Spatiotemporal Changes in the Slavery-Inequality Relationship: The Diffusion of the Legacy of Slavery.

Despite the persistence of relationships between historical racist violence and contemporary Black-White inequality, research indicates, in broad strokes, that the slavery-inequality relationship in the United States has changed over time. Identifying the timing of such change across states can offer insights into the underlying processes that generate Black-White inequality. In this study, we use integrated nested Laplace approximation models to simultaneously account for spatial and temporal features of panel data for Southern counties during the period spanning 1900 to 2018, in combination with data on the concentration of enslaved people from the 1860 census. Results provide the first evidence on the timing of changes in the slavery-economic inequality relationship and how changes differ across states. We find a region-wide decline in the magnitude of the slavery-inequality relationship by 1930, with declines traversing the South in a northeasterly-to-southwesterly pattern over the study period. Different paces in declines in the relationship across states suggest the expansion of institutionalized racism first in places with the longest-standing overt systems of slavery. Results provide guidance for further identifying intervening mechanisms-most centrally, the maturity of racial hierarchies and the associated diffusion of racial oppression across institutions, and how they affect the legacy of slavery in the United States.

Slavery and Its Afterlives in US Psychiatry.

Antecedents of racist treatments of Black patients by the psychiatric profession in the United States affect the way they view treatment today. Specifically, in this essay, we explore the enduring consequences of racial science on various treatment practices. We examined a range of primary sources on the history of racial theories about the mind, medical and psychiatric publications, and hospitals. We contextualize this analysis by examining the secondary literature in the history and sociology of psychiatry. Through analyzing racial thinking from the antebellum through the Jim Crow periods, we show how US medicine and psychiatry have roots in antebellum racial science and how carceral logics underpinned the past and present politics of Black mental health. Changing this trajectory requires practitioners to interrogate the historical foundations of racist psychiatric concepts. This essay urges them to reject biological racial realism, which bears reminiscences to 19th-century racial science, and embrace the variable of race as a social construct to study social inequalities in health as a first step toward moving away from the legacies of past injustices in medicine. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(S3):S250-S257. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307554).

The Legacy of Slavery and the Socialization of Black Female Health and Human Services Workforce Members in Addressing Social Determinants of Health.

BACKGROUND: One legacy of slavery and colonialist structures is that minority populations, particularly the Black populations, experience higher rates of poverty, disease, job insecurity, and housing instability today - all indicators of poor health or negative social determinants of health (SDOH). While the historical legacy of slavery may explain why certain populations currently experience social determinants, they may also embody Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) through manifestations of negative health outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Black female health and human services (HHS) workforce members, who have taken SDOH trainings through a medical-legal partnership (MLP), were recruited for an ethnographic study to determine how historical context, specifically PTSS, can help Black female HHS workforce members understand and advocate for their patients as well as challenge the medial and legal institutions. RESULTS: Themes emerged around how Black women in HHS have persisted and resisted, struggled, and strived to protect and raise a resistant community that is perpetually threatened. Black women constantly exist in the past, present, and future, negotiating their identities and reproducing the modeled behavior of the parents, particularly their Black mothers, who taught them how to exist in the world as Black women. CONCLUSIONS: As sufferers of negative social determinants, Black women, especially those working in HHS, use their lived experiences and historical trauma to challenge the systems within which they work. They use their intersectional identities and their reimagined definitions of SDOH to rethink how the HHS workforce can move forward in working in the best interests of their patients. Future SDOH trainings may consider integrating historical legacies to challenge medical-legal institutions.

Teaching the Legacy of Slavery in American Medicine and Psychiatry to Medical Students: Feasibility, Acceptability, Opportunities for Growth.

Introduction: Understanding the legacy of slavery in the United States is crucial for engaging in anti-racism that challenges racial health inequities' root causes. However, few medical educational curricula exist to guide this process. We created a workshop illustrating key historical themes pertaining to this legacy and grounded in critical race theory. Methods: During a preclinical psychiatry block, a second-year medical school class, divided into three groups of 50-60, attended the workshop, which comprised a 90-minute lecture, 30-minute break, and 60-minute small-group debriefing. Afterwards, participants completed an evaluation assessing self-reported knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, and satisfaction with the workshop. Results: One hundred eighty students watched the lecture, 15 attended small-group debriefings, and 132 completed the survey. Seventy-six percent (100) reported receiving no, very little, or some prior exposure to the legacy of slavery in American medicine and psychiatry. Over 80% agreed or strongly agreed that the workshop made them more aware of this legacy and that the artwork, photographs, storytelling, and media (videos) facilitated learning. Qualitative feedback highlighted how the workshop improved students' knowledge about the legacy of slavery's presence in medicine and psychiatry. However, students criticized the lecture's scripted approach and requested more discussion, dialogue, interaction, and connection of this history to anti-racist action they could engage in now. Discussion: Though this workshop improved awareness of the legacy of slavery, students criticized its structure and approach. When teaching this legacy, medical schools should consider expanding content, ensuring opportunities for discussion in safe spaces, and connecting it to immediate anti-racist action.

Protecting people with communication disability from modern slavery: Supporting Sustainable Development Goals 8 and 16.

PURPOSE: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development identifies the need for inclusive societies and justice for people who experience, or are at risk of experiencing, modern slavery. The primary objective of this commentary paper is to consider current research and practice in relation to the protection of people with communication disability from modern slavery. The paper considers the role of SLPs in developing and disseminating accessible information to help achieve decent work and economic growth (SDG 8) and peace, justice, and strong institutions (SDG 16). RESULT: This paper considers five areas for protecting people with communication disability from modern slavery: (1) accessible information, (2) advocacy, (3) rights-based approaches, (4) improved understanding about access to services, and (5) education. Practice examples are discussed across each of these areas, with a focus on accessible information. CONCLUSION: This commentary asserts that information about modern slavery must be accessible so that people with communication disability experience inclusion, safety, and justice. SLPs are well placed to implement communication strategies, such as accessible information, to help protect people with communication disability from modern slavery. This commentary paper focuses on SDG 8 and SDG 16 and also addresses SDG 1, SDG 3, SDG 4 and SDG 10.

A covid-19 como uma crise multifacetada e suas implicações sobre o tráfico de pessoas ou outras formas de exploração humana / Covid-19 as a multifaceted crisis and its implications on human trafficking or other forms of human exploitation

Resumo Este ensaio se propõe a analisar em que medida a pandemia de covid-19 e a abordagem a ela conferida afetam a dinâmica do tráfico de pessoas, da exploração sexual, dos abusos laborais, e o atendimento recebido pelas vítimas. O tráfico de pessoas é contextualizado em um cenário de fragilidade global, estabelecendo riscos adicionais relacionados à realidade migrante, à classe social, ao gênero e à idade, e adquirindo agravantes próprios em decorrência da covid-19, considerando-se a redução da investigação e da oferta de assistência aos afetados. As medidas de isolamento repercutem gravemente sobre tais indivíduos, na medida em que deixam de gerar lucros para seus algozes e permanecem em ambientes precários, em um cenário propício à exploração laboral e outras formas de violência. A exploração sexual passa a ser ainda mais clandestina, expondo a vítima a novas formas de pressão e à contaminação. A informação em saúde e a possibilidade de prevenção e tratamento é modesta ou inexistente para as pessoas traficadas, comumente apartadas das estratégias referentes à emergência sanitária, sem acesso aos protocolos de proteção, em meio à ausência de autonomia. Realça-se a necessidade de um modelo sociossanitário inclusivo, em constante observação às demandas relacionadas aos grupos marginalizados.

Abstract This essay aims to analyze to what extent the covid-19 pandemic and the approach given to it affect the dynamics of human trafficking, sexual exploitation, labor abuse, and the care received by victims. Human trafficking is contextualized in a scenario of global fragility, establishing additional risks related to the migrant reality, social class, gender and age, and acquiring its own aggravating factors as a result of covid-19, considering the reduction in investigating and offering assistance to those affected. Isolation measures have a serious impact on these individuals, as they fail to generate profits for their tormentors and remain in precarious environments, in a scenario conducive to labor exploitation and other forms of violence. Sexual exploitation becomes even more clandestine, exposing the victim to new forms of pressure and contamination. Health information and the possibility of prevention and treatment are modest or non-existent for trafficked people, who are commonly cut off from strategies related to health emergencies, without access to protection protocols, amid a lack of autonomy. The need for an inclusive socio-sanitary model, constantly observing the demands related to marginalized groups, is highlighted.

PsicoQuilombologia: escrevivência de uma psicologia das encruzilhadas em tempos pandêmicos / PsychoQuilombology: writexperience of a psychology of crossroads in pandemic times / PsicoQuilombología: escrivivencia de una psicología de la encrucijada en tiempos pandémicos

O texto é um relato de experiência da participação no Grupo de Estudos psicoQuilombologia ocorrida nos meses de setembro de 2020 a março de 2021, período atravessado pela segunda onda da pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil. O objetivo do relato é apresentar o conceito-movimento de psicoQuilombologia como uma proposta epistemológica quilombola de agenciamento de cuidado e saúde, com base em uma escuta que se faça descolonial e inspirada no fecundo e ancestral acervo de cuidado dos povos africanos, quilombolas e pretos, preservado e atualizado em nossos quilombos contemporâneos. A metodologia utilizada é a escrevivência, método desenvolvido por Conceição Evaristo que propõe uma escrita em que as vivência e memórias estão totalmente entrelaçadas, imersas e imbricadas com a pesquisa. O resultado das escrevivências dessa pesquisa descortinam que os povos pretos desenvolveram práticas de cuidado e acolhimento às vulnerabilidades do outro, enraizadas no fortalecimento de laços e conexões coletivas de afetos e cuidado mútuos. Práticas de cuidado que articulam memória, ancestralidade, tradição, comunidade, transformação, luta, resistência e emancipação, engendrando modos coletivos de ser e viver. Nas quais cuidar do outro implica tratar suas relações e situar o cuidado como extensão de uma cura que se agencia no coletivo. O trabalho conclui apontando que o cenário pandêmico vigente acentua a pungência de se desenvolver estratégias de cuidado baseadas em epistemologias pretas e quilombolas, valorizando os sentidos de ancestralidade, comunidade, pertencimento e emancipação.(AU)

The text is an experience report of the participation in the psicoQuilombology Study Group that carried out from September 2020 to March 2021, during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. The purpose of the report is to introduce the concept-movement of psicoQuilombology as a quilombola epistemological proposal for the development of care and health, based on a decolonial listening and inspired by the rich care collection of African peoples, quilombolas and Blacks, preserved and updated in our contemporary quilombos. The methodology used is writexperience [escrevivências], a method developed by Conceição Evaristo who proposes a writing in that the experiences and memories are totally involved with the research. The result of the writability of this research show that Black people have developed practices of care and acceptance of the other's vulnerabilities, based on the strengthening of ties and collective connections of mutual affection and care. Care practices that mix memory, ancestry, tradition, community, transformation, struggle, resistance and emancipation, outlining collective ways of being and living. The core idea is that taking care of the other means treating your relationships and maintaining care as an extension of a cure that takes place in the collective. The paper concludes by pointing out that the current pandemic scenario demonstrates the urgent need to develop care strategies based on black and quilombola epistemologies, valuing the senses of ancestry, community, belonging and emancipation.(AU)

Este es un reporte de experiencia de la participación en el Grupo de Estudio psicoQuilombología que ocurrió en los meses de septiembre de 2020 a marzo de 2021, periodo en que Brasil afrontaba la segunda ola de la pandemia de la COVID-19. Su propósito es presentar el concepto-movimiento de psicoQuilombología como una propuesta epistemológica quilombola para el desarrollo del cuidado y la salud, basada en una escucha decolonial e inspirada en el rico acervo asistencial de los pueblos africanos, quilombolas y negros, conservado y actualizado en nuestros quilombos contemporáneos. La metodología utilizada es la escrivivencia, un método desarrollado por Conceição Evaristo quien propone una escrita en que las vivencias y los recuerdos están totalmente involucrados con la investigación. El resultado de la escrivivencia muestra que las personas negras han desarrollado prácticas de cuidado y aceptación de las vulnerabilidades del otro, basadas en el fortalecimiento de lazos y conexiones colectivas de afecto y cuidado mutuos. Prácticas de cuidado que mezclan memoria, ascendencia, tradición, comunidad, transformación, lucha, resistencia y emancipación, perfilando formas colectivas de ser y vivir. El cuidar al otro significa tratar sus relaciones y mantener el cuidado como una extensión de una cura que tiene lugar en lo colectivo. El trabajo concluye que el actual escenario pandémico demuestra la urgente necesidad de desarrollar estrategias de atención basadas en epistemologías negras y quilombolas, y que valoren los sentidos de ascendencia, comunidad, pertenencia y emancipación.(AU)

O cuidado em saúde promovido pelas religiões afro-brasileiras / Health care promoted by afro-brazilian religions / El cuidado en salud promovido por las religiones afrobrasileñas

No decorrer da história, sempre foram infindáveis os casos em que os sujeitos recorriam a centros espíritas ou terreiros de religiões de matrizes africanas em decorrência de problemas como doenças, desempregos ou amores mal resolvidos, com o objetivo de saná-los. Por conta disso, este artigo visa apresentar os resultados da pesquisa relacionados ao objetivo de mapear os processos de cuidado em saúde ofertados em três terreiros de umbanda de uma cidade do litoral piauiense. Para isso, utilizamos o referencial da Análise Institucional "no papel". Os participantes foram três líderes de terreiros e os respectivos praticantes/consulentes dos seus estabelecimentos religiosos. Identificamos perspectivas de cuidado que se contrapunham às racionalidades biomédicas, positivistas e cartesianas, e faziam referência ao uso de plantas medicinais, ao recebimento de rezas e passes e à consulta oracular. A partir desses resultados, podemos perceber ser cada vez mais necessário, portanto, que os povos de terreiros protagonizem a construção, implementação e avaliação das políticas públicas que lhe sejam específicas.(AU)

In history, there have always been endless cases of people turning to spiritual centers or terreiros of religions of African matrices due to problems such as illnesses, unemployment, or unresolved love affairs. Therefore, this article aims to present the research results related to the objective of mapping the health care processes offered in three Umbanda terreiros of a city on the Piauí Coast. For this, we use the Institutional Analysis reference "on Paper." The participants were three leaders of terreiros and the respective practitioners/consultants of their religious establishments. We identified perspectives of care that contrasted with biomedical, positivist, and Cartesian rationalities and referred to the use of medicinal plants, the prescript of prayers and passes, and oracular consultation. From these results, we can see that it is increasingly necessary, therefore, that the peoples of the terreiros lead the construction, implementation, and evaluation of public policies that are specific to them.(AU)

A lo largo de la historia, siempre hubo casos en los cuales las personas buscan en los centros espíritas o terreros de religiones africanas la cura para sus problemas, como enfermedades, desempleo o amoríos mal resueltos. Por este motivo, este artículo pretende presentar los resultados de la investigación con el objetivo de mapear los procesos de cuidado en salud ofrecidos en tres terreros de umbanda de una ciudad del litoral de Piauí (Brasil). Para ello, se utiliza el referencial del Análisis Institucional "en el Papel". Los participantes fueron tres líderes de terreros y los respectivos practicantes / consultivos de los establecimientos religiosos que los mismos conducían. Se identificaron perspectivas de cuidado que se contraponían a las racionalidades biomédicas, positivistas y cartesianas, y hacían referencia al uso de plantas medicinales, al recibimiento de rezos y pases y a la consulta oracular. Los resultados permiten concluir que es cada vez más necesario que los pueblos de terreros sean agentes protagónicos de la construcción, implementación y evaluación de las políticas públicas destinadas específicamente para ellos.(AU)

Olhares e produções de saberes: narrativas da psicologia acerca das relações raciais / Gaze and knowledge production: psychology narratives about racial relations / Mirada y producción de saber: narrativas de la psicología sobre las relaciones raciales

Este artigo realiza um percurso histórico das narrativas teóricas construídas pelas elites intelectuais brancas brasileiras sobre as relações raciais no campo psicológico, bem como os efeitos desse processo no desenvolvimento da psicologia enquanto ciência e profissão. Como a maioria de profissionais da área é branca em um país cuja maioria da população é negra, torna-se cada vez mais urgente e necessário revisitar tanto as bases da psicologia acerca das relações raciais quanto o modo como essas relações se dão no cotidiano, com vistas a construir caminhos para pensar teoria e prática comprometidas com a igualdade racial. Nesse sentido, tecem-se considerações sobre as narrativas teóricas acerca das relações raciais no campo científico brasileiro, destacando o lugar da psicologia nesse percurso. Em seguida, discutem-se as relações entre as perspectivas da realidade social e das produções de saberes nesse campo. Ainda mais especificamente no campo da psicologia, evidenciam-se os paradigmas que orientaram os estudos sobre as relações raciais na área e, por fim, aponta-se um caminho possível para a construção de uma ciência psicológica compromissada com a igualdade racial.(AU)

This paper presents a historical overview of the theoretical narratives constructed by white Brazilian intellectual elites about race relations within psychology and its the effects on the development of Psychology as a science and a profession. As psychology professionals are white, whereas the majority of the population is black, it is increasingly urgent and necessary to revisit the foundations of psychology on everyday life racial relations, towards a theory and practice committed to racial equality. The text presents considerations on the theoretical narratives about race relations in the Brazilian scientific field, highlighting the role played by psychology. It then discusses the relations between social reality and knowledge production in this field. Regarding psychology specifically, it highlights the paradigms that guided studies on race relations in the field and proposes a possible way to develop a psychological science committed to racial equality.(AU)

Este trabajo realiza un recorrido histórico sobre las narrativas teóricas construidas por las élites intelectuales brasileñas blancas sobre las relaciones raciales en el campo de la Psicología, y los efectos de este proceso en el desarrollo de la psicología como ciencia y profesión. Como la mayoría de los profesionales en el área son blancos en un país donde la mayoría de la población es negra, es cada vez más urgente y necesario revisar los fundamentos de la psicología sobre las relaciones raciales, y cómo son estas relaciones en la vida cotidiana, para que podamos construir teoría y práctica comprometidas con la igualdad racial. Primero, se reflexionará sobre las narrativas teóricas de las relaciones raciales en este campo científico brasileño, destacando el lugar de la psicología en este camino. Luego, se discutirán las relaciones entre las perspectivas sobre la realidad social y la producción de conocimiento en este campo. Aún más específicamente en el campo de la psicología, se resaltarán los paradigmas que guiaron los estudios sobre las relaciones raciales en el área y, finalmente, se señalará un posible camino en la construcción de una ciencia psicológica comprometida con la igualdad racial.(AU)

Racismo e construção da carreira: estratégias de enfrentamento adotadas por universitários negros / Racism and career construction: coping strategies adopted by black undergraduates / Racismo y construcción de la carrera: estrategias de afrontamiento que utilizan los universitarios negros

O racismo é um fenômeno que impacta a vida da população negra, direcionando-a para uma condição de marginalização social, inclusive profissionalmente. Diante disso, o presente estudo, qualitativo, objetivou analisar as estratégias de enfrentamento ao racismo adotadas por universitários negros de uma instituição pública de ensino superior no processo de construção de suas carreiras. Adotando-se como referencial a Teoria de Construção da Carreira, 27 entrevistas semiestruturadas foram conduzidas com graduandos (16 do gênero feminino e 11 do gênero masculino) autodeclarados negros de uma universidade situada na região Sudeste do Brasil. Os dados coletados foram submetidos a Análise de Similitude, por meio do software IRaMuTeQ, que demonstrou, a partir de uma árvore máxima, que os discursos dos participantes estiveram centrados no termo "racismo" e em quatro troncos de similitude relacionados aos vocábulos: "negro", "falar", "situação" e "acontecer". Os resultados indicaram que o racismo é um dos fatores que impactam a carreira dos sujeitos, sobretudo por sustentar práticas discriminatórias veladas e limitar oportunidades profissionais. Em resposta a ele, quatro estratégias de enfrentamento foram identificadas: a) diálogo com sujeitos próximos; b) busca por suporte junto à rede de apoio constituída na universidade; c) denúncia de seus impactos; e d) adoção de ações individuais de transformação da realidade. Os achados permitem identificar a adoção de diferentes estratégias individuais e coletivas de enfrentamento ao racismo, que devem ter seu desenvolvimento estimulado pelas instituições de ensino superior, a fim de que se tornem práticas sistematizadas que favoreçam a discussão sobre o fenômeno em âmbitos acadêmico e profissional.(AU)

The phenomenon of racism impacts the lives of Black population, leading them to social marginalization, including professionally. Thus, this qualitative study analyzes the coping strategies adopted by Black undergraduates from a public higher education institution to confront racism during career construction. Adopting the Career Construction Theory as a framework, 27 semi-structured interviews were conducted (16 women and 11 men) with self-declared black undergraduates from a university located in southeastern Brazil. Similarity analysis of the collected data, performed using the IRaMuTeQ software, showed that, from a maximum tree, the participants' speeches centered around the term "racism" and on four similarity trunks related to the words: "black", "talk", "situation" and "happen". Results indicated that racism majorly impacts the subjects' careers, especially by upholding veiled discriminatory practices and limiting professional opportunities. To cope with it, undergraduates adopt four main strategies: a) dialogue with close subjects; b) search for support with the support network established at the university; c) denunciation of its impacts; and d) adoption of individual strategies to transform reality. The findings point to different actions, individual and collective, adopted to fight racism, whose development should be supported by higher education institutions so that they become systemic practices that favor discussing the phenomenon in academic and professional fields.(AU)

El racismo es un fenómeno que impacta la vida de la población negra, llevándola a una condición de marginación social, incluso a nivel profesional. Así, este estudio cualitativo, tuvo por objetivo analizar las estrategias de afrontamiento el racismo que utilizan los universitarios negros de una Institución Pública de Educación Superior en el proceso de construcción de sus carreras. Tomando como referencia la Teoría de Construcción de Carrera, se realizaron 27 entrevistas semiestructuradas a estudiantes (16 mujeres y 11 hombres) autodeclarados negros de una universidad en la región Sureste de Brasil. Los datos recolectados se sometieron a un Análisis de Similitud, desarrollado utilizando el software IRaMuTeQ, que demostró, a partir de un árbol máximo, que los discursos de los participantes se centraron en el término "racismo" y en cuatro troncos de similitud relacionados con las palabras: "negro", "hablar", "situación" y "pasar". Los resultados indicaron que el racismo es uno de los factores que impactan la carrera, especialmente por sostener prácticas discriminatorias veladas y limitar las oportunidades profesionales. En respuesta a ello, se identificaron cuatro estrategias de afrontamiento: a) diálogo con sujetos cercanos; b) búsqueda de apoyo en la red constituida en la universidad; c) denuncia de sus impactos; y d) adopción de acciones individuales para transformar la realidad. Los hallazgos permiten identificar la adopción de diferentes estrategias, individuales y colectivas, para enfrentar el racismo, las cuales deben tener su desarrollo estimulado por las instituciones de educación superior, para que se conviertan en prácticas sistematizadas que favorezcan la discusión del fenómeno en el ámbito académico y profesional.(AU)

Trabalho doméstico remunerado e resistência: interseccionando raça, gênero e classe / Paid domestic work and resistance: intersecting race, gender, and class / Trabajo doméstico remunerado y resistencia: intersección entre raza, género y clase

No Brasil, o trabalho doméstico remunerado é essencialmente feminino e emprega cerca de 5,9 milhões de mulheres, correspondendo a 16,8% da ocupação feminina. Desse contingente, 61 % são compostos por mulheres negras. As empregadas domésticas estiveram historicamente submetidas a uma série de aspectos excludentes, como baixa remuneração, contratações à margem da legalidade e discriminação de gênero e raça. Esta pesquisa objetivou compreender a resistência enquanto categoria fundamental para compreensão do trabalho doméstico. Ao falar sobre essa categoria, destacamos a subjetividade que constitui os fenômenos sociais, partindo de uma compreensão dialética e histórica do sujeito e da relação indivíduo-sociedade, inserida em uma historicidade. Os resultados encontrados, coletados por meio de documentos, notícias, reportagens, participações no sindicato da categoria e da realização de entrevistas com cinco domésticas apontam a existência de formas de resistência no campo do trabalho doméstico, compondo movimentos de oposição e reação ao modus operandi colonial e às hierarquias de gênero-raça-classe que formam a sociedade brasileira. A psicologia sócio-histórica foi escolhida como abordagem teórico-metodológica, pois possibilita compreender do homem como ser ativo, social e histórico. Ao investigar as formas de resistência presentes nesse tipo de trabalho, compreende-se a trabalhadora doméstica não como mera consequência da realidade social em que se insere, mas como sujeito ativo que constitui essa realidade e é simultaneamente constituído por ela. Com esta pesquisa, pretende-se contribuir com a crítica à ideologia dominante que subalterniza essas trabalhadoras e as relega à subcidadania, uma condição sem reconhecimento e direitos.(AU)

In Brazil, paid domestic work is essentially female and employs about 5.9 million women, corresponding to 16.8% of the female occupation. Of this contingent, 61% is made up of black women. Domestic workers have historically been subjected to a series of exclusionary aspects, such as low remuneration, hiring outside the legal system and gender and race discrimination. This research aimed to understand resistance as a fundamental category for understanding domestic work. When talking about this category, we highlight the subjectivity that constitutes social phenomena, starting from a dialectical and historical understanding of the subject and the individual-society relationship, inserted in a historicity. The results found, collected from documents, news, reports, participation in the category union and interviews with five domestic workers, point to the existence of forms of resistance in the field of domestic work, composing movements of opposition and reaction to the colonial modus operandi and the gender-race-class hierarchies that make up Brazilian society.Socio-historical psychology was chosen as a theoretical-methodological approach, since it provides an understanding of man as an active, social and historical being. When investigating the forms of resistance present in this type of work, the domestic worker is understood not as a mere consequence of the social reality in which she is inserted, but, as an active subject, who constitutes this reality and is simultaneously constituted by it. This research intends to contribute to the criticism of the dominant ideology that subordinates these workers and relegates them to a sub-citizenship, a condition without recognition and rights.(AU)

El trabajo doméstico remunerado en Brasil es predominantemente femenino y emplea casi 5,9 millones de mujeres, lo que corresponde al 16,8% de la ocupación femenina. El 61% de este grupo está compuesto por mujeres negras. Históricamente, las trabajadoras del hogar han sido sometidas a una serie de aspectos excluyentes, como la baja remuneración, la contratación fuera del sistema legal y la discriminación de género y raza. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo comprender la resistencia como categoría fundamental para entender el trabajo doméstico. Al hablar de esta categoría, se destaca la subjetividad que constituye los fenómenos sociales a partir de una comprensión dialéctica e histórica del sujeto y la relación individuo-sociedad, insertada en una historicidad. Los datos recogidos de documentos, noticias, participación en la categoría unión y entrevistas con cinco sirvientas permitieron concluir que existen formas de resistencia en el ámbito del trabajo doméstico, que se componen de movimientos de oposición y reacción al modus operandi colonial y a jerarquías de género-raza-clase que conforman la sociedad brasileña. La psicología sociohistórica fue el enfoque teórico-metodológico utilizado, ya que proporciona una comprensión del ser humano como ser activo, social e histórico. El análisis de las formas de resistencia presentes en este tipo de trabajo permite identificar la trabajadora doméstica no como una mera consecuencia de la realidad social en la cual se inserta, sino como sujeto activo que constituye esta realidad y, a la vez, es constituido por ella. Se espera que esta investigación pueda contribuir a la crítica de la ideología dominante que subordina a estas trabajadoras, relegándolas a una subciudadanía, una condición sin reconocimiento y sin derechos.(AU)

Modern slavery and labor exploitation during the COVID-19 pandemic: a conceptual model.

BACKGROUND: Modern slavery is a complex global health problem that includes forced labor exploitation. An ecological systems perspective is needed to understand how contextual upstream and midstream factors contribute to labor exploitation, and how disruptive societal challenges, such as infectious disease pandemics, may exacerbate established pathways leading to exploitation. Accumulation of familial and societal risk factors likely heightens vulnerability; for instance, economic precarity for an individual interacts with poor livelihood options and lack of social welfare supports increasing their likelihood of accepting exploitative labor. However, few frameworks exist that account for the accumulation of and interdependence between risk factors at different levels and across contexts. OBJECTIVE: Using an ecological systems framework, we review literature on the pathways leading to labor exploitation, with the aim of developing a conceptual model grounded in existing research. Next, we discuss how pathways in this conceptual model are likely exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This conceptual model can guide future research to detect modifiable factors and strategic points of intervention. METHODS: A critical review of research articles and gray literature was performed with a primary focus on sub-Saharan Africa. The review utilized various scholarly databases to identify perspectives from multiple disciplines and to more fully account for complex processes linked to labor exploitation. RESULTS: A conceptual model of these pathways was developed that emphasizes established determinants and risk factors for labor exploitation in sub-Saharan Africa. The model highlights how the COVID-19 pandemic may have exacerbated these pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Future studies should carefully examine the direct and indirect pathways, accumulation of and interactions between factors, and specific external and personal stressors. Interdisciplinary research on multilevel interventions is needed to guide solutions to prevent the persistent problem of labor exploitation.

A U.S. Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Social Work's Role in Racial Healing.

A U.S. truth and reconciliation commission (TRC) can advance racial justice by acknowledging the historical trauma tied to the United States' legacy of slavery and subsequent racism. This truth telling can facilitate a national reckoning with the past and set the stage for social transformation. This article aims to present insights into how such a U.S. TRC might work. It begins by defining TRCs and exploring their theoretical foundation of restorative justice. It connects TRCs to aspects of social work practice, including human rights-based approaches, trauma-informed care, and community practice. Then each of a TRC's core functions is analyzed: truth seeking, reconciliation, education, and engagement. Related topics of healing, accountability, and reparations are also discussed. The article draws from a diverse range of global experiences to emphasize lessons learned. It also highlights where local precedents in the United States have started this work, which can be drawn upon and developed further. The article concludes by noting the limitations of TRCs and calling on social workers to advocate for such a TRC to further racial justice.

Slavery, Health, and Healing Now: The State of the Field.

The scholarship on slavery, health, and healing has dramatically transformed over the past two decades. This essay synthesizes several themes within the thriving subfield, highlighting its relevance to historians of medicine and science working in adjacent fields, and suggesting new directions forward. The recent scholarship builds on research begun in the 1970s, but where earlier scholarship relied on quantitative methods and retrospective diagnoses, the new scholarship takes a social constructivist approach. Scholars today are exploring how slavery shaped the natural and built environment to create new disease environments in the New World; how Black healing knowledge was either circulated or suppressed by White physicians; and how gender and race intersected in slave societies to influence diagnoses and the categorization of specific diseases. Most importantly, the new scholarship suggests that medical knowledge produced in slave societies was not marginal-but central-to the rise of early modern medicine. The lack of any synthesis of the recent literature, combined with the recent public attention given to racial health disparities, make this literature vitally important to all historians of medicine and allied sciences. It can provide useful insights for scholars working in other areas, and it can diversify and complicate the stories we tell about the origins of modern medicine.

Os efeitos do racismo na saúde mental das militantes negras do MMNDS / The effects of racism on the mental health of black MMNDS militants / Efectos del racismo en la salud mental de las militantes negras del MMNDS

A presente produção versa sobre as consequências do racismo na saúde mental das mulheres negras integrantes do Movimento de Mulheres Dandara do Sisal (MMNDS), atuante no Território do Sisal, na Bahia. A intersecção de raça e gênero fomentou a organização do movimento, já que o gênero influi no racismo e a cor, no machismo; além do fato de as mulheres negras serem alvos de racismo e sexismo desde o período da escravização. A abordagem metodológica utilizada foi a descritiva-qualitativa, cujos métodos de coleta de dados foram entrevistas semiestruturadas com seis mulheres negras e observação participante de ações e atividades do movimento Dandara do Sisal. As entrevistadas relataram o racismo, a discriminação e o preconceito raciais que sofreram em suas trajetórias em diferentes espaços e instituições sociais: família, escola, universidade/faculdade, mercado de trabalho, dispositivos de saúde pública etc. Ser vítima de tais violências reflete negativamente na identidade negra, autoestima, subjetividade e saúde mental das atrizes sociais. Elas descreveram o sofrimento psíquico da exclusão social e a importância de estarem em movimento como estratégias de fortalecimento mental e enfrentamento ao racismo. Entende-se a Psicologia, enquanto ciência e profissão, como importante na luta antirracista, pois as consequências deletérias do racismo ameaçam a saúde mental e as subjetividades das mulheres e população negras.(AU)

This article discusses the consequences of racism on the mental health of black women members of the Dandara of Sisal Black Women Movement (MMNDS), which acts in the territory of Sisal, Bahia. The intersection of race and gender has fostered the movement's creation due to the gender impacting racism and the race affecting the sexism; as well as the fact that black women are victim of racism and sexism since the period of slavery. The methodological approach was qualitative and descriptive, with data collection methods by semi-structured interviews with six black women activists and participant observation of the Dandara of Sisal movement actions and activities. The women reported the racism, racial discrimination and prejudice that they suffered in their lives in different spaces and social institutions: family, school, university, job market, public health mechanisms etc. Being victim of such violence reflects negatively on the black identity, self-esteem, subjectivity, and mental health of these social actresses. They described the psychic suffering of social exclusion and the importance of being in the movement as strategies for mental empowerment and fight against the racism. Psychology is understood, as science and profession, as important in the anti-racist cause, since the deleterious effects of racism threaten the mental health and the subjectivity of black women and people.(AU)

Este texto se centra en las consecuencias del racismo en la salud mental de las mujeres negras miembros del Movimiento de Mujeres Negras Dandara do Sisal (MMNDS) que actúan en el Territorio do Sisal, en Bahía (Brasil). La intersección entre raza y género ha fomentado la organización del movimiento, ya que el género influye en el racismo, y el color en el machismo, además de que las mujeres negras han sido objeto de racismo y sexismo desde el período de la esclavitud. El enfoque metodológico utilizado fue descriptivo y cualitativo, para la recolección de datos se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con seis mujeres negras y la observación participante de acciones y actividades del movimiento Dandara do Sisal. Las entrevistadas denunciaron racismo, discriminación y discriminación racial, que sufrieron en sus trayectorias en diferentes espacios e instituciones sociales: familia, escuela, universidad/colegio, mercado laboral, dispositivos de salud pública, etc. Ser víctima de este tipo de violencia refleja negativamente en la identidad negra, la autoestima, la subjetividad y la salud mental de las actrices sociales. Las militantes describieron el sufrimiento psíquico de la exclusión social y la importancia de estar en un colectivo como estrategia para el fortalecimiento mental y la lucha contra el racismo. Se entiende que la Psicología, mientras ciencia y profesión, es importante en la lucha antirracista, ya que las consecuencias nocivas del racismo amenazan la salud mental y las subjetividades de las mujeres negras y la población negra.(AU)

Pro-slavery Psychiatry and Psychological Costs of Black Women's Enslavement in Harriet Jacobs's Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861).

With careful attention to nineteenth-century race science's psychiatric discourses about slavery and insanity that led to the management and containment of African Americans in or on plantations, asylums, and society writ large, this article examines various themes, narrative sketches and intertextualities in Incidents that illustrate Harriet Jacobs's theoretical conceptions about the devastating mental harm caused by forms of violence that were integral to the practice of slavery vis-à-vis black women-sexualized violence, forced and controlled reproduction, separation from children between and within plantations, runaway attempts, witnessing violence, and hazardous labor conditions. I argue that Jacobs's narrative troubles visions of resiliency and resistance during slavery that elide the impact of the institution's routinized violence. It demonstrates that enslaved women's embodied experiences of psychological suffering were vexed, multilayered, and ongoing.

[Racialised discrimination in health care, a distant consequence of slavery]. / Discriminations racialisées dans la santé, une conséquence lointaine de l'esclavage.

Although many health care providers are convinced, in the name of their ethics and deontology, that they are doing their best to treat all their patients equally, a certain unconscious and structural racism is nevertheless at work. Research in the United States and France has shown that there is a difference in treatment between 'white' and 'black' patients, which penalises the latter. The violence of discrimination, which we do not talk about enough, is therefore very much present. Why is it so deeply rooted in society? What if its roots go back to slavery?

The African American experience in reproductive medicine: provider, patient, and pipeline perspectives.

The goal of this Views and Reviews is to let colleagues and leaders well versed in the African American experience in reproductive medicine address the problems of racism affecting our trainees and patients and, more significantly, propose solutions. The areas in reproductive medicine that will be explored from the African American perspective include the pipeline of providers, health disparities, and access to infertility treatment.

Examining the Role of Family History of US Enslavement in Health Care System Distrust Today.

Objective: Black/African American people have long reported high, albeit warranted, distrust of the US health care system (HCS); however, Blacks/African Americans are not a homogenous racial/ethnic group. Little information is available on how the subgroup of Black Americans whose families suffered under US chattel slavery, here called Descendants of Africans Enslaved in the United States (DAEUS), view health care institutions. We compared knowledge of unethical treatment and HCS distrust among DAEUS and non-DAEUS. Design and Setting: A cross-sectional random-digit dialing survey was administered in 2005 to Blacks/African Americans, aged 21-75 years, from the University of Pennsylvania Clinical Practices in Philadelphia, Penn. Participants: Blacks/African Americans self-reported a family history of persons enslaved in the US (DAEUS) or no family history of persons enslaved in the US (non-DAEUS). Main Outcome Measures: HCS distrust was measured by a validated scale assessing perceptions of unethical experimentation and active or passive discrimination. Methods: We compared responses to the HCS distrust scale using Fisher's exact and t-tests. Results: Of 89 respondents, 57% self-reported being DAEUS. A greater percentage of DAEUS reported knowledge of unethical treatment than non-DAEUS (56% vs 21%; P<.001), were significantly more likely to express distrust, and to endorse the presence of covert (eg, insurance-based) than overt forms (eg, race-based) of discrimination by the HCS. Conclusions: DAEUS express greater HCS distrust than non-DAEUS, patterned by awareness of unethical treatment and passive discrimination. Understanding how long-term exposure to US institutions influences health is critical to resolving disparities for all Black/African American groups. Rectifying past injustices through reparative institutional measures may improve DAEUS' trust and engagement with the US HCS.