Epidemiological assessment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis: A PHIS database study.

OBJECTIVE: Cervicofacial lymphadenitis caused by non-tubercular mycobacterial (NTM) infections has the highest infection rate in children. Our objective was to assess patient demographics, treatment methods, and the impact of weather and geography on the incidence of disease in patients with NTM cervicofacial lymphadenitis. METHODS: The Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database was queried for data on all patients diagnosed with concurrent cervicofacial lymphadenopathy and NTM infection from 2004 to 2022. We assessed the association between weather patterns and NTM cervicofacial lymphadenitis by collecting monthly weather data from the NOAA National Center for Environmental Information. Incidence rates were calculated by dividing the number of cases by the total hospital discharges during the study period. RESULTS: Among 47 PHIS hospitals, there were 992 diagnoses of NTM cervicofacial lymphadenitis. The average age at diagnosis was 2 [IQR, 2-4], with 59 % female. Drainage of skin abscesses or lesions was performed for 93 (9.4 %) patients, while 15 (1.5 %) had an excisional procedure of the CPT codes assessed. The most common antibiotics utilized were cephalosporins (28 %), macrolides (27 %), and rifampin (12 %). The most common treatment method was surgery with antibiotics (37 %) followed by no treatment at all (35 %), surgery alone (17 %), and antibiotics alone (10 %). Of the 28 states included in the analysis, Washington (IR: 3.5) and Nebraska (IR: 3.3) had the highest incidence rates (IR) of NTM cervical lymphadenitis. The cases were relatively equally distributed across the different weather seasons within each U.S. geographic region. However, the overall average wind speed was weakly associated with increasing the risk of diagnosis when utilizing a mixed effect zero-inflated negative binomial model (Incidence Ratio: 1.07, 95 % CI: (1.01-1.14), p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the most common treatment method utilized in patients within our cohort with NTM cervicofacial lymphadenitis was the concurrent use of surgery and antibiotics. Our results also indicate there may be variation in the incidence rate among different states, but additional studies are needed as our cohort only included approximately 50 % of states within the U.S.

Assessment of Variability in Free Flap Color Match to Facial Skin by Donor Site and Race.

OBJECTIVES: To use portable colorimetry to quantify color differences between facial skin and potential three head and neck microvascular free tissue transfer (MFTT) donor sites-radial forearm (RF), anterolateral thigh (ALT), and fibula (FF)-and compare these differences by pigmentation of the donor site skin and self-identified race. METHODS: In this cross-sectional cohort study, healthy volunteers consented to handheld colorimeter measurements at the three potential MFTT donor sites (RF, ALT, FF) to quantify color match to the facial skin using the CIE color space (DeltaE). The comparison of ipsilateral to contralateral cheek served as control for measurements. Cross-sectional measurements in healthy volunteers were then compared to measurements obtained in postoperative head and neck MFTT patients. RESULTS: DeltaE measurements were obtained for 128 healthy controls and 24 postoperative patients (N = 152). With increasing lightness (decreased pigmentation) of the skin at the donor site, the color match significantly worsened (higher DeltaE) across all potential MFTT donor sites (all p < 0.05). DeltaE from healthy controls closely approximated postoperative color match measurements in patients who underwent cervicofacial MFTT (DeltaE RF: 5.3 vs. 6.0, p = 0.432; DeltaE ALT: 6.2 vs. 6.4, p = 0.822; DeltaE FF: 6.0 vs. 6.4, p = 0.806). CONCLUSION: Patients with decreased skin pigmentation who are undergoing head and neck MFTT may experience worse color discrepancy between cervicofacial skin and the transferred skin paddle than those with more pigmented skin. Portable colorimetry may identify patients who could benefit from interventions such as dermis-resected free tissue reconstruction with skin grafting to improve postoperative appearance. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 134:3581-3586, 2024.

The "Central Tendency Bias" in the assessment of facial attractiveness in group-based and individual ratings-A survey-based study in 727 volunteers.

BACKGROUND: The increasing number of esthetic procedures emphasizes the need for effective evaluation methods of outcomes. Current practices include the individual practitioners' judgment in conjunction with standardized scales, often relying on the comparison of before and after photographs. This study investigates whether comparative evaluations influence the perception of beauty and aims to enhance the accuracy of esthetic assessments in clinical and research settings. OBJECTIVE: To compare the evaluation of attractiveness and gender characteristics of faces in group-based versus individual ratings. METHODS: A sample of 727 volunteers (average age of 29.5 years) assessed 40 facial photographs (20 male, 20 female) for attractiveness, masculinity, and femininity using a 5-point Likert scale. Each face was digitally edited to display varying ratios in four lip-related proportions: vertical lip position, lip width, upper lip esthetics, and lower lip esthetics. Participants rated these images both in an image series (group-based) and individually. RESULTS: Differences in the perception of the most attractive/masculine/feminine ratios for each lip proportion were found in both the group-based and individual ratings. Group ratings exhibited a significant central tendency bias, with a preference for more average outcomes compared with individual ratings, with an average difference of 0.50 versus 1.00. (p = 0.033) CONCLUSION: A central tendency bias was noted in evaluations of attractiveness, masculinity, and femininity in group-based image presentation, indicating a bias toward more "average" features. Conversely, individual assessments displayed a preference for more pronounced, "non-average" appearances, thereby possibly pointing toward a malleable "intrinsic esthetic blueprint" shaped by comparative context.

High-frequency Ultrasound in the Assessment before and after Applying HArmonyCa™.

AIM: To describe a clinical case of ultrasound (US) used to evaluate, before, post-immediately, and after 4 months, the facial application of a volumizing and biostimulating substance. BACKGROUND: Detecting the behavior of injected filler materials with high-frequency US-guided application is the future of natural facial rejuvenation with more predictable and satisfactory results. TECHNIQUE: A patient indicated for orofacial harmonization (OFH) procedures through volumizing and biostimulating material application was invited to participate. The technique was performed by applying HArmonyCa™ (Allergan Aesthetics, Irvine, CA, USA) in the gonial, preauricular, and bilateral lateral zygomatic angle regions. The first evaluations used the US images before and after product application with a Logiq e® high-frequency US device (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) with a probe/linear transducer of 18 MHz. About 4 months after the procedure, a new assessment with the same initial acquisition pattern was performed. The first evaluation showed normal-looking anatomical structures without the esthetic material. Immediately after the procedure and 4 months later, the assessments presented semi-permanent esthetic fillers as dispersed lobulated hyperechogenic areas with a cloud aspect. CONCLUSION: High-frequency US was efficient in the static evaluation of HArmonyCa™ behavior on the facial skin. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The US-guided application of injectable products in specific areas has minimal side effects and contributes to more predictable and satisfactory results. How to cite this article: Gouveia RSA, Tostes LLL, Bezerra FV, et al. High-frequency Ultrasound in the Assessment before and after Applying HArmonyCa™. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(1):10-14.

In vivo assessment of early effects of diamond-tipped microdermabrasion through the lens of line-field confocal optical coherence tomography.

BACKGROUND: Microdermabrasion is a cosmetic procedure that has gained popularity for skin rejuvenation by causing repetitive intraepidermal injury to stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen production. Various clinical studies have demonstrated microdermabrasion's effectiveness in skin rejuvenation; however, most of these studies rely on clinical observation and scoring by observers rather than histologic or microscopic analysis. In our single-center prospective study, we used line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT), to non-invasively visualize the early effects of one microdermabrasion treatment on the facial epidermal and dermal structure. AIM: Using LC-OCT, this study aims to elucidate the microscopic and histological effects of microdermabrasion on epidermal and dermal structures, including epidermal thickness, as well as collagen and vascular patterns. PATIENTS/METHODS: Eight volunteers (Fitzpatrick skin types II-V) underwent one treatment of microdermabrasion. LC-OCT and VISIA imaging were performed before and 10 min after microdermabrasion, and at 48-h follow-up. Subjective evaluations of skin texture and adverse reactions were assessed 1 week posttreatment via a telephone call. RESULTS: Compared to LC-OCT images before treatment, images captured after one treatment of microdermabrasion showed a decrease in thickness and number of undulations in the stratum corneum. In the superficial dermis, enhancement in fibrillar collagen, as demonstrated by an increased prominence of crisscrossing hyper-refractile strands, was visualized. This was consistent with subjective and objective improvement in facial rhytids calculated by VISIA skin analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment monitoring with LC-OCT demonstrated consistent histopathological changes with clinical visual improvement. Therefore, LC-OCT, has the potential to enable long-term histopathological monitoring of microdermabrasion and other cosmetic procedures without biopsy.

Injectable platelet rich fibrin effect on laser depigmented gingiva: a clinical randomized controlled split mouth trial with histological assessment.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether intra-mucosal injection of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) can promote healing after Diode Laser Gingival Depigmentation (DLGD). METHODOLOGY: A total of 20 arch sites of hyperpigmented gingiva of 10 patients underwent DLGD. For each patient, two arch sites were randomly assigned for either intra-mucosal injection of i-PRF (G1-i-PRF) (n=10 sites) or no treatment (G2-Control): (n=10 sites). Wound Healing Score (WHS), patient satisfaction, and Pigmentation Index (DOPI) were measured at 1 week and 1 and 3 months postoperatively. Histological assessment of tissue specimens was performed at baseline and 1 week. RESULTS: The percentage change in WHS at 1 week was significantly higher in G1 (58.34±15.43) compared to G2 (37.50±11.79). At day 1, 50% of patients in G1 were pain free compared with 75% in G2, who had mild pain. Mean DOPI decreased significantly at 3 months in both groups (P-value <0.001), without significant differences between groups. G1 specimens showed significantly higher epithelial thickness (P-value <0.001), as well as a higher number of blood vessels and less percentage of inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS: i-PRF demonstrated better clinical and histological healing potential and less patient discomfort compared to sites without treatment after DLGD. Registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ as (NCT05283668).

Radioclinical Assessment of Posterior Tympanotomy Difficulties during Ordinary Cochlear Implantation: A Prospective Case-Series Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study proposes a preoperative radiologic scoring system for predicting posterior tympanotomy (PT) and mastoidectomy-associated difficulties during cochlear implantation (CI). STUDY DESIGN: It was a prospective case-series study. SETTINGS: The included CI surgeries were performed at tertiary referral institutions from October 2022 to April 2023. SUBJECTS: We included 73 CI candidates performed via the PT approach. INTERVENTION: The proposed radiologic score, composed of 13 items, was fulfilled and evaluated before each CI surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: We correlated this score with the intraoperative difficulty and surgical duration. RESULTS: The operation was straightforward in 42 patients with a score of 3.87 ± 1.72 and challenging in 31 patients with a score of 10.66 ± 1.73. The radiologic score was strongly correlated with the surgical difficulty and duration (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our proposed radiologic score was a valid, reliable, and precise tool to predict intraoperative difficulty during cochlear implantation. Chorda-facial angle was the strongest predictor, significantly affecting the difficulty, surgical duration, and preoperative radiologic score. A score equal to or more than 7.5 was expected to be associated with surgical difficulty.

Enhancing Stress Detection: A Comprehensive Approach through rPPG Analysis and Deep Learning Techniques.

Stress has emerged as a major concern in modern society, significantly impacting human health and well-being. Statistical evidence underscores the extensive social influence of stress, especially in terms of work-related stress and associated healthcare costs. This paper addresses the critical need for accurate stress detection, emphasising its far-reaching effects on health and social dynamics. Focusing on remote stress monitoring, it proposes an efficient deep learning approach for stress detection from facial videos. In contrast to the research on wearable devices, this paper proposes novel Hybrid Deep Learning (DL) networks for stress detection based on remote photoplethysmography (rPPG), employing (Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), 1D Convolutional Neural Network (1D-CNN)) models with hyperparameter optimisation and augmentation techniques to enhance performance. The proposed approach yields a substantial improvement in accuracy and efficiency in stress detection, achieving up to 95.83% accuracy with the UBFC-Phys dataset while maintaining excellent computational efficiency. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed Hybrid DL models for rPPG-based-stress detection.

Skin patch based makeup finish assessment technique by deep neural network.

BACKGROUND: Skin color and texture play a significant role in influencing impressions. To understand the influence of skin appearance and to develop better makeup products, objective evaluation methods for makeup finish have been explored. This study aims to apply machine learning technology, specifically deep neural network (DNN), to accurately analyze and evaluate delicate and complex cosmetic skin textures. METHODS: "Skin patch datasets" were extracted from facial images and used to train a DNN model. The advantages of using skin patches include retaining fine texture, eliminating false correlations from non-skin features, and enabling visualization of the inferred results for the entire face. The DNN was trained in two ways: a classification task to classify skin attributes and a regression task to predict the visual assessment of experts. The trained DNNs were applied for the evaluation of actual makeup conditions. RESULTS: In the classification task training, skin patch-based classifiers for age range, presence or absence of base makeup, formulation type (powder/liquid) of the applied base makeup, and immediate/while after makeup application were developed. The trained DNNs on regression task showed high prediction accuracy for the experts' visual assessment. Application of DNN to the evaluation of actual makeup conditions clearly showed appropriate evaluation results in line with the appearance of the makeup finish. CONCLUSION: The proposed method of using DNNs trained on skin patches effectively evaluates makeup finish. This approach has potential applications in visual science research and cosmetics development. Further studies can explore the analysis of different skin conditions and the development of personalized cosmetics.

Quantitative Assessment of Periocular Autologous Fat Transfer Survival Using 3D Stereophotogrammetric Imaging.

PURPOSE: To assess periocular autologous fat transfer (AFT) survival by assessment of volume change with sequential 3D VECTRA imaging. OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the patterns of graft survival of AFT in the periorbital region, especially in cases involving prior radiotherapy or trauma. The aim of this pilot study was to characterize fat survival following AFT in patients with a broad range of clinical indications, with and without a history of prior radiotherapy, for both periocular and orbital AFT, and in a subgroup of patients with an anophthalmic socket. METHOD: A single-institution, prospective cohort study involving 18 applications of AFT for volume augmentation in the periocular and orbital area. All patients had sequential 3D VECTRA photographs following a validated standardized protocol. Patient demographics, including gender, age, ethnicity, underlying diagnosis, and volume of fat injected, were also collected. RESULTS: In total 13 patients were enrolled, 9 female (69.2%) and 4 male (31.0%). Mean age at the time of surgery was 47.8 years. Patients had volume deficiency secondary to a variety of causes; the most common cause was postenucleation socket syndrome following trauma in 6 patients (46.2%). The mean fat survival volume at the 1-month postoperative point was 70% and 55% by 6 months. AFT conducted with a multiport cannula for fat harvesting use had an initial higher rate of fat reabsorption with ANOVA p = 0.002, however, this was not observed at the later follow-up periods. There was no statistically significant difference in fat survival between abdominal or thigh donor fat sites. There was no statistically significant difference in residual injected volume at the early follow-up period between patients who had prior radiotherapy and those who did not p = 0.8496. CONCLUSION: AFT is an effective treatment for periorbital volume compromise with an acceptable survival rate in all categories of patients. Complex etiologies such as radiotherapy-related orbital and midface dysgenesis should not be a contraindication for AFT, with no difference in outcomes.

Validation of the Spanish version of the Electronic Facial Palsy Assessment (eFACE).

PURPOSE: The clinician-graded electronic facial paralysis assessment (eFACE) is a relatively new digital tool for assessing facial palsy. The present study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the eFACE. METHODS: Forward-backward translation from the original English version was performed. Videos and photographs from 65 adult patients with unilateral facial paralysis (any severity, time course, and etiology) were evaluated twice by five otolaryngologists with varying levels of experience in facial palsy evaluation. Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's α and the intra- and inter-rater reliability were measured using intraclass correlation coefficient. Concurrent validity was established by calculating Spearman's rho correlation (ρ) between the eFACE and the House-Brackmann scale (H-B) and Pearson's correlation (r) between the eFACE and the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (SFGS). RESULTS: The Spanish version of the eFACE showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α > 0.8). The intra-rater reliability was nearly perfect for the total score (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.95-0.99), static score (0.92-0.96), and dynamic score (0.96-0.99) and important-to-excellent for synkinesis score (0.79-0.96). The inter-rater reliability was excellent for the total score (0.85-0.93), static score (0.80-0.90), and dynamic score (0.90-0.95) and moderate-to-important for the synkinesis score (0.55-0.78). The eFACE had a very strong correlation with the H-B (ρ = - 0.88 and - 0.85 for each evaluation, p < 0.001) and the SFGS (r = 0.92 and 0.91 each evaluation, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The Spanish version of the eFACE is a reliable and valid instrument for assessment of facial function in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with facial paralysis.

Primate socio-ecology shapes the evolution of distinctive facial repertoires.

Primate facial musculature enables a wide variety of movements during bouts of communication, but how these movements contribute to signal construction and repertoire size is unclear. The facial mobility hypothesis suggests that morphological constraints shape the evolution of facial repertoires: species with higher facial mobility will produce larger and more complex repertoires. In contrast, the socio-ecological complexity hypothesis suggests that social needs shape the evolution of facial repertoires: as social complexity increases, so does communicative repertoire size. We tested these two hypotheses by comparing chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and gibbons (family Hylobatidae), two distantly related apes who vary in their facial mobility and social organization. While gibbons have higher facial mobility than chimpanzees, chimpanzees live in more complex social groups than gibbons. We compared the morphology and complexity of facial repertoires for both apes using Facial Action Coding Systems designed for chimpanzees and gibbons. Our comparisons were made at the level of individual muscle movements (action units [AUs]) and the level of muscle movement combinations (AU combinations). Our results show that the chimpanzee facial signaling repertoire was larger and more complex than gibbons, consistent with the socio-ecological complexity hypothesis. On average, chimpanzees produced AU combinations consisting of more morphologically distinct AUs than gibbons. Moreover, chimpanzees also produced more morphologically distinct AU combinations than gibbons, even when focusing exclusively on AUs present in both apes. Therefore, our results suggest that socio-ecological factors were more important than anatomical ones to the evolution of facial signaling repertoires in chimpanzees and gibbons. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Assessment of Soft Tissue, Airway Dimension and Hyoid Bone Position in Class II Patients Treated by PowerScope Class 2 Corrector.

AIM: This study aims to assess the changes in the soft tissue, pharyngeal airway dimensions, and hyoid bone position in patients treated with PowerScope Class 2 corrector to correct the skeletal Class II pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on a sample of 20 cases diagnosed with Class II malocclusion. The lateral cephalograms were taken before (T1) and after functional appliance therapy (T2) and were traced. The outcomes were compared for the mean changes in soft tissue, airway way dimension, and hyoid bone position. The paired t-test was used for the data comparisons wherein p < 0.05 was kept for statistical significance. RESULTS: The mean values before and after treatment for H angle, mentolabial angle, lower lip E-line, upper lip S-line, lower lip S-line, and lip strain were 19.88 ± 2.77 vs 17.13 ± 1.659, 94.09 ± 12.164 vs 101.75 ± 11.28, -2.47 ± 1.213 vs -1.38 ± 0.976, 3.99 ± 0.19 vs 2.64 ± 0.32, 9.01 ± 0.247 vs 9.43 ± 0.238, 10.24 ± 0.510 vs 10.64 ± 0.52, respectively, which were statistically significant (p < 0.05). All airway spaces (except for lower pharyngeal space) and hyoid bone parameters were significantly improved posttreatment. CONCLUSION: The facial convexity, upper E-line, Z-angle, nasolabial angle, and lower pharyngeal space did not show statistically significant changes. The rest of the soft tissue parameters, oropharyngeal air spaces, and hyoid positioning measured in the study showed significant improvement after treatment with the PowerScope appliance in Class II patients. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Class II malocclusion is the most common dental anomaly with a high degree of prevalence in the population. This study will help the clinician in understanding the improvement of soft tissue, airway dimension, and hyoid bone position changes on treatment with a fixed functional appliance for the correction of Class II cases, thereby ensuring the greater success of orthodontic therapy in the future.

Multivariate analysis of repeatability for the Near Eye Tool for Refractive Assessment (NETRA).

OBJECTIVE: To investigate repeatability of refractive state using a smartphone-based assessment tool, the Near Eye Tool for Refractive Assessment (NETRA). METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study included 279 participants, predominantly female (66.7%) of African descent (49.1%). The age range was 9-63 years with mean age (s) 22.6 (8.9) years. Two consecutive measurements per eye with the NETRA were measured for both eyes of all participants. However, analyses for the right eyes only are included here. Multivariate statistical analysis included stereo-pair comets and scatterplots with 95% surfaces of constant probability density. Correlation coefficients for repeated samples were determined. Repeatability and agreement for NETRA were assessed with Bland-Altman plots, coefficients of repeatability ([Formula: see text] ; [Formula: see text] is the SD of differences) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). RESULTS: Bland-Altman plots, within-subject SD (sw ), coefficients of repeatability and ICC indicated that repeated measurements were similar for many but not all eyes and there was good agreement (ICC=0.96) for the spherical coefficient (F I=M) but less so for antistigmatic coefficients (F J=J 0 and F K=J 45) of power. Although mean differences for repeated samples were almost zero, 95% limits of agreement widths were larger for the stigmatic coefficients. Without cycloplegia, repeatability (2.77sw ) was 1.63 D, 0.58 D and 0.56 D for the stigmatic and antistigmatic coefficients, respectively. CONCLUSION: NETRA is a potentially useful and inexpensive portable method in clinical and primary health settings, and especially in less-developed regions of the world. The subjective nature of the self-refraction task can be challenging for younger individuals, and cycloplegia is recommended for NETRA with such patients.

Pose-invariant and occlusion-robust neonatal facial pain assessment.

Neonatal Facial Pain Assessment (NFPA) is essential to improve neonatal pain management. Pose variation and occlusion, which can significantly alter the facial appearance, are two major and still unstudied barriers to NFPA. We bridge this gap in terms of method and dataset. Techniques to tackle both challenges in other tasks either expect pose/occlusion-invariant deep learning methods or first generate a normal version of the input image before feature extraction, combining these we argue that it is more effective to jointly perform adversarial learning and end-to-end classification for their mutual benefit. To this end, we propose a Pose-invariant Occlusion-robust Pain Assessment (POPA) framework, with two novelties. We incorporate adversarial learning-based disturbance mitigation for end-to-end pain-level classification and propose a novel composite loss function for facial representation learning; compared to the vanilla discriminator that implicitly determines occlusion and pose conditions, we propose a multi-scale discriminator that determines explicitly, while incorporating local discriminators to enhance the discrimination of key regions. For a comprehensive evaluation, we built the first neonatal pain dataset with disturbance annotation involving 1091 neonates and also applied the proposed POPA to the facial expression recognition task. Extensive qualitative and quantitative experiments prove the superiority of the POPA.

Poster Session: Comparison of Dynamic Visual Acuity Assessments in Head-Mounted Technology and Traditional Laptop-based Method.

An impairment in dynamic visual acuity (DVA) has been observed in astronauts shortly after they return to Earth.1 These transitional effects may lead to safety risks during interplanetary spaceflight. At this time, functional vision assessments are performed via laptop onboard the International Space Station. However, DVA is not performed as a standard assessment, and optimization of traditional assessments may aid in more efficient and frequent testing. As part of our group's NASA-funded head-mounted visual assessment system to detect subtle vision changes in long-duration spaceflight2, we present a method to measure DVA in virtual reality. An early validation study was conducted with 5 subjects comparing our novel assessment with a traditional laptop-based test. All participants had a best correctable visual acuity of 20/20, had no past ocular history, balancing disorders, or neurological history. Our DVA assessment framework was built in UnrealEngine 4. The early validation study confirmed that our VR-based DVA assessment performed similarly to traditional laptop-based test (0.485 and 0.525 LogMar respectively, Pearson Correlation = 0.911). A Bland-Altman plot and analysis demonstrated that our DVA assessment data fell within the upper and lower limits of agreement. Future studies are required to further validate this technology; however, these early results showcase VR-based DVA assessment as a promising alternative to laptop-based methods.