Era uma vez... a gênese e o desenvolvimento da Rede Cedes como experiência de gestão participativa do Ministério do Esporte do Governo Federal ­ 2003/2018 / Once upon a time... the genesis and development of the Cedes Network as a participatory management experience of the Ministry of Sport of the Federal Government - 2003/2018

Objetivou-se analisar a gênese e o desenvolvimento da Ação Programática/Programa Rede CEDES, da Secretaria Nacional de Desenvolvimento de Esporte e Lazer do Ministério do Esporte, visando identificar estratégias de gestão, seus resultados, bem como determinantes socioculturais, econômicos e políticos presentes. Estudo de natureza quali-quantitativa que reuniu pesquisa documental, bibliográfica e informações obtidas por entrevistas realizadas com gestores(as) e pesquisadores(as) participantes da experiência analisada. Identificamos uma experiência de Política Pública de Esporte e Lazer que prezou pela gestão participativa em rede e culminou na criação de Centros de Pesquisas em cada Unidade da Federação, que alcançaram resultados significativos, considerando sua diversidade, convivência entre o estruturado e o não estruturado, articulações, rede de conhecimento, formação e informação.

The aim of this study was to analyze the genesis and development of programmatic action - CEDES Network Program, of the National Secretariat for Sport and Leisure Development of the Ministry of Sport, in order to identify management strategies, their results, as well as sociocultural, economic and political determinants present. A qualitative-quantitative study that gathered documentary, bibliographic and information research obtained from interviews with managers and researchers participating in the analyzed experience. We identified an experience of public policy of sport and leisure that valued participatory management in network and resulted in the creation of Research Centers in each City of the Federation, and that produced significant results, considering their diversity, the coexistence between the structured and the unstructured, articulations, knowledge network, training, and information.

Sports as prescribed in latin american countries: overview and characteristics of laws / O esporte prescrito nos países da américa latina: panorama e características das leis

ABSTRACT This article aims to map and analyze the main sports laws and official government bodies that regulate and manage sports in Latin America, comprising the nature of the documents and their central constitutive elements, namely: title, year of creation, and general objectives. This is an exploratory and documentary study using critical-documentary analysis, the comparative method and the evidential paradigm as a theoretical-methodological approach. The sources are composed of the official sports laws of 19 countries in Latin America. The analyses allowed us to establish the following categories: a) countries whose sports laws are specific and contain only the term sports in their name; b) countries whose sports laws are identified with numbers; c) countries whose sports laws have mixed nomenclature. Twelve countries conceptualize sports in full in their documents. We perceive that the way sports are presented in the laws shows the signs and traces of how they are thought, seen and materialized. We understand that the laws are an important milestone for the development of Latin sports. Beyond the laws, we point out that it is of paramount importance that a medium- and long-term sports policy be thought out in each specific context.

RESUMO Este artigo objetiva mapear e analisar as principais leis esportivas e órgãos governamentais oficiais que regulamentam e gerem o esporte na América Latina, compreendendo a natureza dos documentos e seus elementos centrais constitutivos, a saber: título, ano de criação e objetivos gerais. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo exploratório e documental, utiliza a crítica-documental, o método comparativo e o paradigma indiciário como abordagem teórico-metodológica. As fontes são compostas pelas Leis esportivas oficiais de 19 países da América Latina. As análises nos permitiram estabelecer as seguintes categorias: a) países cujas leis esportivas são específicas e que contém apenas o termo esporte em seu nome; b) países cujas leis esportivas são identificadas com números; c) países cujas leis esportivas possuem nomenclatura mista. Doze países conceituam o esporte na íntegra em seus documentos. Percebemos que a maneira como o esporte é apresentado nas leis demonstra os sinais e rastros de como ele é pensado, visto e materializado. Entendemos que as leis se configuram como um importante marco para o desenvolvimento do esporte latino. Além delas, apontamos que é fundamental que seja pensada uma política esportiva a médio e longo prazo em cada contexto específico.

Expenditure on sports and leisure by the government of the state of Piauí / Gasto na função desporto e lazer pelo governo do estado do Piauí

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to analyze the participation of the government of Piauí in the bottom-up funding of sport and leisure public policies from 2013 to 2017, embracing four aspects: (1) comparison of expenditure with tax revenue; (2) comparison of expenditure with other social agendas, notably Social Assistance and Culture; (3) identifying the spending behavior regarding subfunctions; (4) analyzing the efficiency in resource liquidation comparatively. Quantitative data were collected from the National Treasure website and submitted to descriptive statistics. In a conclusive manner, the study indicated that: (a) state government expenditure with the SLF is far shorter than the estimated by the II National Sport Conference; (b) expenditure has not followed the positive revenue variation during the period; (c) when compared to Social Assistance and Culture, Sport and Leisure has been the less considered area on the government's agenda; (d) there has been an abrupt chance in the government's agenda towards performance sport; (e) the government acts in an efficient way regarding the liquidation of planned resources.

RESUMO O presente trabalho buscou analisar a participação do governo do estado do Piauí no financiamento bottom-up das políticas públicas de esporte e de lazer de 2013 a 2017, contemplando quatro dimensões: (1) comparação do gasto com a receita tributária; (2) comparação do gasto com outras agendas da área social, notadamente Assistência Social e Cultura; (3) identificar o comportamento de gasto em termos de subfunções; (4) analisar comparativamente a eficiência na liquidação dos recursos. Os dados quantitativos foram buscados diretamente no site do Tesouro Nacional e submetidos à estatística descritiva. De forma conclusiva, o estudo indicou que: (a) o gasto na FDL do governo estadual está muito distante do pretendido pela II Conferência Nacional de Esporte; (b) o gasto não acompanhou a variação positiva da receita ao longo do período; (c) quando comparado com Assistência Social e Cultura, Esporte e Lazer foi a área de menor peso na agenda do governo; (d) houve uma mudança abrupta na agenda de governo em direção ao esporte rendimento; (e) o governo age de forma eficiente na liquidação dos recursos planejados.

Assessing the timemania lottery as a sports public policy / A avaliação da loteria timemania como política pública de esporte

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the main results of Timemania as a sports public policy based on the efficiency, efficacy and social effectiveness principles. A descriptive-analytical research with qualitative approach was conducted through the analysis of contents from laws and official reports. Results suggest that the Timemania lottery was neither efficacious nor efficient, as it did not achieve the initial goals as to its revenues and debt payment for clubs. Timemania was not effective and did not significantly impact sports development. Finally, it is possible to conclude that Timemania, as a regulatory policy, fulfills the sole role of ensuring financial injection for major Brazilian football clubs.

RESUMO O artigo analisa os principais resultados da Timemania como política pública de esporte a partir dos princípios da eficiência, eficácia e efetividade social. Realizou-se uma pesquisa descritivo-analítica, com abordagem qualitativa, a partir da análise de conteúdos de leis e relatórios oficiais. Os resultados indicam que a Timemania não foi eficaz e eficiente, por não atender os objetivos iniciais de arrecadação e pagamento das dívidas dos clubes. A Timemania não foi efetiva e não impactou de forma significativa no desenvolvimento do esporte. Por fim, conclui-se que a Timemania, como uma política regulatória, cumpre o papel apenas de garantir um aporte financeiro para os clubes de futebol de maior destaque no Brasil.

Financiamento público, preparação olímpica e aplicação de recursos: o caso da confederação brasileira de handebol / Public funding, olympic preparation and resources application: the case of the brazilian handball confederation

RESUMO Esse estudo, de caráter documental, teve como objetivo investigar o volume e a aplicação de recursos públicos federais da CBHb no período entre 2008 e 2016, em relação as funções estabelecidas às entidades de administração do esporte, pelo Sistema Brasileiro do Desporto. Identificou-se as principais receitas da entidade e coletou-se documentos e prestações de contas (e.g. e-SIC, ME e COB) contendo os valores dos repasses e suas aplicações. Considerou-se apenas os valores executados pela entidade. No período, a CBHb executou R$ 129,6 milhões, que, embora segmentados, teve como a principal fonte os repasses de empresas estatais (41%). Em sua maioria, os recursos apresentaram interrupções e expressivas variações, mas que ao longo do período sofreram um aumento expressivo, justificado pela necessidade de impulsionar a preparação olímpica. Os dados apontaram para uma sobreposição no uso das políticas de financiamento quanto sua aplicação no esporte de elite e suas áreas de atuação. Identificou-se a ausência de uma política estruturada que garanta a oferta de atividades esportivas nas esferas educacionais e de participação que, consequentemente, alimentam o esporte de elite. Além disso, as políticas desenvolvidas se caracterizaram como ações que embora retardem o abandono do esporte, tendem a não estimular a renovação esportiva.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this documentary study was to investigate the amount and allocation of public funding directed to the CBHb in the period between 2008 and 2016, in relation to the functions established to sports federations, by the Brazilian System of Sports. The main revenues of the entity were identified, and documents and accounts (e.g. e-SIC, ME e BOC) that contained the amounts of the onlendings were collected. Were considered only the values executed by the entity. In the period, CBHb executed R $ 129.6 million, which, although segmented, had as its main source the resources coming from state-owned companies (41%). For the most part, resources presented interruptions and significant variations in their onlendings, however, over the period, they suffered a significant increase, justified by the need to boost the Olympic preparation. The data pointed to an overlap in the use of financing policies regarding its application in elite sport and its areas of activity. It was identified the absence of a structured policy that guarantees the provision of sports activities in other spheres that, consequently, feed the elite sport. The policies developed have been characterized as actions that, although delaying the abandonment of sports, tend not to stimulate sports renewal.

Esporte e lazer: uma trajetória das leis municipais em Macapá / Sport and leisure: a trajectory of municipal laws in Macapá

Esta pesquisa identifica as leis relacionadas ao esporte/lazer, durante processo histórico da Lei Orgânica do Município de Macapá até a atualidade. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, onde se utilizou a Lei Orgânica Municipal, Leis ordinárias e complementares. Para fins de análise, optamos por agrupar a discussão em três categorias: "Espaço: perdas e ganhos"; "Garantia e Construção de Direitos" e "Manutenção de uma Agenda Pós-Estruturada". A inclusão do esporte/lazer nas leis municipais acompanha o movimento inaugurado pela Constituição Federal de 1988, o que implicou em uma trajetória de leis que abordam esporte/lazer como direito social na cidade de Macapá. Foi possível identificar dezessete leis que abarcam esse tema no município. No entanto, esse processo está calcado em contradições, revelando um hiato entre o dispositivo legal e a efetivação de políticas sociais no setor.

This research identifies the laws related to sport / leisure, during the historical process of the Organic Law of the Municipality of Macapá until today. This is a documental research, which we used the Municipal Organic Law, ordinary and complementary laws. For the purposes of analysis, we chose to group the discussion in three categories: "Space: gains and losses"; "Warranty and construction of rights" and "Maintaining a post structured agenda". The inclusion of sport / leisure in municipal laws accompanies the movement inaugurated by the Federal Constitution of 1988, which implied a trajectory of laws that approach sport / leisure as a social right in the city of Macapá. It was possible to identify seventeen laws that cover this theme in the municipality. However, this process is rooted in contradictions, revealing a gap between the legal device and the implementation of social policies in the sector.

Sports Medicine Delivery Models: Legal Risks.

Educational institutions sponsoring competitive athletics may use an athletics model, academic model, or medical model for delivery of sports medicine to student-athletes. Four types of legal risk are considered for these 3 models: litigation, contract, regulatory, and structural. The athletics model presents the greatest legal risk to institutions, whereas the medical model presents the least legal risk. Institutional administrators should consider these risks when selecting or maintaining a delivery model for sports medicine.

Liability Determination of School Sports Injury Accidents: An Analysis Framework Based on Evolutionary Game.

In recent years, the outbreak of many school sports injury accidents aroused widespread public concern about liability determination of accident. Previous studies have examined the legal application of the liability principles from a law perspective, but few kinds of research attempted to analyze the progress of liability determination from the perspective of "law economics". To fill this research gap, we introduce the evolutionary game model, as an important theoretical tool of "law economics", to investigate how various factors influence the strategy selection of the parties, as well as examine what liability principle can effectively treat school sports injury accidents. The results indicate that the strategic selection of the subject of liability is significantly related to the accident compensation cost and the prevention cost of both parties. Moreover, we also find that both strict and proportional liability rules can play key roles in dealing with the issue of liability determination of school sports injury accidents, but the two liability rules have different effects on the strategic selection of parties. More specifically, compared to the strict liability principle, the proportional liability principle can motivate both the school and the students to adopt the active strategy of "appropriate caution" to prevent occurring sports injury accidents in schools.

Transgender Policy in Sport, A Review of Current Policy and Commentary of the Challenges of Policy Creation.

This review starts with a brief history of sex policy in sport followed by an exploration of the current state of transgender sport policies. Transgender in sport, from the high school to the professional level, is a frequent news topic. Fairness in women's athletics is at the center of transgender sport policy deliberations and public debate. Despite a long history of policy attempts and revisions, the female category in sport is not precisely and universally established, complicating transgender athlete policy development. Scientific evidence is scant on fairness for transgender athletes. For a variety of social factors, many transgender athletes do not have a positive experience in sports and the younger is the athlete the more challenging it becomes to create inclusive rules. Challenges remain in making competition rules fair, but inclusive, so that transgender athletes participate in sport. The medical and scientific community will continue to provide key input.

Born captive: A survey of the lion breeding, keeping and hunting industries in South Africa.

Commercial captive breeding and trade in body parts of threatened wild carnivores is an issue of significant concern to conservation scientists and policy-makers. Following a 2016 decision by Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, South Africa must establish an annual export quota for lion skeletons from captive sources, such that threats to wild lions are mitigated. As input to the quota-setting process, South Africa's Scientific Authority initiated interdisciplinary collaborative research on the captive lion industry and its potential links to wild lion conservation. A National Captive Lion Survey was conducted as one of the inputs to this research; the survey was launched in August 2017 and completed in May 2018. The structured semi-quantitative questionnaire elicited 117 usable responses, representing a substantial proportion of the industry. The survey results clearly illustrate the impact of a USA suspension on trophy imports from captive-bred South African lions, which affected 82% of respondents and economically destabilised the industry. Respondents are adapting in various ways, with many euthanizing lions and becoming increasingly reliant on income from skeleton export sales. With rising consumer demand for lion body parts, notably skulls, the export quota presents a further challenge to the industry, regulators and conservationists alike, with 52% of respondents indicating they would adapt by seeking 'alternative markets' for lion bones if the export quota allocation restricted their business. Recognizing that trade policy toward large carnivores represents a 'wicked problem', we anticipate that these results will inform future deliberations, which must nonetheless also be informed by challenging inclusive engagements with all relevant stakeholders.

Performance-Enhancing Drugs, Sport, and the Ideal of Natural Athletic Performance.

The use of certain performance-enhancing drugs (PED) is banned in sport. I discuss critically standard justifications of the ban based on arguments from two widely used criteria: fairness and harms to health. I argue that these arguments on their own are inadequate, and only make sense within a normative understanding of athletic performance and the value of sport. In the discourse over PED, the distinction between "natural" and "artificial" performance has exerted significant impact. I examine whether the distinction makes sense from a moral point of view. I propose an understanding of "natural" athletic performance by combining biological knowledge of training with an interpretation of the normative structure of sport. I conclude that this understanding can serve as moral justification of the PED ban and enable critical and analytically based line drawing between acceptable and nonacceptable performance-enhancing means in sport.

A Multifactorial Approach to Sport-Related Concussion Prevention and Education: Application of the Socioecological Framework.

OBJECTIVE: To offer an overview of sport-related concussion (SRC) prevention and education strategies in the context of the socioecological framework (SEF). Athletic trainers (ATs) will understand the many factors that interact to influence SRC prevention and the implications of these interactions for effective SRC education. BACKGROUND: Concussion is a complex injury that is challenging to identify and manage, particularly when athletes fail to disclose symptoms to their health care providers. Education is 1 strategy for increasing disclosure. However, limited information addresses how ATs can integrate the many factors that may influence the effectiveness of SRC education into their specific settings. Public health models provide an example through the SEF, which highlights the interplay among various levels of society and sport that can facilitate SRC prevention strategies, including education. DESCRIPTION: For ATs to develop appropriate SRC prevention strategies, a framework for application is needed. A growing body of information concerning SRC prevention indicates that knowledge alone is insufficient to change concussion-related behaviors. The SEF allows this information to be considered at levels such as policy and societal, community, interpersonal (relationships), and intrapersonal (athlete). The use of such a framework will facilitate more comprehensive SRC prevention efforts that can be applied in all athletic training practice settings. Clinical Applications: Athletic trainers can use this information as they plan SRC prevention strategies in their specific settings. This approach will aid in addressing the layers of complexity that exist when developing a concussion-management policy and plan.

As influências dos megaeventos esportivos na agenda e políticas esportivas: planejamento, arranjo institucional, ordenamento jurídico e financiamento / The influences of sports mega-events on the sports agenda and policies: planning, institutional arrangement, legal order and financing / Las influencias de los megaeventos deportivos en la agenda y políticas deportivas: planificación, arreglo institucional, ordenamiento jurídico y financiamiento

Este texto trata dos megaeventos esportivos, especificamente sobre as influências exercitadas referente à agenda e às políticas esportivas. Para tanto, realizou se uma revisão de literatura sobre megaeventos esportivos e política de esporte, bem como uma pesquisa documental, de abordagem qualitativa e de cunho exploratória. Percebeu-se que os megaeventos esportivos estão mais associados a questões mercantis de (re)estruturação de novos mercados, cidades e nichos econômicos do que questões de democratização do esporte. O que provocou mudanças no planejamento, no arranjo institucional e jurídico e no financiamento do esporte no Brasil.

This paper deals with the mega sports events, specifically on the influence exercise do in the agenda and sports policies. Therefore,a literature review of mega sports events and sport poli-cy was carried out, as well as documentary research, based on the qualitative approach with exploratory nature. It was noticed that the mega sports events are associated more with market issues of (re)structuring new markets, cities and economic niches, and less with sports democ-ratization issues. These issues caused changes in planning, institutional and legal arrange-ments and in sport funding in Brazil.

Este trabajo se ocupa de los grandes eventos deportivos, específicamente sobre la influencia ejercida referente a las políticas deportivas. Para lograr ese objetivo, se hizo una revisión de la literatura de grandes eventos deportivos y de la política deportiva. También se llevó a cabo una investigación documental, de enfoque cualitativo y de naturaleza exploratoria. Se observó que los grandes eventos deportivos se asocian más con cuestiones de merca-do(re)estructuración de nuevos mercados, ciudades y nichos económicos, que con cuestiones de democratización del deporte. Lo que causó cambios en la planificación, en los arreglos institucionales y legal es y en la financiación del deporte en Brasil.

How to justify a ban on doping?

BACKGROUND: This article deals with arguments that challenge the possibility of an ethical justification for a doping ban. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: It shows that a justification for the doping ban is only possible if its implementation can be safeguarded. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: Based on the proposition of the game theory, this article examines the scope of the arguments of naturalness, health, equal opportunity and fairness used in scientific literature. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Ceteris paribus, athletes will always prefer a situation that presents no health risk to a situation in which they face a threat to their health. They will therefore consent to a doping ban on the condition that it is ensured that all parties are bound to this rule, so that anyone complying with the rules will not be afraid of losing the competition as a result. For even if we condoned self-harm, it could still be argued plausibly that the individual should not suffer more disadvantages than absolutely necessary for the sake of gaining an advantage over others. Of course, it is possible to plead for a restricted approval of doping measures with acceptable risk. But even taking minor risks would not seem sensible under the condition that all participants without exception adhere to the same conditions when there is the option to renounce the (avoidable) risks. So as far as the use of performance-enhancing substances or methods is concerned, we can maintain that even if minor health risks are to be expected, a ban on doping can be justified from an ethical point of view.

The "Picardie en Forme" Network: Federating Regional Health-enhancing Sports Resources / Fédérer les ressources régionales du sport-santé : le réseau Picardie en Forme.

Initiated by the Regional Olympic and Sports Committee and the Regional Directorate of Youth, Sports and Social Cohesion, the "Picardie en Forme" network has been working since 2011 in favour of adults of all ages, with chronic noncommunicable or similar diseases, to encourage a gradual return to reassuring and perennial regular physical activity,. A first step consisted of organizing a care pathway based on two principles: inform general practitioners so that they can encourage their patients to be physically active by referring them to the network, develop a range of local sports by accrediting certain clubs with sports instructors who have been trained in the management of this specific population. In 2013, 121 users entered the network at the request of 61 doctors. 48 sports instructors were trained and 20 associations obtained the Picardie en Forme label. Comparison of the results of tests performed on entry in the network and then eight months later shows a general physical reconditioning of users, increasing their motivation and perceived physical value. However, despite these encouraging results, the network has difficulty retaining users, and maintaining the involvement of general practitioners and certain local partners. This article discusses the relevance of initial approaches and describes the changes made to sustain this regional network, which, for the first time, links sport, health and users.

Promoting Health with Sports: When Should Nonprofits Qualify for Tax Benefits?

Medical researchers are sounding the alarm that our society's shift to sedentary jobs is triggering an epidemic of chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. This Article brings that modern medical research to a tax debate and hopes to help revolutionize the sports world. This Article's proposal seeks to shift our current excessive emphasis on youth, college, and elite sports to an emphasis on participation by all. Currently, the tax exemption rules vigorously promote youth and college sports but generally deny most-favored tax status to nonprofits promoting nonelite adult sports. These rules are based on doctrines linking sports with education, which developed in a bygone era when sports were for students and the idle rich, and most adults got plenty of physical activity at work. As recently as 1960, approximately fifty percent of all jobs required at least moderate physical activity. By 2006, that figure had plummeted to twenty percent, and the average U.S. male age forty to fifty was thirty-two pounds heavier than his counterpart in 1960. Over this same time span, there has been a dramatic increase in chronic diseases associated with inactivity. Scientists say that greater physical activity and improved diet are the ways to fight this epidemic. This Article makes the case for granting most-favored tax status to organizations that promote nonelite adult athletics and do not charge high fees that would exclude a significant portion of the community.

Hurdling over sex? Sport, science, and equity.

Between 1968 and 1999, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) required all female athletes to undergo genetic testing as part of its sex verification policy, under the assumption that it needed to prevent men from impersonating women and competing in female-only events. After critics convinced officials that genetic testing was scientifically and ethically flawed for this purpose, the IOC replaced the policy in 1999 with a system allowing for medical evaluations of an athlete's sex only in cases of "reasonable suspicion," but this system also created injustice for athletes and stoked international controversies. In 2011, the IOC adopted a new policy on female hyperandrogenism, which established an upper hormonal limit for athletes eligible to compete in women's sporting events. This new policy, however, still leaves important medical and ethical issues unaddressed. We review the history of sex verification policies and make specific recommendations on ways to improve justice for athletes within the bounds of the current hyperandrogenism policy, including suggestions to clarify the purpose of the policy, to ensure privacy and confidentiality, to gain informed consent, to promote psychological health, and to deploy equitable administration and eligibility standards for male and female athletes.