Female behavior drives the formation of distinct social structures in C57BL/6J versus wild-derived outbred mice in field enclosures.

BACKGROUND: Social behavior and social organization have major influences on individual health and fitness. Yet, biomedical research focuses on studying a few genotypes under impoverished social conditions. Understanding how lab conditions have modified social organizations of model organisms, such as lab mice, relative to natural populations is a missing link between socioecology and biomedical science. RESULTS: Using a common garden design, we describe the formation of social structure in the well-studied laboratory mouse strain, C57BL/6J, in replicated mixed-sex populations over 10-day trials compared to control trials with wild-derived outbred house mice in outdoor field enclosures. We focus on three key features of mouse social systems: (i) territory establishment in males, (ii) female social relationships, and (iii) the social networks formed by the populations. Male territorial behaviors were similar but muted in C57 compared to wild-derived mice. Female C57 sharply differed from wild-derived females, showing little social bias toward cage mates and exploring substantially more of the enclosures compared to all other groups. Female behavior consistently generated denser social networks in C57 than in wild-derived mice. CONCLUSIONS: C57 and wild-derived mice individually vary in their social and spatial behaviors which scale to shape overall social organization. The repeatable societies formed under field conditions highlights opportunities to experimentally study the interplay between society and individual biology using model organisms.

Domestic violence against women in the brazilian media: study of social representations / Violencia doméstica contra las mujeres en los medios de comunicación brasileños: estudio de representaciones sociales / Violência doméstica contra as mulheres na mídia brasileira: estudo de representações sociais

This study examined the content published by the newspaper Folha de São Paulo regarding domestic violence before and after Law 11340/06, commonly known as Maria da Penha Law, came into force. A retrospective and comparative documentary research analyzed 3408 news reports published between 1994 and 2018. Divided into two corpora, '12 years before' and '12 years after' the Law, the material was analyzed using the IRaMuTeQ software and Descending Hierarchical Classification. The first corpus included news reports on cases involving celebrities and little about ordinary people. It also covered the feminist struggle to reduce domestic violence, focusing on specialized police stations and shelters. The second corpus included reports on the achievements generated by the Law and its challenges, pointing out the need to regard the law as more than a punitive instrument, addressing its preventive and care spheres. Problematizing how the media discloses such law is paramount, since the content divulged affects the construction of social representations.(AU)

Este artículo tuvo por objetivo identificar el contenido de la violencia doméstica transmitido en el periódico Folha de S. Paulo antes y después de la Ley 11.340/2006 (Ley Maria da Penha). La investigación fue de carácter documental retrospectivo y comparativa, realizada a partir de 3.408 noticias difundidas entre 1994 y 2018. El material se dividió en dos corpus: 12 años antes y 12 años después de la Ley, y se analizó con el software IRaMuTeQ. En el primer corpus, los medios informaron casos de celebridades y poco sobre la gente común. También abordaron la lucha feminista para reducir la violencia doméstica. Como no existe una legislación específica, la atención se centró en estaciones de policía especializadas y refugios. En el segundo corpus, se observaron los logros generados por la Ley y sus desafíos. Se identificó la necesidad de mirar la Ley desde un punto de vista no solo punitivo, sino también abordando las esferas preventivas y de asistencia. Se enfatiza la importancia de problematizar la difusión de la Ley en los medios, ya que los contenidos generalizados afectan la construcción de las representaciones sociales.(AU)

Este artigo pretende identificar o conteúdo sobre violência doméstica difundido no jornal Folha de S. Paulo antes e depois da Lei 11340/06 (Maria da Penha). A pesquisa foi documental, retrospectiva e comparativa; com 3408 reportagens entre 1994 e 2018. O material foi dividido em dois corpora: 12 anos antes e 12 anos depois da lei, e analisado com software IRaMuTeQ. No primeiro corpus, a mídia divulgava casos de celebridades e pouco acerca de pessoas do cotidiano. Também trouxe a luta feminista para diminuir a violência doméstica. Em virtude da então inexistência de uma legislação específica, os destaques eram as delegacias especializadas e as casas abrigo. No segundo corpus, observou-se as conquistas geradas pela lei e seus desafios. Identificou-se a necessidade de olhar para a lei por um viés não apenas punitivista, abordando as esferas preventivas e assistenciais. Destaca-se a importância de problematizar a difusão da lei na mídia, visto que os conteúdos perpassados afetam a construção de representações sociais.(AU)

Análise da Política de Atenção Integral à Pessoa com Deficiência em uma capital da Região Nordeste do Brasil / Analysis of the Comprehensive Care Policy for Persons with Disabilities in a capital city in the Northeast Region of Brazil

Resumo Na cidade do Recife, a primeira formulação de uma política de saúde direcionada às pessoas com deficiência (PCD) ocorreu 14 anos após a publicação da Política Nacional. Nesse sentido, o artigo analisou o processo de formulação da Política Municipal de Atenção Integrada à Saúde da Pessoa com Deficiência da cidade do Recife em 2016. Por meio de um estudo de caso, foram estudados o contexto, atores, conteúdo e processo de formulação da política através da realização de análise documental e entrevistas com gestores, representantes do Conselho de Saúde e de entidades representativas da PCD. A Política estudada foi formulada em um macrocontexto de vulnerabilidade social acentuado pelo golpe de 2015 e por medidas severas de austeridade fiscal que têm impactado desproporcionalmente as PCD. No microcontexto, percebeu-se influência da área de Direitos Humanos, das eleições municipais e da epidemia da síndrome congênita pelo Zika vírus, que descortinou um vazio assistencial. Houve incipiente participação das PCD, que desconhecem seu conteúdo e pouco acompanham sua implementação. A participação social é fundamental para atender às necessidades das PCD, por isso, pode-se afirmar que é imperativo o estabelecimento de uma relação dialógica em torno da Política e dos desafios de sua implementação.

Abstract In the city of Recife, the first formulation of a health policy aimed at people with disabilities (PWD) took place 14 years after the publication of the National Policy. In this sense, the article has analyzed the process of formulating the Municipal Policy for Integrated Health Care for People with Disabilities in the city of Recife in 2016. Through a case study, the context, actors, content and process of policy formulation were studied through document analysis and interviews with managers, representatives of the Health Council and representative entities of PWD. The Policy studied was formulated in a macro context of social vulnerability accentuated by the 2015 coup and by severe fiscal austerity measures that have disproportionately impacted PWDs. In the micro context, the influence of the Human Rights area, municipal elections and the epidemic of the Congenital Syndrome by the Zika Virus was noticed, which revealed a care void. There was an incipient participation of PWDs, which are unaware of its content and rarely follow its implementation. Social participation is essential to meet the needs of PWDs, so it can be said that it is imperative to establish a dialogic relationship around the Policy and the challenges of its implementation.

Variation in communicative complexity in relation to social structure and organization in non-human primates.

Communicative complexity relates to social complexity, as individuals in more complex social systems either use more signals or more complex signals than individuals living in less complex ones. Taking the individual group member's perspective, here we examine communicative complexity in relation to social complexity, which arises from two components of social systems: social structure and social organization. We review the concepts of social relationships and social complexity and evaluate their implications for communicative and cognitive complexity using examples from primate species. We focus on spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), as their social organization is characterized by flexibility in grouping dynamics and they use a variety of communicative signals. We conclude that no simple relationship exists among social complexity, communicative complexity and cognitive complexity, with social complexity not necessarily implying cognitive complexity, and communicative and cognitive complexity being independently linked to social complexity. To better understand the commonly implied link between social complexity and cognitive complexity it is crucial to recognize the complementary role of communicative complexity. A more elaborated communicative toolkit provides the needed flexibility to deal with dynamic and multifaceted social relationships and high variation in fission-fusion dynamics. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates'.

The Paradox of Network Inequality: Differential Impacts of Status and Influence on Surgical Team Communication.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: Healthcare is a dynamic and complex system predisposed to adverse events caused by human and technical errors. The ability of multidisciplinary clinicians to effectively communicate clinical information influences healthcare quality. Authority gradients, culture, and organizational hierarchy frequently constrict communication and contribute to surgical adverse events. Hierarchy is especially pronounced in military medicine, where military status, rank, and professional roles potentially create barriers to communication. METHODS: We used an exploratory, prospective, cross-sectional design to determine how the social structure of military surgical teams influences group (network) communication effectiveness. Using a social network questionnaire, we surveyed members of surgical teams concerning their close-working relationships with other team members and perceptions of their communication effectiveness. We addressed the following research question: In surgical teams, how do the status (indegree) and influence (outdegree) of its individual members impact communication within the team? RESULTS: We surveyed 50 surgical teams comprised of 45 clinicians and found that for close-working relationship networks communication effectiveness improved with lower concentrations of status and higher concentrations of influence. Network indegree (i.e., status) (ß=-0.893, p=.019) had a larger impact than outdegree (i.e., influence) (ß=0.617, p=.015), indicating status had a larger effect on communication effectiveness than influence. Put simply, our results show communication improves when there is more equality of status in the surgical team. Paradoxically, communication improves when there are higher concentrations of network influence among surgical team members. CONCLUSIONS: Inequality in surgical team networks has paradoxical effects on communication effectiveness. The impact of network structure on organizational behavior is of high interest to the military and provides essential insights into clinicians' ability to communicate in a highly complex and task-based environment. Communication will likely improve in surgical teams through methods to foster equality of team member status and promote surgical leadership. Military medical policies could both amplify the positive effects and mitigate the negative effects of network inequality.

Consensos em discursos sobre a violência policial: o posicionamento de estudantes universitários / Consensus in discourses on police violence: the positioning of university students / Consenso en discursos sobre violencia policial: el posicionamiento de estudiantes universitarios

Este artigo teve como objetivo analisar se a cor da pele do imigrante (negro ou branco) influencia as justificativas para a tomada de posição frente a uma situação de violência policial cuja vítima era um imigrante suspeito de tráfico de drogas. Participaram do estudo 300 estudantes universitários paraibanos. Os dados foram processados pelo software Iramuteq, por meio da classificação hierárquica descendente (CHD). Como resultado, na condição de imigrante branco, não foram verificados posicionamentos favoráveis à conduta policial. Já na condição de imigrante negro, houve discordância com a ação policial, todavia, houve também culpabilização do imigrante, por vezes utilizada como argumento para tentar justificar ou tolerar a abordagem policial. Assim, constatou-se a existência de um consenso desfavorável em relação à figura do imigrante negro, embasado em argumentos preconceituosos que costumam ser utilizados pela sociedade no intento de proteger os grupos majoritários e fomentar a manutenção da estrutura social, reforçando o preconceito racial e as desigualdades sociais.(AU)

This article aimed to analyze if the immigrants' skin color (black or white) influences the justifications for the positioning in the face of police violence whose victim is an immigrant suspected of drug trafficking. A total of 300 university students from the state of Paraíba participated in the study. The data were processed by the IRAMUTEQ software, by descending hierarchical classification (DHC). As a result, in the condition of white immigrant, no favorable positions were verified for police conduct. In the condition of black immigrant, on the other hand, there was disagreement with the police action, however, blaming the immigrant also occurred, sometimes used as an argument to try to justify or tolerate the police approach. Thus, an unfavorable consensus regarding the figure of the black immigrant was found, based on prejudiced arguments usually used by society in an attempt to protect the majority groups and promote the maintenance of the social structure, reinforcing racial prejudice and social inequalities.(AU)

Este artículo tuvo como objetivo analizar si el color de la piel del inmigrante (blanco o negro) influye en las justificaciones para tomar una posición frente a una situación de violencia policial cuya víctima era un inmigrante sospechoso de narcotráfico. 300 estudiantes de Paraíba participaron en el estudio. Los datos fueron procesados ​​por el software IRAMUTEQ, utilizando la clasificación jerárquica descendente (CHD). Como resultado, como inmigrante blanco, las posiciones favorables a la conducta policial no fueron verificadas. Sin embargo, como inmigrante negro, hubo desacuerdo con la acción policial, sin embargo, la presencia de culpar al inmigrante a veces se usaba como argumento para tratar de justificar o tolerar el enfoque policial. Por lo tanto, hubo un consenso desfavorable con respecto a la figura del inmigrante negro, basado en argumentos prejuiciosos que la sociedad suele utilizar en un intento de proteger a los grupos mayoritarios y promover el mantenimiento de la estructura social, reforzando los prejuicios raciales y las desigualdades sociales.(AU)

What social determinants outside paid work are related to development of mental health during life? An integrative review of results from the Northern Swedish Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Despite global increase in burden of mental health conditions, longitudinal studies on factors related to development of mental health are scarce. Particularly integrated understanding of how factors at each level of ecological system interact to influence mental health of individuals during their life is missing. Both work and outside work (life beyond work) spheres are two important areas in human life which can have independent effects on mental health of individuals. In this integrative review, we aimed to synthesis findings about social determinants outside paid work that are related to development of mental health during life in a 27-year prospective Swedish Cohort study by using Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory. METHODS: The material for this paper consists of all mental health related papers within Northern Swedish Cohort. Papers related to outside paid work exposures of life circumstances were selected. An integrative review was conducted on 27 papers and deductive qualitative content analysis in relation to Bronfenbrenner ecological framework was performed to identify the main themes. RESULTS: The results of this review showed that class structures and gender order at macro-level permeated into all other levels and finally became embodied in the individuals as symptoms of mental health during life. At the "exo-level" neighbourhood disadvantage was related to mental ill-health of individuals. The importance of parental interaction with other settings, like school, for mental health of individuals was highlighted at "meso-level". At "micro-level" poor social relationships; social and material adversities and inequality in gender relations during adult life were related to mental ill-health. CONCLUSION: We found mental health of individuals to be related to both unique and common factors manifesting at different socio-ecological levels. Social structures at the macro-level namely class structures and gender order permeate all other levels and eventually become embodied in the individuals as symptoms of mental health during life. Interventions addressing gender and class related inequalities might be of importance for improving mental health of individuals during their life.

Variable kinship patterns in Neolithic Anatolia revealed by ancient genomes.

The social organization of the first fully sedentary societies that emerged during the Neolithic period in Southwest Asia remains enigmatic,1 mainly because material culture studies provide limited insight into this issue. However, because Neolithic Anatolian communities often buried their dead beneath domestic buildings,2 household composition and social structure can be studied through these human remains. Here, we describe genetic relatedness among co-burials associated with domestic buildings in Neolithic Anatolia using 59 ancient genomes, including 22 new genomes from Asikli Höyük and Çatalhöyük. We infer pedigree relationships by simultaneously analyzing multiple types of information, including autosomal and X chromosome kinship coefficients, maternal markers, and radiocarbon dating. In two early Neolithic villages dating to the 9th and 8th millennia BCE, Asikli Höyük and Boncuklu, we discover that siblings and parent-offspring pairings were frequent within domestic structures, which provides the first direct indication of close genetic relationships among co-burials. In contrast, in the 7th millennium BCE sites of Çatalhöyük and Barcin, where we study subadults interred within and around houses, we find close genetic relatives to be rare. Hence, genetic relatedness may not have played a major role in the choice of burial location at these latter two sites, at least for subadults. This supports the hypothesis that in Çatalhöyük,3-5 and possibly in some other Neolithic communities, domestic structures may have served as burial location for social units incorporating biologically unrelated individuals. Our results underscore the diversity of kin structures in Neolithic communities during this important phase of sociocultural development.

Uma análise espacial dos arranjos domiciliares da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (1991-2010) / Living arrangement spatial analysis of São Paulo's Metropolitan Area (1991-2010) / Un análisis espacial de los tipos de hogares en la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo (1991-2010)

As mudanças no comportamento das componentes demográficas e no padrão da nupcialidade estão diretamente associadas às transformações da estrutura e da composição das famílias e domicílios. Apesar desta forte relação, a distribuição espacial dos arranjos domiciliares se insere em um contexto multifacetado da dinâmica intraurbana que reflete a complexa estrutura social das metrópoles. A formação dos domicílios e a sua localização no território são dadas pelas necessidades e preferências dos arranjos domiciliares, dentro de uma estrutura de oportunidades. Utilizando a distribuição etária da população conforme os diferentes tipos de arranjos domiciliares e agrupamentos espaciais (análise de clusters), o trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as principais mudanças de tendências dos arranjos domiciliares da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) e a sua organização espacial nesse espaço metropolitano, com base em dados dos Censos Demográficos de 1991 a 2010. Os resultados sugerem que, apesar de a distribuição dos arranjos domiciliares para o total da população não apresentar mudanças radicais nas últimas décadas, importantes alterações ocorreram no nível da distribuição etária e na composição das áreas centrais e periféricas da RMSP, segundo a tipologia de arranjos domiciliares.

Both demographic component and nuptiality pattern changes are associated to changes in family and household structure and composition. However, the spatial distribution of different living arrangements in the metropolitan region depends not only on demographic issues, but also on a complex context of intra-urban dynamics that reflects huge social inequities. Using Cluster Analysis and population age distribution in different living arrangements, this work aims to identify the main trend changes and their respective spatial organization in São Paulo's Metropolitan Region (SPMR) based on 1991 to 2010 Demographic Census data. The results suggest that, although the living arrangement distribution for the total population has not shown radical changes in recent decades, important changes occur in age distribution level and in SPMR's central and peripheral region compositions according to typology of living arrangements.

Los factores del cambio demográfico y la nupcialidad están directamente asociados con cambios en la estructura y composición de las familias y los hogares. Sin embargo, a pesar de la fuerte relación entre los factores demográficos y la formación y disolución de hogares, la distribución espacial de los hogares forma parte de un contexto más amplio y complejo de dinámica intraurbana. La formación de los hogares y su ubicación en el territorio están dados por las nececidades y preferencias de los arreglos familiares. Mediante el análisis de la distribución por edades de la población según tipo de hogar y el análisis de agrupaciones espaciales, este trabajo analiza la tendencia de crecimiento de los diferentes tipos de hogares en la Región Metropolitana de San Pablo (RMSP) con base en datos de los censos demográficos de 1991 a 2010 e identifica la organización espacial de los arreglos familiares en este espacio metropolitano. Los resultados sugieren que se producen cambios importantes en el nivel de distribución por edad y en la composición de acuerdo con la tipología de los hogares en las áreas central y periférica de la RMSP.

Luiz Simões Lopes entre administração e política: a trajetória de um dirigente / Luiz Simões Lopes, entre administración y política: la trayectoria de un dirigente / The history of Luiz Simões Lopes: a leader between administration and politics

Resumo A partir da utilização do método biográfico, este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a origem social, a trajetória, as estratégias de ascensão, os recursos sociais herdados ou adquiridos e os respectivos princípios de legitimação de Luiz Simões Lopes, um dos homens de confiança de Getúlio Vargas incumbido de dirigir o Departamento Administrativo do Serviço Público (Dasp) durante o período do Estado Novo. Seguindo a hipótese que afirma acerca da condição periférica da sociedade brasileira e, consequentemente, da inexistência de estruturas sociais em que o título profissional seja o principal critério de hierarquização de uma sociedade humana, propôs-se aqui explicitar e analisar os condicionantes sociais que levaram Luiz Simões Lopes à condição e ao reconhecimento enquanto elite dirigente responsável pela importação de modelos e princípios da administração científica norte-americana. Assim concluiu-se que, em função das bases de dominação pessoal já existentes, os novos recursos racional-formais importados foram redefinidos nas lutas políticas pelo controle do Estado brasileiro.

Resumen A partir del método biográfico, este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el origen social, la trayectoria, las estrategias de ascenso, los recursos sociales heredados o adquiridos y los respectivos principios de legitimación de Luiz Simões Lopes, uno de los hombres de confianza de Getúlio Vargas en la dirección del Departamento Administrativo del Servicio Público (DASP) durante el Estado Nuevo. Por la hipótesis sobre la condición periférica de la sociedad brasileña y, consecuentemente, la inexistencia de estructuras sociales en que el título profesional sea el principal criterio de jerarquización de una sociedad humana, este estudio se propone explicitar y analizar los condicionantes que llevaron a Luiz Simões Lopes a la condición de elite dirigente responsable de la importación de modelos y principios de la administración científica estadounidense. Se concluyó que, en función de las bases de dominación personal ya existentes, los nuevos recursos racionales-formales importados se redefinieron en las luchas políticas por el control del Estado brasileño.

Abstract This study is based on a biographical methodology and aims to analyze the social origin, history, ascension strategies, and inherited or acquired social resources of Luiz Simões Lopes. The research observes the respective principles of legitimation of Luiz Simões Lopes, a man trusted by Getúlio Vargas in the direction of the Administrative Department of Public Service (Dasp) during the Brazilian period called Estado Novo (New State). Given the hypothesis of a peripheral condition of Brazilian society and, consequently, the absence of social structures in which the professional title is the main criterion of social hierarchy, this article explains the conditions that led Simões Lopes to be part of a ruling elite that imported models and principles from the North American scientific administration. The conclusion is that, due to the existing roots of personal domination in Brazil, the new rational-formal resources were established in the political struggles for Brazilian state control.