Amoxicillin chewable tablets intended for pediatric use: formulation development, stability evaluation and taste assessment.

To cover the unpleasant taste of amoxicillin (250 mg), maize starch (baby food) and milk chocolate were co-formulated. The raw materials and the final formulations were characterized by means of Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. To evaluate the taste masking two different groups of volunteers were used, according to the Ethical Research Committee of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The optimization of excipients' content in the tablet was determined by experimental design methodology (crossed D-optimal). Due to the matrix complexity, amoxicillin was extracted using liquid extraction and analyzed isocratically by HPLC. The developed chromatographic method was validated (%Recovery 98.7-101.3, %RSD = 1.3, LOD and LOQ 0.15 and 0.45 µg mL-1 respectively) according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The physicochemical properties of the tablets were also examined demonstrating satisfactory quality characteristics (diameter: 15 mm, thickness: 6 mm, hardness <98 Newton, loss of mass <1.0%, disintegration time ∼25min). Additionally, dissolution (%Recovery >90) and in vitro digestion tests (%Recovery >95) were carried out. Stability experiments indicated that amoxicillin is stable in the prepared formulations for at least one year (%Recovery <91).

Tafamidis meglumina no tratamento de pacientes com cardiomiopatia amiloide associada à transtirretina (selvagem ou hereditária) acima de 60 anos de idade / Tafamidis meglumine in the treatment of patients with amyloid cardiomyopathy associated with transthyretin (wild or hereditary) over 60 years of age

CONTEXTO: A cardiomiopatia amiloide associada à transtirretina (TTR), ou CM-TTR, integra o grupo de doenças amiloides raras sistêmicas caracterizadas pela deposição extracelular de proteína amiloide, que resulta em falência progressiva de órgãos. A CM-TTR pode se manifestar como dois genótipos: hereditária ou selvagem (adquirida ou senil) e em ambas a proteína amiloide pode infiltrar qualquer uma ou todas as estruturas cardiovasculares, incluindo o sistema de condução, o miocárdio atrial e ventricular, tecido valvar, as artérias e coronárias. Os sintomas geralmente incluem insuficiência cardíaca, dispneia ao esforço, retenção de líquidos e hipotensão. Na prática clínica, atualmente o tratamento envolve avaliação do paciente para transplante de fígado com ou sem associação de transplante cardíaco, cujo objetivo é prevenir a formação de depósitos amiloides adicionais e reduzir o ritmo de progressão da doença. TECNOLOGIA: Tafamidis meglumina (Vindaqel®). PERGUNTA: Qual a eficácia, segurança, custo-efetividade e impacto orçamentário do tafamidis meglumina no tratamento da cardiomiopatia amiloide associada à transtirretina (CM-TTR), selvagem ou hereditária, classe NYHA II e III, em pessoas acima de 60 anos de idade, na perspectiva do SUS? EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Foram incluídos dois estudos, um randomizado de fase III e um estudo aberto de fase II. O estudo clínico de fase III comparou a eficácia e segurança de tafamidis meglumina no tratamento da CM-TTR (selvagem ou hereditária) em pacientes adultos com o placebo. O grupo de pacientes tratados com o medicamento mostrou superioridade na redução da mortalidade por todas as causas e hospitalizações por causas cardiovasculares ao longo de 30 meses de acompanhamento em relação ao grupo placebo. Também foi observada redução do número de hospitalizações em pacientes com classe funcional NYHA I ou II e redução do declínio da capacidade funcional (medida por meio do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos) e da qualidade de vida no mês 30, com diferenças observadas logo no mês seis, quando comparado com placebo. O perfil de segurança do tafamidis meglumina foi semelhante ao placebo, com menor taxa de descontinuação. O estudo de fase II reportou na semana seis de tratamento, que tafamidis meglumina estabilizou efetivamente a TTR em 96,8% (30/31) dos pacientes com a forma selvagem de CM-TTR. Um único paciente que não obteve estabilização não sofreu problemas de segurança, permanecendo sem alcançar estabilização até o final do estudo. Todos os pacientes (n = 31) experimentaram um ou mais evento adverso (EA) durante o estudo, os mais frequentes foram sintomas ou episódios de insuficiência cardíaca, como dispneia, agravamento da insuficiência cardíaca e edema. AVALIAÇÃO ECONÔMICA: A análise de custo-efetividade foi apresentada na perspectiva do SUS, empregando-se um modelo de estados transicionais do tipo cadeias de Markov para acompanhar os pacientes com CM-TTR nas classes funcionas II ou III, considerando-se a transição por diferentes estados de saúde. De acordo com o resultado apresentado, tafamidis meglumina resultou em ganhos em anos de vida ajustados pela qualidade (AVAQ) e anos de vida ganhos (AVG) a partir de custo incremental de R$ 931.918,37 e R$ 760.018,87, respectivamente, por paciente, em um horizonte temporal lifetime de 25 anos. AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: A análise do impacto orçamentário (AIO) da ampliação de uso do tafamidis meglumina no SUS, foi realizada num horizonte de 5 anos. Devido à falta de dados precisos sobre prevalência da CM-TTR no mundo e no Brasil, a população elegível ao tratamento com tafamidis meglumina foi determinada pelo método epidemiológico, empregando-se dados da literatura a partir da estimativa populacional. Como resultados da análise, uma ampliação de uso do tafamidis meglumina no tratamento da CM-TTR resultou em um impacto orçamentário de R$ 31,4 milhões no primeiro ano e, em um horizonte de temporal de 5 anos, foi calculado um total acumulado de aproximadamente R$ 1,46 bilhão. MONITORAMENTO DO HORIZONTE TECNOLÓGICO: Foram detectadas quatro tecnologias potenciais para o tratamento da cardiomiopatia amiloide associada à transtirretina (selvagem ou hereditária), em pacientes acima de 60 anos. O acoramidis é um estabilizador de transtirretina para o potencial tratamento oral de cardiomiopatia amiloide e polineuropatia associadas à transtirretina. Já os medicamentos eplonterseno, patisirana e vutrisirana são silenciadores gênicos, que agem inibindo o gene TTR consequentemente inibindo a transtirretina e a deposição de proteína amiloide. CONSIDERAÇÕES: As evidências analisadas de acordo com a ferramenta GRADE foram identificadas de qualidade baixa a alta. Quanto aos desfechos, no ECR os pacientes tratados com o tafamidis mostraram superioridade na redução da mortalidade por todas as causas e hospitalizações por causas cardiovasculares ao longo de 30 meses de acompanhamento em relação ao grupo placebo, além de redução do declínio da capacidade funcional e da qualidade de vida, em comparação com o placebo. Houve ainda, no estudo aberto, estabilização efetiva da TTR em pacientes tratados com a forma selvagem de CM-TTR, no entanto, todos os pacientes experimentaram um ou mais EA como episódios de insuficiência cardíaca, como dispneia, agravamento da insuficiência cardíaca e edema. O perfil de segurança do tafamidis meglumina foi semelhante ao placebo. Na avaliação econômica, foi realizada uma análise de custo-efetividade (ACE). O tratamento com tafamidis resultou em ganhos em AVAQ e AVG a partir de custo incremental de, respectivamente, R$ 931.918,37 e R$ 760.018,87, por paciente por benefício ganho, em um horizonte temporal lifetime de 25 anos. Já a AIO foi estimada em um cenário base e dois alternativos, em um horizonte temporal de 5 anos. O cenário base representou um impacto orçamentário de R$ 31.449.136 no primeiro ano e um acumulado de R$ 1,46 bilhão em cinco anos. Como não existem dados epidemiológicos robustos sobre a prevalência e incidência da insuficiência cardíaca no Brasil, ou no mundo, portanto, as estimativas adotadas podem ter subestimado o impacto orçamentário. RECOMENDAÇÃO PRELIMINAR DA CONITEC: Diante do exposto, a Conitec, em sua 93ª reunião ordinária, realizada no dia 09 de dezembro de 2020, deliberou que a matéria fosse disponibilizada em consulta pública com recomendação preliminar desfavorável à incorporação no SUS do tafamidis meglumina para tratamento para tratamento de cardiomiopatia amiloide associada à transtirretina do tipo selvagem ou hereditária, classes NYHA II e III, em pacientes acima de 60 anos de idade. Os membros do plenário concordaram que, embora a demanda envolva proposta de tratamento para uma condição clínica rara, o preço proposto para incorporação da tecnologia apresentado pelo demandante é muito elevado e não é justificado pelas evidências científicas apresentadas, pouco robustas, pois, ainda que a evidência tenha sido avaliada de boa qualidade, baixo risco de viés e alta certeza de evidência para o desfecho primário clinicamente importante, esta possui limitação amostral e imprecisões significativas a ser consideradas para recomendar uma decisão. A matéria foi disponibilizada em consulta pública. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: A Consulta Pública nº 70/2021 foi realizada entre os dias 05/01/2021 a 25/01/2021. Foram recebidas 361 contribuições, sendo 58 pelo formulário para contribuições técnico-científicas e 303 pelo formulário para contribuições sobre experiência ou opinião de pacientes, familiares, amigos ou cuidadores de pacientes, profissionais de saúde ou pessoas interessadas no tema. As contribuições foram majoritariamente discordantes da recomendação preliminar da Conitec, não favorável à incorporação do tafamidis meglumina pra CM-TTR. As argumentações nestas contribuições destacaram os benefícios clínicos que o medicamento oferece com base em evidências já apresentadas na discussão inicial do tema e reitera que o medicamento se trata de única opção terapêutica disponível. O fabricante do medicamento, e demandante do processo de incorporação, enviou documento técnico com contribuição acerca do Monitoramento do Horizonte Tecnológico (MHT), sobre a seção de Recomendações de outras agências de ATS e objeções acerca das evidências clínicas, avaliação econômica e impacto orçamentário. Coube à SE da Conitec retificar a seção de MHT, no que diz respeito ao registro do medicamento patisirana. No entanto, não foram adicionadas na CP referências que alterassem a análise das evidências científicas e econômicas apresentadas no relatório preliminar de recomendação. RECOMENDAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros do plenário presentes na 95ª reunião ordinária da Conitec, no dia 03 de março de 2021, deliberaram, por unanimidade, recomendar a não incorporação, no SUS, tafamidis meglumina para tratamento de cardiomiopatia amiloide associada à transtirretina do tipo selvagem ou hereditária, classes NYHA II e III, em pacientes acima de 60 anos de idade. Não foram adicionadas na CP referências que alterassem a análise da evidência apresentada no relatório preliminar. Foi assinado o Registro de Deliberação nº 595/2021. DECISÃO: Não incorporar o tafamidis meglumina no tratamento de pacientes com cardiomiopatia amiloide associada à transtirretina (selvagem ou hereditária) acima de 60 anos de idade, do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS, conforme Portaria nº 09, publicada no Diário Oficial da União nº 53, seção 1, página 84, em 19 de março de 2021.

Safety Assessment of Formulation Vehicles Following Intravitreal Administration in Rabbits.

PURPOSE: Evaluate 21 formulation vehicles administered to rabbits after intravitreal injection for tolerability and safety. METHODS: Forty-two Dutch Belted rabbits were anesthetized, and the eyes received a single intravitreal injection of the excipient formulation. Clinical signs and ocular irritation responses were recorded twice daily for 7 days and microscopic evaluation of the eyes, optic nerve, and eyelids was completed at 1-week post treatment. RESULTS: Saline (≥ 300 mOsm and ≤ 592 mOsm at pH 7.0 or 300 mOsm at pH 8.0) and 10 formulation excipients; (10% w/v PEG 3350 at pH 7.4, 1% polysorbate 21 at pH 7.4, PVA at pH 7.0, 0.2% polysorbate 80 at pH 7.2, 0.2% Pluronic F108® at pH 7.3, 2%, 100 mM sodium sulfate at pH 3.2, 2 mM sodium glycocholate at pH 7.4, and 275 mM D-mannitol pH 7.0 in sterile water, and 100 mM sodium phosphate in combination with 0.9% NaCl 300 mOsm and 0.01% or 0.05% polysorbate 80 at pH 7.4) considered as formulation vehicles for intravitreal injectables, were well-tolerated in rabbits. Clinical signs were transient and microscopic changes were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Of the 21 formulation vehicles evaluated, 10 formulation vehicles were well-tolerated in rabbits and feasible candidates for future investigations.

Assessment of toxicity and tolerability of a combination vehicle; 5% Pharmasolve, 45% Propylene glycol and 50% Polyethylene glycol 400 in rats following repeated intravenous administration.

The selection of a suitable vehicle for administration of NCEs in non-clinical studies is always a challenge for poorly soluble compounds. Challenge is increased if the dose formulation is intended for intravenous (i.v.) administration where isotonic, biologically compatible pH and solution form is an absolute requirement. Vehicle toxicity and tolerability data are not readily available for a number of combination vehicles therefore, an i.v. tolerability studies was planned in rats with 5% v/v Pharmasolve (NMP), 45% v/v Propylene glycol (PG) and 50% v/v Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 combination, at dose volume of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 mL/kg body weight for 28 days. The vehicle combination was administered via lateral tail vein and effects on clinical signs, body weights, feed consumption, clinical pathology and histopathology were evaluated. Clinical signs of toxicity like tremors, convulsions and death were noticed at 5 mL/kg during the course of the study. At 2 mL/kg, injection site injury without systemic toxicity was noticed. In conclusion, 1 mL/kg of a combination vehicle of 5% NMP, 45% PG and 55% PEG 400 can be administered intravenously once-a-day up to 28 days without any discomfort or injury to rats.

Toxicological assessment of Anionic Methacrylate Copolymer: I. Characterization, bioavailability and genotoxicity.

Anionic Methacrylate Copolymer (AMC) is a fully polymerized copolymer used in the pharmaceutical industry as an enteric/delayed-release coating to permit the pH-dependent release of active ingredients in the gastrointestinal tract from oral dosage forms. This function is of potential use for food supplements. Oral administration of radiolabeled copolymer to rats resulted in the detection of chemically unchanged copolymer in the feces, with negligible absorption (<0.1%). AMC is therefore determined not to be bioavailable. Within a genotoxicity test battery AMC did not show any evidence of genotoxicity in bacteria and mammalian cells. Furthermore, no genotoxic effects occurred in vivo within a micronucleus test. There would therefore appear to be no safety concerns under intended conditions of oral use for the discussed toxicological endpoints.

Risk assessment of supply chain for pharmaceutical excipients with AHP-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.

As the essential components in formulations, pharmaceutical excipients directly affect the safety, efficacy, and stability of drugs. Recently, safety incidents of pharmaceutical excipients posing seriously threats to the patients highlight the necessity of controlling the potential risks. Hence, it is indispensable for the industry to establish an effective risk assessment system of supply chain. In this study, an AHP-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model was developed based on the analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy mathematical theory, which quantitatively assessed the risks of supply chain. Taking polysorbate 80 as the example for model analysis, it was concluded that polysorbate 80 for injection use is a high-risk ingredient in the supply chain compared to that for oral use to achieve safety application in clinic, thus measures should be taken to control and minimize those risks.

Histological assessment of follicular delivery of flutamide by solid lipid nanoparticles: potential tool for the treatment of androgenic alopecia.

CONTEXT: Flutamide is a potent anti-androgen with the several unwanted side effects in systemic administration, therefore, it has attracted special interest in the development of topically applied formulations for the treatment of androgenic alopecia. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize the solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of Flutamide for follicular targeting in the treatment of the androgenic alopecia. METHODS: Flutamide-loaded SLNs, promising drug carriers for topical application were prepared by hot melt homogenization method. Drug permeation and accumulation in the exercised rat skin and histological study on the male hamsters were performed to assess drug delivery efficiency in vitro and in vivo, respectively. RESULTS: The optimized Flutamide-loaded SLNs (size 198 nm, encapsulation efficiency percentage 65% and loading efficiency percentage 3.27%) exhibited a good stability during the period of at least 2 months. The results of X-ray diffraction showed Flutamide amorphous state confirming uniform drug dispersion in the SLNs structure. Higher skin drug deposition (1.75 times) of SLN formulation compared to Flutamide hydroalcoholic solution represented better localization of the drug in the skin. The in vivo studies showed more new hair follicle growth by utilizing Flutamide-loaded SLNs than Flutamide hydroalcoholic solution which could be due to the higher accumulation of SLNs in the hair follicles as well as slowly and continues release of the Flutamide through the SLNs maximizing hair follicle exposure by antiandrogenic drug. CONCLUSION: It was concluded Flutamide-loaded SLN formulation can be used as a promising colloidal drug carriers for topical administration of Flutamide in the treatment of androgenic alopecia.

Genotoxicity assessment of melamine in the in vivo Pig-a mutation assay and in a standard battery of assays.

The genotoxicity of melamine was evaluated with the combined Pig-a mutation/micronucleus assay, the bacterial reverse mutation assay, and the in vitro cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN). Five groups of six- to eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were given three daily doses of vehicle control (100% pure sesame oil), melamine (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg) or positive control (N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, ENU, 20 mg/kg) by oral gavage. Peripheral blood was sampled pre-dose (day -1) and at time points up to day 60. Pig-a mutant frequencies were determined in total red blood cells (RBCs) and reticulocytes (RETs) as RBC(CD59-) and RET(CD59-) frequencies, on days -1, 15, 29 and 60, and micronucleus frequencies were measured in RETs on day 4. No significant increases in RBC(CD59-) or RET(CD59-) frequencies were observed for the melamine-treated group at any of the time points studied, but the positive control, ENU, induced statistically significant increases compared with the vehicle control. Similar results were obtained in the micronucleus assay. Melamine did not induce statistically significant increases in %MN-RET. In the bacterial reverse mutation assay, melamine was tested from 62.5 to 1000 µg/plate in tester strains TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA1535, with and without metabolic activation, and no evidence of toxicity or mutagenicity was observed at any dose tested. In the in vitro CBMN assay, in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, melamine was tested (75, 150, and 300 µg/mL) in the presence and absence of S9 mix, and no positive increases in the number of cells containing micronuclei were seen. These results suggest that melamine does not exhibit significant genotoxic potential. These data could be valuable for risk assessment purposes and also for further characterizing the new in vivoPig-a gene mutation assay.

Taste-masked and affordable donepezil hydrochloride orally disintegrating tablet as promising solution for non-compliance in Alzheimer's disease patients.

CONTEXT: Manufacturing process and superdisintegrants used in orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) formulation are often time discussed. However, the effect of suitable filler for ODT formulation is not explored thoroughly. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a novel taste masked and affordable donepezil hydrochloride ODT with fast disintegration time and stable to improve medication compliance of Alzheimer's disease patient. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The ODT was manufactured using simple wet-granulation method. Crospovidone XL-10 was used as superdisintegrant and optimization was done by comparing the effect of three grades of lactose monohydrate compound as filler: Starlac®, Flowlac® and Tablettose®. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Formulations containing higher amount of colloidal silicon dioxide showed increase in hardness, weight, disintegration time and wetting time after stability study. Formulation E which containing 50% of Starlac® was found with shortest in vitro disintegration time (21.7 ± 1.67 s), in vivo disintegration time (24.0 ± 1.05 s) and in vitro disintegration time in artificial salvia (22.5 ± 1.67 s). Physical stability studies at 40 °C/75% RH for 6 months, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis and X-ray diffraction results showed that the formulation was stable. The drug-released profile showed that 80% of donepezil hydrochloride was released within 1 min. A single-dose, fasting, four-period, seven-treatment, double-blinded study involving 16 healthy human volunteers was performed to evaluate the palatability of ODT. Formulation VII containing 10 mg of ammonium glycyrrhizinate was able to mask the bitter taste of the drug. CONCLUSION: The product has the potential to be commercialized and it might serve as solution for non-compliance among the Alzheimer's disease patients.

An assessment of the ocular safety of excipient maleic acid following intravitreal injection in rabbits.

Maleic acid was formulated in 0.7% saline and injected intravitreally in rabbits in order to evaluate ocular safety and tolerability. Maleic acid was formulated within a narrow pH range (2-3), administered in a fixed volume (100 µl), and concentrations ranged from 0.00 to 2.00 mg/eye (0.00 to 12.30 mM vitreous). Ocular evaluations were conducted at 2, 4, and 8 days post injection. Ocular irritation responses were observed at doses from 0.50 mg/eye (3.07 mM vitreous) to 2.00 mg/eye (12.30 mM vitreous) and included conjunctival redness and scleral swelling. Chemosis was observed at 2.00 mg/eye (12.30 mM vitreous). Funduscopic evaluations revealed enlarged retinal blood vessels and optic disk swelling at doses ≥1.50 mg/eye (9.22 mM vitreous), retinal folds and retinal discoloration at 2.00 mg/eye (12.30 mM vitreous). Histopathologic evaluations on days 4 and 8 post injection revealed retinal degeneration at doses ≥1.0 mg/eye (6.15 mM vitreous), conjunctival inflammation at doses ≥1.5 mg/eye (9.22 mM vitreous), and retinal pigment epithelial hypertrophy, optic nerve demyelination, anterior chamber fluid, and conjunctival fibrosis at 2.00 mg/eye (12.30 mM vitreous) maleic acid. The data suggest that maleic acid formulations at ≥1.00 mg/eye (6.15 mM vitreous) were not suitable for intraocular indications.

Industrial perspective of gastroretentive drug delivery systems: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, technological and regulatory consideration.

INTRODUCTION: Gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) can overcome drawbacks associated with oral drug delivery, by defeating natural physiological principles. Various gastroretentive technologies have been developed in the past, but few of them achieved success on the market. AREAS COVERED: This review is focused on the key concepts required to make a high-quality drug product available in a timely and economical manner. EXPERT OPINION: Pharmacotherapy of various disease states can be amended by drug repurposing through GRDDS. Assessment of the effect of the fed and fasted condition on product performance should be necessary during initial development phases. Dual working technology would be a possible way to overcome drawbacks associated with different GRDDS. Before development of a drug product, the principles of scale up and process validation must be considered to improve the quality and market availability of GRDDS. Knowledge of all regulatory aspects will help to deliver a product to the market within a reasonable timeframe and in a cost-effective manner.

Inadvertent prescription of gelatin-containing oral medication: its acceptability to patients.

When prescribing, doctors usually only consider the 'active' component of any drug's formulation ignoring the majority of the agents which make up the bulk of the tablet or capsule, collectively known as excipients. Many urological drugs contain the excipient gelatin which is, universally, of animal origin; this may conflict with the dietetic ideals of patients. A questionnaire-based study, undertaken between January and June 2010 in a mixed ethnicity inner-city population presenting with urological symptoms, asked which patients preferred not to ingest animal-based products, who would ask about the content of their prescribed treatment and who would refuse to take that medication if alternatives were available. Ultimately, the authors sought to find out how many patients had been inadvertently prescribed gelatin-containing oral medications and to suggest ways in which prescriptions might be more congruous with an individual patient's dietetic wishes. This study demonstrated that 43.2% of the study population would prefer not to take animal product-containing medication even if no alternative were available. 51% of men with lower urinary tract symptoms were also found to have inadvertently been prescribed gelatin-containing products against their preferred dietary restriction. Education of healthcare professionals about excipients and getting them to ask about a patient's dietetic preferences may help avoid inadvertent prescription of the excipient gelatin in oral medications. Substitution of gelatin with vegetable-based alternatives and clearer labelling on drug packaging are alternative strategies to help minimise the risks of inadvertently contravening a patient's dietetic beliefs when prescribing oral medication.

An assessment of the ocular safety of inactive excipients following sub-tenon injection in rabbits.

PURPOSE: This work characterized the safety and toleration of inactive excipients following sub-Tenon (ST) administration. METHODS: Rabbits were anesthetized and eyes received an ST injection of the following test excipients: carboxy methylcellulose (CMC; low [90 kDa], mid [250 kDa], and high [700 kDa] molecular weight [MW], 0.25%-1.0% w/v), polysorbate 80 (0.02 and 0.2% w/v), polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG; 0.2 and 1.0% w/v), poloxamer 188 (0.01 and 0.25% w/v), poloxamer 182 (2% w/v), benzyl alcohol (BA; 4% w/v), benzalkonium chloride (BAC; 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.05% w/v), and methylcellulose (MC; 0.25% w/v). After a 1-week observation period for clinical signs of ocular tolerability, the animals were euthanized and eyes were collected for histologic examination. RESULTS: The ocular tolerability of the tested excipients were ranked as follows from the innocuous to most deleterious: saline approximately PEG (1% w/v) approximately polysorbate 80 (0.2% w/v) > CMC (0.25% w/v, 90 kDa) > MC (0.25% w/v) approximately poloxomer 188 (0.25% w/v) approximately sodium citrate (pH 9) BAC (0.05% w/v) > CMC (0.5% w/v, 700 kDa) > poloxomer 182 (2% w/v) > BA (4% w/v). Clinical signs of ocular irritation were limited to redness and chemosis observed with most test excipients. The BA excipient also produced corneal opacity. Microscopic findings included histiocytic infiltration (BAC, BA, CMC, MC, and poloxamer 188), heterophilic inflammation (BA, CMC, and poloxamer 182), and edema (BAC, BA, CMC, and poloxamer 182) in episcleral tissue. The severity of the clinical and hisopathologic effects increased with the concentration of the test excipients administered. CONCLUSIONS: This research has evaluated the safety profile of inactive excipients that may be used to formulate new chemical entities for the treatment of ocular disease following a ST injection.

Non-invasive assessment of the effect of formulation excipients on stratum corneum barrier function in vivo.

The objective of the present work was to investigate the effect of formulation excipients on human stratum corneum (SC) barrier function in vivo. Two formulations, an ointment and an oil-in-water cream, were applied to the skin of human volunteers under both occlusive and non-occlusive conditions. The effects of each treatment were then evaluated using three non-invasive biophysical techniques: transepidermal water loss (TEWL), impedance spectroscopy (IS) and attenuated-total-reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. These measurements were combined with a simple tape-stripping protocol to allow information to be derived across the entire SC. IS and TEWL provided basic information on the effect of each formulation on skin barrier function, while ATR-FTIR enabled (i) the tracking of formulation excipients and evaluation of their concentration profiles within the SC, and (ii) deduction of mechanistic detail with which to explain the TEWL and IS results. It was found that occlusion of the skin either in the presence or absence of the cream caused TEWL to be increased when the treatment was terminated at 6 h. Uptake of ointment into the SC, on the other hand, inhibited the post-application TEWL rate. In parallel, treatment with the ointment caused an increase in relative low-frequency skin impedance, consistent with the entry of additional lipophilic constituents into the SC. The latter was confirmed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopic measurements. Overall, the combined use of the three biophysical measurements allowed formulation effects on, and uptake into, the SC to be deduced and evaluated, and the approach may prove useful for the future selection and optimization of topical drug delivery vehicles.

A new approach to the safety assessment of pharmaceutical excipients. The Safety Committee of the International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council.

This article presents a set of proposed guidelines for the safety assessment of new pharmaceutical excipients. These guidelines were developed by the Safety Committee of the International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council and represent a new, scientifically based approach to establishing conditions for the safe use of proposed pharmaceutical excipients utilizing various routes of human exposure. They are based upon the best currently available toxicological science and have taken the deliberations of the International Conference on Harmonization into consideration. These guidelines were developed because there are no regulatory agency guidelines currently available which specifically address the toxicological testing of a material intended for use as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations. Only materials which have been previously permitted for use in a pharmaceutical preparation or which have been permitted for use in foods may be considered safe under current practices. If implemented, these guidelines should expedite the review of a proposed new excipient by regulatory agencies.