"Imagine All the People:" Andrija Stampar's Ideology in The Context of Contemporary Public Health Initiatives

Recently, the World Health Organization launched its Universal Health Coverage initiative with the aim to improve access to quality health care on a global level, without causing financial hardship to the patients. In this paper, we will identify and analyze the ideological similarities between this influential initiative and the work of one of the founders of the WHO-Andrija Stampar (1888-1958)-whose social medicine was built of various normative, sociological and philosophical elements. Our aim is to demonstrate the crucial role of carefully erected and thought-out ideology for the success of public health programs.

The George W. Comstock Center for Public Health Research and Prevention: A Century of Collaboration, Innovation, and Translation.

The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health has been engaged in public health research and practice in Washington County, Maryland, nearly since its inception a century ago. In 2005, the center housing this work was renamed the George W. Comstock Center for Public Health Research and Prevention to honor its pioneering leader. Principles that guided innovation and translation well in the past included: research synergies and opportunities for translation realized through longstanding connection with the community; integration of training with public health research; lifelong learning, mentorship, and teamwork; and efficiency through economies of scale. These principles are useful to consider as we face the challenges of improving the health of the population over the next 100 years.

Leadership of the Department of Epidemiology of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Its First Century.

This commentary reviews the contributions of each of the 7 Chairs of the Department of Epidemiology from the Department's inception in 1919 to the advent of the Centennial Celebration of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in 2016. The founding Chair, Wade Hampton Frost (1919-1938), was among the handful of foundational thinkers in the discipline of epidemiology. Kenneth Maxcy (1938-1954) and Philip Sartwell (1954-1970) oversaw the Department through the epidemiologic transition from a preponderance of morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases to a preponderance of noncommunicable diseases. Abraham Lilienfeld (1970-1975) and Leon Gordis (1975-1993) were perhaps best known for their mastery of teaching, influencing generations of both medical and public health students. Jonathan Samet (1994-2008) oversaw a major curriculum revision and expanded the Department significantly, and David Celentano (2008-) is working to rebalance the practice of epidemiology with the etiological foundations of epidemiology. All Chairs were a product of their times, and their research focus and portfolios influenced the direction of the Department. Future generations of Johns Hopkins students will be influenced directly or indirectly by the heritage of these Chairs' actions and those of their faculty.

Health services management and research at Nordic School of Public Health.

In Anglo-Saxon countries the subject of health services research has long been an important academic theme. In the Nordic countries, however, this research and training area has been limited and partly hidden by integration into various other sections at universities and colleges. In this respect the Nordic School of Public Health was an exception, as the provision of managerial skills to healthcare professionals and persons working with public health was the backbone of the school during all 60 years. A variety of research in health services management, as well as publications of text books, accompanied the presented courses. Several of the scholars have earned important positions in international networks and editorial boards, as well as in boards for assessments of research grants. In the near future, this academic field will require alternative support.

Contribution of the Nordic School of Public Health to the public mental health research field: a selection of research initiatives, 2007-2014.

The field of public mental health has been defined by an expert group convened by the Nordic School of Public Health (NHV) as encompassing the experience, occurrence, distribution and trajectories of positive mental health and mental health problems and their determinants; mental health promotion and prevention of mental disorders; as well as mental health system policies, governance and organization. The mental health priorities of the Nordic Council of Ministers in 2010 signalled a mutual Nordic exchange of knowledge in the following thematic areas: child and adolescent mental health; working life and mental health; mental health in older people; strengthening the role of primary care in mental health service provision; stronger involvement of users and carers; and reduction of use of coercion in psychiatric care. Efforts to realize these priorities included commissioning the Nordic Research Academy for Mental Health, an NHV-based network of research institutions with a common interest in mental health research across the Nordic countries, to develop, organize and follow-up projects on public mental health. The research initiatives included mental health policy analysis, register-based research and research focused on the users' perspective in a Nordic context, as well as EU-level research policy analysis. The public mental health research conducted at the NHV highlighted the complexity of mental health and emphasized that the broad determinants of mental health need to be increasingly addressed in both public health research and practice. For example, health promotion actions, improved access to health care, a healthy alcohol policy and prevention of suicides and violence are all needed to reduce the life expectancy gap - a red flag indicator of public health inequalities. By exchanging knowledge and best practice, the collaboration between the Nordic countries contributes to the welfare of the region. The expertise and traditions developed at the NHV are of significant importance in this work.

Pharmacoepidemiology at Nordic School of Public Health NHV: Examples from 1999 to 2014.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacoepidemiology is a branch of public health and had a place at the Nordic School of Public Health. Courses, Master's theses and Doctorates of Public Health (DrPH) in Pharmacoepidemiology were a relatively minor, but still important part of the school's activities. METHODS: This paper gives a short background, followed by some snapshots of the activities at NHV, and then some illustrative case-studies. These case-studies list their own responsible co-authors and have separate reference lists. RESULTS: In the Nordic context, NHV was a unique provider of training and research in pharmacoepidemiology, with single courses to complete DrPH training, as well as implementation of externally-funded research projects. CONCLUSIONS: With the closure of NHV at the end of 2014, it is unclear if such a comprehensive approach towards pharmacoepidemiology will be found elsewhere in the Nordic countries.

La salud como derecho en la misión fundacional de la Escuela de Salud Pública de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile: un análisis histórico / Health as a right in the founding mission of the School Of Public Health, School Of Medicine, University Of Chile: a historical analysis / A saúde como direito na missão fundacional da Escola De Saúde Pública Da Faculdade De Medicina Da Universidade de Chile: uma análise histórica

Este trabajo explora el contexto histórico en el cual se origina la Escuela de Salud Pública de la Universidad de Chile (ESP). Se estudia un periodo de tiempo comprendido entre fines del siglo XIX y mediados del siglo XX. En primer lugar, se analizan las posiciones de cuatro actores claves (la élite, los médicos y profesionales de la salud, las capas populares, y el Estado) y sus conflictos. En segundo lugar, se estudia el cambio de paradigma en el rol del Estado frente a los problemas de salud, desde una posición de “Estado subsidiario y gendarme” a una de “Estado asistencial de compromiso”. La ESP surge como producto de estos procesos históricos, para cubrir la necesidad de formar especialistas en el campo de la salud pública, obteniendo un apoyo externo de la Fundación Rockefeller que se resulta fundamental en su inicio. Desde sus inicios tiene un fuerte involucramiento en la vida pública del país, asumiendo la salud de la población como un derecho social.

The historical context in which the School of Public Health of the University of Chile was born is explored in this work. The period studied goes from the end of the 19th century to middle of the 20th Century. In the first place, the position of the four key actors - the elite, doctors and health professionals, popular layers, and the State - and their conflicts are analyzed. In the second place, the change of paradigm in the role of the State regarding health problems, from a position of “Subsidiary Gendarme State” to a new position of “Welfare Committed State” is studied. The School of Public Health was born as a result of these historical processes, to cover the need to train specialists in the field of public health, getting external support from the Rockefeller Foundation which was essential in its beginnings. Since its origin it has been greatly involved in the country´s public life, understanding people´s health as a social right.

Este trabalho analisa o contexto histórico no qual teve origem a Escola de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Chile (ESP). Estuda-se um período de tempo que varia entre finais do século XIX e meados do século XX. Em primeiro lugar, são analisadas as posições dos quatro jogadores-chave (a elite, os médicos e profissionais de saúde, os setores populares, e o Estado) e seus conflitos. Em segundo lugar, analisa-se a mudança de paradigma no papel do Estado a partir dos problemas de saúde, a partir de uma conceição de “Estado subsidiário e gendarme” para uma de “Estado assistencial de compromisso” A ESP surge como resultado desses processos históricos, para atender a necessidade de formação de especialistas no domínio da saúde pública, obtendo um apoio externo da Fundação Rockefeller, que é essencial no início. Desde a sua criação tem uma forte participação na vida pública do país, assumindo a saúde da população como um direito social.

The West African medical staff and the administration of Imperial tropical medicine, 1902-14.

Established in 1902, the West African Medical Staff (WAMS) brought together the six medical departments of British West Africa. Its formation also followed the foundation of schools of tropical medicine in London and Liverpool. While the 'white' dominions were at the centre of Joseph Chamberlain's ambitions of erecting a system of imperial preference, the tropical colonies were increasingly tethered to the future security and prosperity of Greater Britain. Therefore, politicians and businessmen considered the WAMS and the new tropical medicine important first steps for making Britain's West African possessions healthier and more profitable regions of the empire. However, rather than realising these goals, significant structural barriers, and the self-interest and conservatism this helped breed among medical officers, made the application of even the most basic public health measures extremely challenging. Like many policies emanating from Whitehall during this period, what made the WAMS and the new tropical medicine thoroughly imperial was nothing accomplished in practice, but the hopes and aspirations placed in them.

Catalogo de monografias: 1989-2004

O Catálogo apresenta, não só o resumo das monografias que constam do acervo da Biblioteca de Ciências da Saúde, mas também, apenas em forma de referência, aquelas cujos exemplares não foram encontrados. Por se tratar de uma publicação comemorativa dos 15 anos de criação da ESP/MS, o Catálogo,apresenta apenas as produções desse período, portanto a numeração dos resumos inicia-se a partir do número 74. Adotou-se os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS), versão 2004, desenvolvido pela Bireme, na elaboração do índice de assuntos, optando-se pela utilização dos descritores primários e os qualificadores essenciais. Entretanto, termos que são de uso corrente em Saúde Pública e que não foram encontrados no DeCS, também foram utilizados. As monografias estão apresentadas cronologicamente por ano de realização do curso. A partir daí estão relacionadas por ordem alfabética de autor e numeradas seqüencialmente, sendo esse o número que as identifica nos índices de autor, orientador e assunto, bem como é o número de localização da monografia no acervo da Biblioteca de Ciências da Saúde.(AU)

Public health training in Albania: long way toward a school of public health.

AIM: To assess the needs for a school of public health in Albania, where health system has been going through difficult periods of transition after the collapse of the communist regime and its "Soviet" health system in 1991. METHOD: Review of the past and current state of public health training, as well as the evolution of the main institutions involved in public health training in Albania, in view of the recent attempts undertaken to establish a school of public health. RESULTS: Up to early 1990s, public health training in Albania involved mostly physicians and was based to a great extent on sanitary engineering approach. In the mid 1990s, the activities of the Department of Public Health of the Faculty of Medicine in Tirana focused on development of comprehensive public health training program. The aim of the current 2-year training program is to train public health specialists in a new fashion, in line with current international trends in the "new" public health. However, the size and the background of the faculty of the Department of Public Health (8 members, 7 physicians) is too limited and medically oriented. Since 1969, the Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (later National Institute of Public Health) has been providing short-term (1-3 months) courses for hygienists, chemists, and microbiologists working at the district level. CONCLUSION: Only the establishment of a school of public health capable to train specialists according to international standards can meet the health needs of Albania.

[School of public health: 50 years serving medical education and health]. / Escuela de Salud Pública: 50 años al servicio de la educación médica y la salud.

This is the speech pronounced by the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile, during the academic act that celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the Chilean Public Health School endowment. The School could have been an independent entity, but its founders decided to ascribe it to the Faculty of Medicine. In this way, the doctrine of hygiene, social and preventive medicine could be preached in a better way to professors and students. The physicians trained at the School, created the National Health Service in 1952, that improved population's health through specific programs and techniques. In the last forty years, general and child mortality and infantile undernutrition have improved substantially, some infectious diseases have been eradicated, life expectancy has been prolonged, and most labors are attended by professionals. At the present time, medical education and public health are faced to new realities, consequent to economical, political and social changes. The educational program at the Faculty of Medicine are changing to adapt them to these changes. The Public Health School will have to contribute with new ideas to improve health care of our population that aspires to a efficacious, equitable, humane and economically feasible health system.

Escuela de Salud Pública: 50 años al servicio de la educación médica y la salud / Public Helath School: 50 years at service of medical education and health

This is the speech pronounced by the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile during the academic act celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the Chilean Public Health School endowment. The School could have been an independent antity, but its founders decided to ascribe it to the Faculty of Medicine. In this way, the doctrine of hygiene, social and preventive medicine could be preached in a better way to professors and students. The physicians trained at the School, created the National Health Service in 1952, that improve population's health through specific programs and techniques. In the last 40 years, general and child mortality and infantile undernutrition have improved substantially, some infectious diseases have been eradicated, life expectancy has been prolonged and most labors are attended by professionals. At the present time, medical education and public health are faced to new realities, consequent to economical, political and social changes. The Public Health School will have to contribute with new ideas to improve health care of our population that aspires to a efficacious, equitable, human and economically feasible health system

[Public health: an interdisciplinary challenge]. / Gesundheitswissenschaften (Public Health): Eine interdisziplinäre Aufgabe.

Presented as an opening lecture of the new postgraduate education programme of both the Technical and the Free University of Berlin, sponsored by the German Federal Minister of Research and Technology, this lecture recalls the foundation of the first School of Public Health (The Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Md., USA) by William Henry Welch, 75 years ago. Already in this early experience, several central topics of Public Health can be traced back: for instance the exact description of health problems of total population groups, the aetiological understanding of health problems as well as the transfer of knowledge in public health programmes. After a definition of the Public Health concept both in- and outside Germany, the article reviews three examples of core topics of Public Health. Drawing on results from the first report "Health of Zurich", applications of descriptive epidemiology for both priority finding in Public Health as well as aetiological research are illustrated. The second example, with data from a recent representative survey of adults swiss germans on the issue of discrimination against persons infected with HIV draws attention to the central importance of social sciences within Public Health. Finally, the third example discusses recent advances in health services research, including issues of health economics, an other important part of an interdisciplinary Public Health understanding.