

Although several studies have shown promising results using the AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution in preventing the erosion of dental enamel, there are no reports of their association with the irradiation of the substrate with the CO2 laser, working at 9.6 ?m. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution, associated or not to CO2 laser irradiation (4.5 J/cm2, 20 Hz, 20 ?s), to prevent erosion on dental enamel. Thirteen volunteers participated in this 2-phase (4 days each), crossover study, where 04 treatments were tested using replicas (n = 13): GC - no treatment (negative control); GF - AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution (positive control); GL - CO2 laser irradiation (9.6 ?m); GLF - CO2 laser irradiation associated with AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution. The volunteers wore removable intra-buccal appliances containing eight bovine enamel samples. In the first phase, seven volunteers used intra-oral appliances containing samples of groups GC and GL and 6 volunteers, appliances containing samples of groups GF and GLF. In the second phase volunteers were crossed over, allowing all experimental groups were evaluated in the buccal environment of the 13 volunteers. Intra-buccal appliances were removed from the mouth and were exposed to a daily ex-situ erosive cycling (0.65% citric acid, pH 3.6, for 4 minutes, 2x/day) at pre-determined times. Samples were evaluated for surface loss using an optical non-contact profilometer (n = 13) for analysis of loss of mineral after the erosive challenge and a cross-sectional nanohardness test (n = 13) was carried out in order to determine the depth of demineralized area below the erosive lesion. Morphological analysis was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n = 3).

Avaliação in situ do potencial da solução de AmF/NaF/SnCl2, associada ou não ao laser de CO2, em prevenir a erosão em esmalte dental bovino / In situ assessment of the potential of AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution, associated or not to CO2 laser irradiation, on preventing dental enamel erosion

Apesar de vários estudos terem demonstrado resultados promissores do uso da solução de AmF/NaF/SnCl2 no controle da erosão do esmalte dental, não existem relatos da sua associação com a irradiação do substrato com o laser de CO2, de comprimento de onda de 9,6 ?m. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial da solução de AmF/NaF/SnCl2, associada ou não ao laser de CO2 (4,5 J/cm2, 20 Hz, 20 ?s), em controlar a erosão em esmalte dental bovino. Treze voluntários participaram desse estudo in situ, de delineamento cruzado, em 02 fases (04 dias cada), onde 04 tratamentos foram testados utilizando réplicas (n = 13): GC - nenhum tratamento (controle negativo); GF - solução de AmF/NaF/SnCl2 (controle positivo); GL - irradiação com laser de CO2 (9,6 ?m); GLF - laser de CO2 associado à solução de AmF/NaF/SnCl2. Os voluntários usaram dispositivos intra-bucais removíveis contendo 08 amostras de esmalte bovino. Na primeira fase, 07 voluntários utilizaram dispositivos intra-bucais contendo amostras dos grupos GC e GL, e outros 06 voluntários utilizaram dispositivos contendo amostras dos grupos GF e GLF. Na segunda fase, os voluntários foram cruzados, permitindo que todos os grupos experimentais fossem avaliados no meio bucal dos 13 voluntários da pesquisa. Os dispositivos intra-bucais foram removidos da boca para ciclagem erosiva ex-situ em ácido cítrico 0,65%, pH 3,6, durante 4 minutos, 2x/dia, em horários pré-determinados. As amostras foram avaliadas em perfilômetro óptico de não-contato (n = 13) para análise da perda de tecido mineral após o desafio erosivo, e um ensaio de ultramicrodureza transversal (n = 13) foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a profundidade da área de desmineralização abaixo da superfície do esmalte erodido. A análise morfológica foi realizada utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) (n = 3).

Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio do modelo ANOVA 2 fatores para medidas repetidas, com subsequente comparação entre os diferentes tratamentos (? = 0,05). A ciclagem ácida realizada no presente estudo provocou perda de esmalte significativamente maior (p < 0,001) nos grupos GC (4,8 ± 1,4A ?m) e GL (4,4 ± 2,0A ?m). Não houve diferença estatística entre a perda de superfície nos grupos GF (1,9 ± 0,9B ?m) e GLF (1,7 ± 0,9B ?m). Os resultados de ultramicrodureza transversal mostraram que as amostras tratadas com a solução fluoretada (grupo GF) apresentaram uma zona parcialmente desmineralizada com média de dureza semelhante às amostras do grupo que não recebeu qualquer tipo de tratamento (grupo GC), com ambos os grupos apresentando média de dureza significativamente maior que os grupos que foram irradiados com o laser de CO2 (GL e GLF) (p < 0,001). As micrografias mostraram que as características morfológicas superficiais do esmalte nos grupos irradiados com laser de CO2 apresentaram-se semelhantes nos grupos GL e GLF, verificando-se a presença de áreas sugestivas de derretimento, resolidificação, microporos e microtrincas, sem evidências de precipitados fluoretados no grupo GFL. Uma camada amorfa pôde ser observada nas superfícies de esmalte tratadas apenas com a solução fluoretada contendo estanho. Pode-se concluir que o uso do enxaguatório bucal fluoretado contendo estanho (500 ppm F-, 800 ppm Sn2+, pH = 4,5) mostrou potencial de prevenção da erosão de esmalte dental. A irradiação do esmalte dental com o laser associado à solução fluoretada mostrou-se eficaz, mas seu efeito não foi sinérgico. O laser de CO2 (9,6 ?m), nos parâmetros utilizados, não foi capaz de prevenir a erosão em esmalte causada por ácido cítrico.

Although several studies have shown promising results using the AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution in preventing the erosion of dental enamel, there are no reports of their association with the irradiation of the substrate with the CO2 laser, working at 9.6 ?m. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution, associated or not to CO2 laser irradiation (4.5 J/cm2, 20 Hz, 20 ?s), to prevent erosion on dental enamel. Thirteen volunteers participated in this 2-phase (4 days each), crossover study, where 04 treatments were tested using replicas (n = 13): GC - no treatment (negative control); GF - AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution (positive control); GL - CO2 laser irradiation (9.6 ?m); GLF - CO2 laser irradiation associated with AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution. The volunteers wore removable intra-buccal appliances containing eight bovine enamel samples. In the first phase, seven volunteers used intra-oral appliances containing samples of groups GC and GL and 6 volunteers, appliances containing samples of groups GF and GLF. In the second phase volunteers were crossed over, allowing all experimental groups were evaluated in the buccal environment of the 13 volunteers. Intra-buccal appliances were removed from the mouth and were exposed to a daily ex-situ erosive cycling (0.65% citric acid, pH 3.6, for 4 minutes, 2x/day) at pre-determined times. Samples were evaluated for surface loss using an optical non-contact profilometer (n = 13) for analysis of loss of mineral after the erosive challenge and a cross-sectional nanohardness test (n = 13) was carried out in order to determine the depth of demineralized area below the erosive lesion. Morphological analysis was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n = 3).

Prevalence of dental erosion in young adults aged 18 years in Poland.

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of tooth wear in young adults in Poland. METHODS: A total of 1,886 persons aged 18 years, selected on a basis of multistage sampling, were examined within the Nationwide Dental Health Monitoring Programme. Previously calibrated dentists measured tooth wear using the BEWE-scoring system (Basic Erosive Wear Examination). RESULTS: Out of 1,886 young adults, 42.2% presented the signs of dental erosion. Considered the severity of erosion, it was graded as 1, 2 and 3 in 28.9%, 11.9% and 1.5% of 18-year-olds, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Results of clinical assessment of dental erosion in 18-year-old young adults revealed that erosive tooth wear is an important problem in this age group. Of them, 13.4% had signs of advanced tooth wear which may lead to serious clinical problems in the future.

The problem with an epidemiological index for dental erosion.

This article reviews and discusses the difficulties posed by the application of epidemiological indices for the measurement of dental erosion. It covers several aspects of index design.

Novel methods of balancing covariates for the assessment of dental erosion: a contribution to validation of a synthetic scoring system for erosive wear.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to balance several potential erosive covariates, using traditional and novel epidemiological approaches, in order to assess the relative risks of dental erosion more precisely. METHODS: Traditional (univariate and logistic regression analysis) and novel techniques (propensity scores and Inverse Probability Weighting-IPW) were applied for evaluating the effect of twenty covariates on dental erosion among 502 adolescents. RESULTS: Different approaches gave different estimates of the relative risks of dental erosion. The increased consumption of carbonated soft drinks had the major erosive effect, when traditional analyses were used (unadjusted: OR=3.475 and CI: 1.499-8.052, logistic regression: OR=3.219 and CI: 1.373-7.547). On the other hand, IPW method indicated that the consumption of erosion drinks immediately after intense physical exercise had the highest odds ratio (OR=1.363 and CI: 0.963-1.929), followed by the increased consumption of citrus fruit juice (OR=1.326 and CI: 1.004-1.752). This method also demonstrated a marked improvement in balance, with the 95% CIs for each OR being considerably narrower than those reported in the initial analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Standardization of the potential aetiological criteria of erosive wear is a considerably difficult process. Nevertheless, novel methods revealed that the increased consumption of carbonated soft drinks and citrus fruit juices could be included as aetiologic factors in a synthetic scoring system for erosion. Parameters which are related to salivary protective mechanisms (e.g. consumption of erosion drinks immediately after intense physical exercise) could also be a part of such an index. Further research is required in order to achieve the maximum validation of the potential erosive risk factors.

Reliability of an occlusal and nonocclusal tooth wear grading system: clinical use versus dental cast assessment.

The reliability of a newly developed tooth wear grading system was assessed both clinically and on dental casts by two observers using 20 participants. The reliability of clinical occlusal/incisal tooth wear grading was fair-to-good to excellent, while that of most of the clinical nonocclusal/nonincisal grades was at least fair-to-good. Dental cast assessment frequently yielded poor reliabilities, especially for nonocclusal/nonincisal surfaces. Hence, occlusal/incisal wear could be graded more reliably than nonocclusal/nonincisal wear, while the clinical assessment of tooth wear was more reliable than the grading of dental casts.

The evolution of tooth wear indices.

Tooth wear--attrition, erosion and abrasion-is perceived internationally as an ever-increasing problem. Clinical and epidemiological studies, however, are difficult to interpret and compare due to differences in terminology and the large number of indices that have been developed for diagnosing, grading and monitoring dental hard tissue loss. These indices have been designed to identify increasing severity and are usually numerical. Some record lesions on an aetiological basis (e.g. erosion indices), others record lesions irrespective of aetiology (tooth wear indices); none have universal acceptance, complicating the evaluation of the true increase in prevalence reported. This article considers the ideal requirements for an erosion index. It reviews the literature to consider how current indices have evolved and discusses if these indices meet the clinical and research needs of the dental profession.

Occupational exposure to airborne proteolytic enzymes and lifestyle risk factors for dental erosion--a cross-sectional study.

This study examined the hypothesis that occupational exposure to airborne proteolytic enzymes is associated with dental erosions on the facial surfaces of exposed teeth. Individuals (n = 425) working at a pharmaceutical and biotechnological enterprise (Novozymes A/S) were examined; their mean age was 35 years (range = 18-67 years) and 143 (34%) were women. Two hundred and two of these individuals were newly employed by the company. Occupational exposure was assessed from questionnaire and workplace information. For practical analytical purposes, individuals were categorized as either previously exposed to proteolytic enzymes or not. Information on relevant lifestyle factors and medical history was obtained from a questionnaire. The main effect measure was facial erosion, but lingual erosion indices and the presence of Class V restorations were also considered. The validity of these measures was shown to be very high. Adjusted for potential confounders, there was no association between history of occupational exposure to proteolytic enzymes and prevalent facial or lingual erosion. With respect to prevalence of Class V restorations, the association was significant. The present study did not support directly our primary hypothesis that occupational exposure to airborne proteolytic enzymes is associated with dental erosions on the facial surfaces of exposed teeth. However, the results indicate that exposure to proteolytic enzymes may lead to pronounced tooth substance loss, demanding treatment.