Sociodemographic factors associated with smoking risk perception in adolescents in São Paulo, Brazil

Objective: We examined the sociodemographic factors associated with smoking risk perceptions (SRP) in youth living in two very different neighborhoods in the city of São Paulo, Brazil: a middle-class central area (Vila Mariana) and a poor outer-city area (Capão Redondo). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 180 public school-attending youth (all aged 12 years) and their parents. SRP was evaluated through self-reports. Weighted multinomial logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with SRP. Results: Smoking was considered a high-risk behavior by 70.9% of adolescents. There were significant differences in SRP associated with socioeconomic status (SES) and maternal smoking status. Having a non-smoking mother was positively associated with perceiving smoking as having low to moderate risk versus no risk (OR=3.91 [95%CI 1.27-12.02]). Attending school in Capão Redondo was associated with perceiving smoking as having high risk compared to no risk (OR=3.00 [95%CI 1.11-8.12]), and low SES was negatively associated with perceiving at least some risk in smoking versus perceiving no risk in this behavior. Conclusions: Youth whose mothers smoke appear to have lower SRP than those whose mothers do not smoke. Living in a poor outer-city area was associated with higher SRP.

Alimentação escolar e agricultura familiar: análise de recursos empregados na compra de alimentos / School meals and family farming: analysis of funds spent in food purchases / Alimentación escolar y agricultura familiar: análisis de recursos empleados en la compra de alimentos

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a adequação da utilização de recursos financeiros para a compra de alimentos provenientes da agricultura familiar no âmbito do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) nas capitais de estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal. Estudo descritivo, com análise de dados secundários obtidos na página eletrônica do Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento para a Educação (FNDE) no espaço dedicado às informações sobre agricultura familiar. Foram investigados os valores repassados pelo FNDE e percentual utilizado na compra de alimentos da agricultura familiar para aquisição de alimentação escolar em capitais dos estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal no período de 2011 a 2017. Os dados foram coletados em maio de 2019. Das 27 cidades avaliadas, cerca de um terço (33,3%) apresentou compra acima do mínimo recomendado (30%). A Região Norte cumpriu o recomendado (39,4%) enquanto a Sudeste apresentou a menor porcentagem de compra (6,4%). De 2011 a 2017, percebeu-se aumento nos valores totais investidos e no número de cidades compradoras de alimentos da agricultura familiar. Dentre as capitais avaliadas, Boa Vista (Roraima) foi a que mais utilizou recursos para a aquisição de alimentos da agricultura familiar (56,6%). Em 2017, as prefeituras de Boa Vista e Aracaju (Sergipe) ofereceram contrapartida financeira adicionada aos recursos fornecidos pelo FNDE para a compra desses alimentos. Concluiu-se que, no período de 2011 a 2017, apenas um terço das capitais avaliadas utilizou adequadamente a porcentagem de recursos financeiros para a compra de alimentos da agricultura familiar, embora tenha sido percebido aumento gradual na compra desses alimentos, especialmente nas capitais do Norte e Nordeste do Brasil.

Abstract: The study aimed to verify the adequacy of funds for food purchases from family farming in the scope of the National School Food Program (PNAE) in Brazil's state capitals and the Federal District. This was a descriptive study based on secondary data obtained from the webpage of the National Fund for the Development of Education (FNDE) in the link dedicated to information on family farming. We analyzed the amounts transferred to the FNDE and the percentage used in purchasing foods from family farmers for school meals in the state capitals and Federal District from 2011 to 2017. Data were collected in May 2019. One-third of the 27 cities (33.3%) reported purchases above the minimum recommended level (30%). The North of Brazil complied with the recommended level (39.4%), while the Southeast reported the lowest level (6.4%). There was an increase from 2011 to 2017 in the total amounts invested and in the number of cities that purchased foods from family farming. Boa Vista (Roraima) was the capital that spent the largest share of its school meal funds on foods produced by family farmers (56.6%). In 2017, the local governments in Boa Vista and Aracaju (Sergipe) offered matching funds for the funds transferred from the FNDE for these food purchases. In conclusion, from 2011 to 2017, only one-third of the capital cities adequately used the percentage of funds for purchasing foods from family farming, although there was a gradual increase in the purchase of these foods, especially in the state capitals from North and Northeast Brazil.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la adecuación de la utilización de recursos financieros para la compra de alimentos procedentes de la agricultura familiar, dentro del ámbito del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar (PNAE), en capitales de estados brasileños y en el Distrito Federal. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con análisis de datos secundarios, obtenidos de la página electrónica del Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo para la Educación (FNDE), dentro de la sección dedicada a la información sobre agricultura familiar. Se investigaron los valores proporcionados por el FNDE y el porcentaje destinado a la compra de alimentos de agricultura familiar para la adquisición en escuelas de capitales de estados brasileños, así como en el Distrito Federal, durante el período de 2011 a 2017. Los datos se recogieron en mayo de 2019. De las 27 ciudades evaluadas, cerca de un tercio (33,3%) presentó una compra por encima del mínimo recomendado (30%). La Región Norte cumplió lo recomendado (39,4%), mientras que la Sudeste presentó el menor porcentaje de compra (6,4%). De 2011 a 2017, se percibió un aumento en los valores totales invertidos y en el número de ciudades compradoras de alimentos procedentes de agricultura familiar. Entre las capitales evaluadas, Boa Vista (Roraima) fue la que más utilizó recursos para la adquisición de alimentos de agricultura familiar (56,6%). En 2017, los ayuntamientos de Boa Vista y Aracaju (Sergipe) ofrecieron una partida financiera adicional, además de los recursos proporcionados por el FNDE, para la compra de estos alimentos. Se concluye que, durante el período de 2011 a 2017, solamente un tercio de las capitales evaluadas utilizó adecuadamente el porcentaje de recursos financieros para la compra de alimentos de la agricultura familiar, aunque se haya percibido un aumento gradual en la compra de estos alimentos, especialmente en las capitales del Norte y Nordeste de Brasil.

Research: the third dimension of librarianship.

The rapid accumulation of data through increasingly sophisticated computer technology has created an unprecedented information explosion which might better be called an ignorance explosion. Data gathering emphasizing quantity rather than quality, speed of transmission rather than reliability or relevance, poses a challenge to the future of librarianship. Two concerns are discussed: (1) Relationship of technology to the information age. Librarians must be concerned with the methodology used in data collection, including the value judgments reflected in this activity. (2) Preparation of medical librarianship for the future. The profession will grow only as a result of individual effort, the recognition of people, and an appreciation of human values. Thus far, attempts to evaluate needs focus on technology while neglecting research into the human aspect. The author proposes that dimensions of the total professional model for medical librarianship must include research, as well as education and practice. The need to aid in the development of library researchers at the Ph.D. level through a National Library of Medicine program similar to that offered to researchers by the National Institutes of Health is stressed. By way of federal assistance and scholarships made available through national library associations, library research can become the vital and effective third dimension that will redefine the traditional concept of information storage and service in human terms, thus introducing a new relevance into the area of medical librarianship during the coming decades.

Special programs in medical library education, 1957-1971. I. Definition of the problem and research design.

This report discusses the background and design of a study on special programs of education for medical librarianship in the United States. Between 1957 and 1971, 238 persons completed special programs in medical librarianship. Since little information has been available concerning the occupational success of these individuals, the study was undertaken (1) to determine the nature and distinguishing characteristics of the special programs of education for medical librarianship in the United States and (2) to provide some quantitative evidence of the value of those programs by studying a group of professional medical librarians who have had specialized training and a group of practicing medical librarians who have not had specialized training and comparing and correlating the data with regard to selected characteristics. THE FINDINGS OF THE STUDY WILL BE PRESENTED IN THREE FUTURE REPORTS: (1) a descriptive analysis of the programs; (2) a description of the characteristics of all former trainees in medical librarianship who responded to a questionnaire and a discussion of their reactions to their training programs; and (3) a comparison, based on selected characteristics, of a group of former trainees who are currently employed in medical libraries with a group of medical librarians who did not go through special training programs.