RESUMO
Food intake contributes to adequate growth and neurodevelopment of children. Ready-to-eat foods, frequently consumed by this population, are sources of acrylamide (AA), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural (FF). In this sense, a review of the AA, HMF, and FF presence in ready-to-eat foods was evaluated through a systematic search to infer the risk of exposure in the child population. About 75.8%, 24.2%, and 21% of the studies found AA, HMF, and FF in ready-to-eat foods, respectively. AA is predominant in processed and ultra-processed foods, while HMF and FF are commonly found in fruit-based foods. Only 17.7% of the studies assessed the children's risk of exposure, based on the contaminant concentration in ready-to-eat food and not after gastrointestinal digestion, a more realistic measure. Therefore, with the obtained information and found gaps, it is expected that new strategies will be proposed to assess the vulnerability of the child population to these processing contaminants.
Assuntos
Acrilamida , Fast Foods , Contaminação de Alimentos , Furaldeído , Furaldeído/análise , Furaldeído/análogos & derivados , Acrilamida/análise , Humanos , Criança , Fast Foods/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Medição de Risco , Pré-EscolarRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Consuming ultra-processed foods may increase exposure to phthalates, a group of endocrine disruptors prevalent in food contact materials. OBJECTIVES: Investigate associations between ultra-processed food intake and urinary phthalates during pregnancy, and evaluate whether ultra-processed foods mediate socioeconomic disparities in phthalate exposures. METHODS: In a socioeconomically diverse sample of 1031 pregnant women from the Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood (CANDLE) Study in the urban South, the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire was administered and urinary phthalate metabolites were measured in the second trimester. Linear regressions modeled associations between phthalates and overall ultra-processed food consumption, individual ultra-processed foods, and exploratory factor analysis dietary patterns. Causal mediation analyses examined whether ultra-processed food intake mediates relationships between socioeconomic disparities and phthalate exposures. RESULTS: Ultra-processed foods constituted 9.8-59.0 % (mean = 38.6 %) of participants' diets. 10 % higher dietary proportion of ultra-processed foods was associated with 13.1 % (95 %CI: 3.4 %-22.9 %) higher molar sum concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (ΣDEHP). 10 % higher consumption of minimally-processed foods was associated with lower ΣDEHP (10.8 %: 3.4 %-22.9 %). Ultra- and minimally-processed food consumption were not associated with non-DEHP metabolites. Standard deviation higher consumptions of hamburger/cheeseburger, French fries, soda, and cake were associated with 10.5 % (4.2 %-17.1 %), 9.2 % (2.6 %-16.2 %), 7.4 % (1.4 %-13.6 %), and 6.0 % (0.0 %-12.4 %), respectively, higher ΣDEHP. Exploratory factor analysis corroborated positive associations of processed food with ΣDEHP, and uncovered a healthy dietary pattern associated with lower urinary ΣDEHP, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) (MEHHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) (MECPP), mono(2-carboxymethylhexyl) (MCMHP), and mono-isononyl (MINP) phthalates. Significant indirect effects indicated that lower income and education levels were associated with 1.9 % (0.2 %-4.2 %) and 1.4 % (0.1 %-3.3 %) higher ΣDEHP, respectively, mediated via increased ultra-processed food consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of ultra-processed foods may increase exposure to phthalates. Policies to reduce dietary phthalate exposures from food packaging and processing are needed, as socioeconomic barriers can preclude dietary recommendations as a sole means to reduce phthalate exposures.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais , Ácidos Ftálicos , Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Gravidez , Alimento Processado , Fast Foods/análise , Disparidades Socioeconômicas em Saúde , Ácidos Ftálicos/metabolismo , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Poluentes Ambientais/análiseRESUMO
The presence of Bisphenol A (BPA), Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether (BADGE), and their derivatives in seventy-nine samples of food products available in Turkish stores was determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Among Bisphenol A and its analogues, BPA was the most detected migrant with 56.97%. Fish products had the highest level of BPA with 0.102 mg/kg although only three fish samples exceeded the Specific Migration Limit (SML) for BPA of 0.05 mg/kg of food. The BPF, BPS, and BPB in all analyzed foods ranged between 0-0.021, 0-0.036, and 0.072 mg/kg, respectively. BADGE derivates, BADGE·2H2O and cyclo-di-BADGE (CdB) were present in 57 and 52 samples with concentrations ranging between 0-0.354, and 0-1.056 mg/kg, respectively. All the analyzed traditional Turkish ready-to-eat meals and fish products were contaminated with BADGE·2H2O and CdB. The overall levels of BADGE and the derivates were below the specific migration limit. CdB was found at higher concentrations in traditional Turkish ready-to-eat meals, up to 1.056 mg/kg. The CdB concentration in most of the samples was above the highest figure with 0.05 mg/kg authorized by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment. The predominant chlorinated derivative was BADGE·H2O·HCl which was found in thirty-seven samples in the range of 0.007-0.061 mg/kg.
Assuntos
Olea , Animais , Cromatografia Líquida , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Azeite de Oliva , Turquia , Fast Foods/análise , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Compostos Benzidrílicos/química , Compostos de Epóxi , Bebidas Gaseificadas/análise , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fast food consumption is associated with biomarkers of ortho-phthalates exposures. However, the chemical content of fast food is unknown; certain ortho-phthalates (i.e., di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) have been phased out and replaced with other plasticizers (e.g., dioctyl terephthalate (DEHT)). OBJECTIVE: We conducted a preliminary study to examine ortho-phthalate and replacement plasticizer concentrations in foods and food handling gloves from U.S. fast food restaurants. METHODS: We obtained hamburgers, fries, chicken nuggets, chicken burritos, cheese pizza (n = 64 food samples) and gloves (n = 3) from restaurants and analyzed them for 11 chemicals using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS: We found DEHT at the highest concentrations in both foods (n = 19; median = 2510 µg/kg; max = 12,400 µg/kg) and gloves (n = 3; range: 28-37% by weight). We detected DnBP and DEHP in 81% and 70% of food samples, respectively. Median DEHT concentrations were significantly higher in burritos than hamburgers (6000 µg/kg vs. 2200 µg/kg; p < 0.0001); DEHT was not detected in fries. Cheese pizza had the lowest levels of most chemicals. SIGNIFICANCE: To our knowledge, these are the first measurements of DEHT in food. Our preliminary findings suggest that ortho-phthalates remain ubiquitous and replacement plasticizers may be abundant in fast food meals. IMPACT STATEMENT: A selection of popular fast food items sampled in this study contain detectable levels of replacement plasticizers and concerning ortho-phthalates. In addition, food handling gloves contain replacement plasticizers, which may be a source of food contamination. These results, if confirmed, may inform individual and regulatory exposure reduction strategies.
Assuntos
Dietilexilftalato , Ácidos Ftálicos , Dibutilftalato/análise , Fast Foods/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Humanos , Ácidos Ftálicos/análise , Plastificantes/análiseRESUMO
To evaluate the dietary exposure to benzoic acid of Korean consumers, the daily intake of benzoic acid was estimated using benzoic acid concentrations from processed food survey data in South Korea and food consumption data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2018. The results were compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) stipulated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. In addition, we estimated the effects and risk of benzoic acid intake, which may be increased by including amounts of naturally occurring benzoic acid recently established by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Benzoic acid analyses were conducted in South Korea in 2020 for a total of 127,628 samples; it was detected in 1,803 samples, a detection rate of 1.4%. The mean contents of total samples and detected samples were 1.3 mg/kg and 89.4 mg/kg, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of benzoic acid for average consumers using a mean value of detected samples was 207.3 µg/kg.bw/day, which is 4.1% of ADI. The EDI of benzoic acid for high consumers (95th percentile) of processed foods among the consumers was 1,406.7 µg/kg.bw/day, which is 28.1% of the ADI. As a result of estimating the intake of benzoic acid, which may be increased by a newly established standard on natural occurrence in South Korea, the theoretical maximum EDI of benzoic acid was 109.9 µg/kg.bw/day, which is 2.2% of the ADI.
Assuntos
Ácido Benzoico/análise , Fast Foods/análise , Aditivos Alimentares/análise , Exposição Dietética , Humanos , Nível de Efeito Adverso não Observado , Inquéritos Nutricionais , República da Coreia , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to measure the concentrations of three intensity sweeteners (Acesulfame-K, cyclamate and saccharin) in different categories of food available on the Nanjing market, and to investigate whether the Nanjing general population was at risk for exceeding the ADI of sweeteners. A set of 1885 foods was collected and analysed using the National Food Safety Standard procedure in order to establish the concentration levels of the sweeteners. Dietary exposure was estimated using probabilistic modelling software and compared directly with each sweetener's ADI. Consumption data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey (conducted in 2010-2013) and the actual concentrations of sweeteners in the collected food products were used to perform the intake assessment. The results indicated that Acesulfame-K and cyclamate were commonly used in processed food, and processed nuts, preserved fruit, beverages, and bakery products are the main sources of sweeteners in Nanjing. The estimated exposure of sweeteners in Nanjing was well below the ADIs, as relative intakes at the 95th percentile were 29.7% for saccharin, 79.8% for cyclamate, and 35.9% for Acesulfame-K of the respective ADIs. It was concluded that adults were not at risk of exceeding ADIs for these sweeteners, but the intake of cyclamate at the higher percentiles by children may approach or slightly exceed ADI values.
Assuntos
Exposição Dietética/análise , Fast Foods/análise , Edulcorantes/análise , China , HumanosRESUMO
Food packaging marketing techniques which appeal to children (such as cartoon characters and brand mascots) affect children's choices, preferences, and eating habits. Several studies have assessed the nutritional quality of food intended to children in various countries and concluded that most were high in fat, salt, and sugar (HFSS) and ultra-processed foods. The aim of this study is to analyse products intended for children over the age of 3 (foods and beverages with relevant marketing elements on the packaging) available on the French market as regards: (1) nutritional quality, based on the Nutri-Score labelling system, (2) compliance with expected nutritional profile suitable for children, according to the criteria of the WHO Europe Nutrient Profile Model, and (3) degree of processing, as defined by the NOVA classification, from packaging collected in 20 stores (hyper/supermarkets, hard-discount retail chains, and organic food stores). The marketing strategies most often used on children's products are cartoons (97.22%; n = 1120) and mascots (77.78%; n = 896). A total of 1155 products were included in the study, most of which were sugary foods: almost a quarter of the products in the sample (23.81%; n = 275) list a sweetener as the first ingredient, and most of them (89.52%; n = 1034) contain free sugars according to the WHO definition. All the products included in our study feature marketing elements targeting on the packaging, yet 94.88% do not meet the criteria of the WHO Europe Nutrient Profile Model. Most (58.68%; n = 676) belong to Nutri-Score groups D and E, with the highest proportion in group D (39.32%; n = 453) and are ultra-processed (87.97%; n = 1016), especially through the use of flavourings and ultra-processed sugars. Using the Nutri-Score, the WHO Europe Nutrient Profile Model, and the NOVA classification, this study suggests that a significant share of pre-packaged foods marketed to children do not have an adequate nutritional profile. As such, measures are needed to regulate what marketing elements aimed at children can be included on packaging, based on these criteria.
Assuntos
Comportamento Infantil/fisiologia , Comportamento de Escolha/fisiologia , Comportamento do Consumidor , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Manipulação de Alimentos , Rotulagem de Alimentos/métodos , Embalagem de Alimentos/métodos , Marketing/métodos , Valor Nutritivo , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Açúcares da Dieta/análise , Fast Foods/análise , Análise de Alimentos , França , HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Traditional methods for creating food composition tables struggle to cope with the large number of products and the rapid pace of change in the food and drink marketplace. This paper introduces foodDB, a big data approach to the analysis of this marketplace, and presents analyses illustrating its research potential. DESIGN: foodDB has been used to collect data weekly on all foods and drinks available on six major UK supermarket websites since November 2017. As of June 2018, foodDB has 3 193 171 observations of 128 283 distinct food and drink products measured at multiple timepoints. METHODS: Weekly extraction of nutrition and availability data of products was extracted from the webpages of the supermarket websites. This process was automated with a codebase written in Python. RESULTS: Analyses using a single weekly timepoint of 97 368 total products in March 2018 identified 2699 ready meals and pizzas, and showed that lower price ready meals had significantly lower levels of fat, saturates, sugar and salt (p<0.001). Longitudinal analyses of 903 pizzas revealed that 10.8% changed their nutritional formulation over 6 months, and 29.9% were either discontinued or new market entries. CONCLUSIONS: foodDB is a powerful new tool for monitoring the food and drink marketplace, the comprehensive sampling and granularity of collection provides power for revealing analyses of the relationship between nutritional quality and marketing of branded foods, timely observation of product reformulation and other changes to the food marketplace.
Assuntos
Comércio/estatística & dados numéricos , Informação de Saúde ao Consumidor/estatística & dados numéricos , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Sacarose Alimentar/análise , Fast Foods/análise , Indústria de Processamento de Alimentos , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/análise , Coleta de Dados , Bases de Dados Factuais , Fast Foods/economia , Rotulagem de Alimentos , Indústria de Processamento de Alimentos/economia , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Marketing , Refeições , Política Nutricional , Estado Nutricional , Valor Nutritivo , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Milk, dairy and cereal products are the main contributors to total chromium (Cr) dietary exposure in France (up to 42% for children), but there have been no assessments regarding dietary exposure to Cr(VI) or Cr(III) to date. To assess dietary exposure, total chromium and Cr(VI) were determined in 68 different brands and origins of milk, dairy and cereal products. Cr(VI) was not detected in these samples despite the very high sensitivity of the method used. It was therefore assumed that total chromium is only present in the Cr(III) form. Total chromium levels were quantified in 58% of milk and dairy products and 76% of cereal products. The highest mean levels were found in breakfast cereals and cheese (269 and 25 µg Cr /kg fresh weight, respectively). The findings pointed out that the dietary exposure levels of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were well below the health-based guidance values.
Assuntos
Cromo/química , Laticínios/análise , Exposição Dietética , Grão Comestível/química , Fast Foods/análise , Leite/química , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Análise de Alimentos , Contaminação de Alimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Medição de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) have been identified as highly mutagenic and are risk factors for human cancer. In recent years, the intake of fast-food meat products has increased exponentially due to their convenience. Therefore, it is important to assess the health risks of HCAs and provide useful public dietary guidelines. Eight fast-food meat products were selected from the Chinese market, including chicken, beef, and fish, to evaluate their health risk in conjunction with HCAs. Crispy chicken drumsticks contained the maximum level of total HCAs (24.18 ± 3.57 ng/g), followed by crispy fried chicken burgers (19.99 ± 1.41 ng/g) and traditional Chinese nuggets (19.17 ± 1.23 ng/g), whereas shrimp cake burgers had the lowest levels (13.17 ± 1.77 ng/g). Crispy chicken drumsticks (men: 169.12 ng/day, women: 108.70 ng/day), hot chicken wings (men: 126.32 ng/day, women: 142.11 ng/day), and crispy fried chicken burgers (men: 129.78 ng/day, women: 59.91 ng/day) were found to provide the highest dietary intake of HCAs in both genders, which may lead to an increase in colorectal and breast cancers. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The rapid expansion of the Chinese fast-food industry has promoted serious health problems, such as colorectal cancer and some cardiovascular diseases. Several epidemiological studies revealed that a high intake of processed meats may increase the risk of cancer in humans because cooking food proteins, such as meat, at high temperatures could produce high levels of carcinogenic compounds, such as HCAs. Because of the vast variation in eating habits, preparation methods and the frequency of meat consumption, it is important to evaluate the accurate level of HCAs in commercially available fast-food meat products with the aim to clarify the association between processed meats and the health risk.
Assuntos
Aminas/administração & dosagem , Fast Foods/análise , Compostos Heterocíclicos/administração & dosagem , Produtos da Carne/análise , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Aminas/toxicidade , Carcinógenos/administração & dosagem , Carcinógenos/toxicidade , China/epidemiologia , Cor , Culinária , Dieta , Feminino , Compostos Heterocíclicos/toxicidade , Temperatura Alta , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Masculino , Neoplasias/etiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The presentation of nutrition information on a serving size basis is a strategy that has been adopted by several countries to promote healthy eating. Variation in serving size, however, can alter the nutritional values reported on food labels and compromise the food choices made by the population. This narrative review aimed to discuss (1) current nutrition labelling legislation regarding serving size and (2) the implications of declared serving size for nutrition information available on packaged foods. Most countries with mandatory food labelling require that serving size be presented on food labels, but variation in this information is generally allowed. Studies have reported a lack of standardisation among serving sizes of similar products which may compromise the usability of nutrition information. Moreover, studies indicate that food companies may be varying serving sizes as a marketing strategy to stimulate sales by reporting lower values of certain nutrients or lower energy values on nutrition information labels. There is a need to define the best format for presenting serving size on food labels in order to provide clear and easily comprehensible nutrition information to the consumer.
Assuntos
Fast Foods/análise , Rotulagem de Alimentos , Valor Nutritivo , Recomendações Nutricionais , Tamanho da Porção de Referência , Dieta Saudável , Fast Foods/normas , Rotulagem de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Rotulagem de Alimentos/normas , Guias como Assunto , Promoção da Saúde , Humanos , Formulação de Políticas , Recomendações Nutricionais/legislação & jurisprudência , Tamanho da Porção de Referência/normasRESUMO
The purpose of this survey was to estimate the safety of ready-to-eat infant foods in terms of Pb and Cd content. The studied samples were ready-to-eat infant products: dinners (n = 74), soups (n = 27) and desserts (n = 82) containing components of animal origin: meat and/or milk. Cd and Pb content was determined using a GF-AAS method. The analysed products contained 1.82-3.54 µg Pb and 1.32-1.50 µg Cd per kg. The content of Pb per kg of the product can be represented as dinners > soups > desserts, whereas the content of Cd was dinners > desserts > soups. The analysed ready-to-eat products could be regarded as safe, because they supply 12-month-old infants with Pb in an amount accounting for nearly 22% BMDL01 and Cd accounting for ca. 8.6% of the total weekly intake.
Assuntos
Cádmio/análise , Fast Foods/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos , Alimentos Infantis/análise , Chumbo/análise , Cádmio/administração & dosagem , Cádmio/toxicidade , Intoxicação por Cádmio/etiologia , Calibragem , Laticínios/efeitos adversos , Laticínios/análise , Exposição Dietética/efeitos adversos , União Europeia , Fast Foods/efeitos adversos , Fast Foods/economia , Inspeção de Alimentos , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/etiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Alimentos Infantis/efeitos adversos , Alimentos Infantis/economia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Chumbo/administração & dosagem , Chumbo/toxicidade , Intoxicação por Chumbo/etiologia , Limite de Detecção , Produtos da Carne/efeitos adversos , Produtos da Carne/análise , Polônia , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Increased interest among consumers in the reduction of dietary sugar intake has led to the wider availability of food products containing non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS). However, the extent to which NNS are currently being used by manufacturers to sweeten processed food and beverage products, and how NNS may be displacing added sugars as a sweetener is unknown. The current study utilized branded food composition databases from Australia, Mexico, New Zealand and the US to determine the percentage of processed food and beverage products for which there are nutrition data containing NNS and to compare total sugar density (g per 100 mL for beverages and g per 100 g for foods) between products with and without NNS. Ordinary least squares regression at the country-product level was performed to examine associations between presence of NNS and total sugar. Across all countries, 5% of products contained at least one NNS, with the highest prevalence among beverages (22%). Mexico had the highest percentage of products with NNS (11%), as compared to the United States (US) (4%), New Zealand (1%), and Australia (<1%). The presence of NNS was associated with lower mean total sugar density among beverages (range across countries: 7.5 to 8.7 g per 100 mL) and among foods (23.2 to 25.5 g per 100 g). Products with both added sugar ingredients and NNS had a lower overall mean total sugar density when compared to products containing only added sugar ingredients. Due to paucity of data on sales and market shares across these countries, our results do not reflect the extent to which consumers purchase NNS containing products. Continued monitoring of NNS in the food supply, extension of work from these data, and inclusion of market shares of products will be important as more countries introduce policies to reduce sugar.
Assuntos
Embalagem de Alimentos , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Adoçantes não Calóricos/análise , Austrália , Bebidas/análise , Comportamento do Consumidor , Dieta , Açúcares da Dieta/análise , Fast Foods/análise , Aditivos Alimentares/análise , Análise de Alimentos , México , Nova Zelândia , Política Nutricional , Tamanho da Amostra , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The objective of this study was to conduct a mycotoxin survey of commercial infant/toddler foods (cereals and teething biscuits) and breakfast cereals in the United States. A total of 215 retail samples were collected from three geographical locations and analysed for aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, HT-2 toxin, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone using a stable isotope dilution liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. One or more mycotoxins were found in 69% (101/147) of the infant/toddler foods and 50% (34/68) of breakfast cereals. Mycotoxin co-occurrence was observed in 12% of infant/toddler foods and 32% of breakfast cereals. However, the concentrations of detected mycotoxins were lower than the current FDA action and guidance levels. Aflatoxins and HT-2 toxin were not detected in any of the samples, while deoxynivalenol was the most frequently detected mycotoxin. Rice-based cereals appeared to be less susceptible to mycotoxin contamination than other cereal types.
Assuntos
Carcinógenos Ambientais/análise , Grão Comestível/química , Contaminação de Alimentos , Alimentos Infantis/análise , Micotoxinas/análise , Desjejum , Isótopos de Carbono , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Grão Comestível/economia , Grão Comestível/normas , Fast Foods/análise , Fast Foods/normas , Inspeção de Alimentos , Humanos , Técnicas de Diluição do Indicador , Lactente , Alimentos Infantis/economia , Alimentos Infantis/normas , Limite de Detecção , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Tricotecenos/análise , Estados Unidos , Grãos Integrais/química , Grãos Integrais/economia , Grãos Integrais/normasRESUMO
Consumption of industrially produced trans-fatty acids (TFAs) is a well-established health risk factor that correlates with the increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The recommended TFA intake is as low as possible, within the context of a nutritionally adequate diet. Different countries have introduced different measures to minimize the exposure of their population to TFAs. Previous data have shown that TFA content has significantly decreased in Western European countries, while this was not the case in many Central-Eastern European countries, including Slovenia. In the absence of regulatory requirements, a number of awareness campaigns were launched in Slovenia since 2015, with the common goal of lowering the use of partially hydrogenated oils (PHO), which are considered a major source of TFAs. To determine if this goal had been reached, we performed an assessment of the exposure of the population to prepacked foods containing PHOs in years 2015 and 2017. Altogether, data on the composition of 22,629 prepacked foods was collected from food labels, using a specifically developed smartphone application. Furthermore, the food categories with the most frequent use of PHOs were identified. The proportion of PHO-containing products was determined for each specific food category, and adjusted with the market share data. The results showed that in 2015, vegetable cream substitutes, soups, and biscuits were the categories with the highest penetration of declared PHO content. In 2017, the proportion of products with PHO decreased considerably. In vegetable cream substitutes the percentage of PHO containing items dropped from 30 down to 4%, in soups it decreased from 21 to 5%, in biscuits from 17 to 8%, and in crisps and snacks from 10 to 4%. However, PHO content remained notable among cakes, muffins, pastries, and biscuits. We can conclude that the voluntary guidelines and regular public communication of the risks related to the TFA consumption has had a considerable effect on the food supply, but did not result in sufficient removal of PHOs from foods.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Fast Foods/análise , Embalagem de Alimentos , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Indústria de Processamento de Alimentos , Óleos de Plantas/análise , Ácidos Graxos trans/análise , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Fast Foods/efeitos adversos , Embalagem de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Indústria de Processamento de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Guias como Assunto , Humanos , Hidrogenação , Valor Nutritivo , Óleos de Plantas/efeitos adversos , Formulação de Políticas , Recomendações Nutricionais , Medição de Risco , Eslovênia , Ácidos Graxos trans/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Scientific evidence of the association between free sugar consumption and several adverse health effects has led many public health institutions to take measures to limit the intake of added or free sugar. Monitoring the efficiency of such policies and the amount of free sugar consumed requires precise knowledge of free sugar content in different food products. To meet this need, our cross-sectional study aimed at assessing free sugar content for 10,674 pre-packaged food items available from major Slovenian food stores during data collection in 2015. Together, 52.6% of all analyzed products contained free sugar, which accounted for an average of 57.5% of the total sugar content. Food categories with the highest median free sugar content were: honey and syrups (78.0 g/100 g), jellies (62.9 g/100 g), chocolate and sweets (44.6 g/100 g), jam and spreads (35.9 g/100 g), and cereal bars (23.8 g/100 g). Using year-round sales data provided by the retailers, the data showed that chocolate, sweets, and soft drinks alone accounted for more than 50% of all free sugar sold on the Slovenian market. The results of this study can be used to prepare more targeted interventions and efficient dietary recommendations.
Assuntos
Bebidas/análise , Carboidratos da Dieta/análise , Açúcares da Dieta/análise , Fast Foods/análise , Alimentos em Conserva/análise , Adulto , Bebidas/efeitos adversos , Bebidas/economia , Doces/efeitos adversos , Doces/análise , Criança , Chocolate/efeitos adversos , Chocolate/análise , Condimentos/efeitos adversos , Condimentos/análise , Bases de Dados Factuais , Dieta com Restrição de Carboidratos/economia , Dieta Saudável/economia , Carboidratos da Dieta/efeitos adversos , Carboidratos da Dieta/economia , Açúcares da Dieta/efeitos adversos , Açúcares da Dieta/economia , Grão Comestível/efeitos adversos , Grão Comestível/química , Fast Foods/efeitos adversos , Fast Foods/economia , Rotulagem de Alimentos , Abastecimento de Alimentos/economia , Alimentos em Conserva/efeitos adversos , Alimentos em Conserva/economia , Mel/efeitos adversos , Mel/análise , Humanos , Cooperação do Paciente , EslovêniaRESUMO
This paper reports the process evaluation and costing of a national salt reduction intervention in Fiji. The population-wide intervention included engaging food industry to reduce salt in foods, strategic health communication and a hospital program. The evaluation showed a 1.4 g/day drop in salt intake from the 11.7 g/day at baseline; however, this was not statistically significant. To better understand intervention implementation, we collated data to assess intervention fidelity, reach, context and costs. Government and management changes affected intervention implementation, meaning fidelity was relatively low. There was no active mechanism for ensuring food companies adhered to the voluntary salt reduction targets. Communication activities had wide reach but most activities were one-off, meaning the overall dose was low and impact on behavior limited. Intervention costs were moderate (FJD $277,410 or $0.31 per person) but the strategy relied on multi-sector action which was not fully operationalised. The cyclone also delayed monitoring and likely impacted the results. However, 73% of people surveyed had heard about the campaign and salt reduction policies have been mainstreamed into government programs. Longer-term monitoring of salt intake is planned through future surveys and lessons from this process evaluation will be used to inform future strategies in the Pacific Islands and globally.
Assuntos
Dieta Saudável , Dieta Hipossódica , Implementação de Plano de Saúde , Promoção da Saúde , Hipertensão/prevenção & controle , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Custos e Análise de Custo , Tempestades Ciclônicas , Dieta Saudável/economia , Dieta Saudável/etnologia , Dieta Hipossódica/economia , Dieta Hipossódica/etnologia , Fast Foods/efeitos adversos , Fast Foods/análise , Fast Foods/economia , Fiji , Grupos Focais , Indústria Alimentícia/economia , Alimentos em Conserva/efeitos adversos , Alimentos em Conserva/análise , Alimentos em Conserva/economia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde/etnologia , Implementação de Plano de Saúde/economia , Promoção da Saúde/economia , Humanos , Hipertensão/economia , Hipertensão/etnologia , Hipertensão/etiologia , Disseminação de Informação , Inquéritos Nutricionais/economia , Cooperação do Paciente/etnologia , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Parcerias Público-Privadas/economia , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: As South Korea has enjoyed rapid economic development, Koreans' diet, particularly consumption of fast food (FF) and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), has changed. OBJECTIVE: To examine time trends in FF and SSB consumption and their associations with social environmental status (SEnS) in South Korea. DESIGN: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) were a series of population-based cross-sectional surveys. PARTICIPANTS: Data from the KNHANES conducted in 1998, 2001, 2005, and 2007-2009 for 49,826 Koreans aged ≥1 year were used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Consumption of FF and SSBs were assessed by a 24-hour recall. We defined two FF categories (Western-style and Korean-style) and one SSB category. Sex, age, household income, and residence regions were investigated. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: The primary sampling units, strata, and sampling weights were taken into account using SAS survey-related procedures. Logistic regression models were used to test associations between SEnS and FF consumption. RESULTS: Over an 11-year period, the proportion of participants' who consumed Western FF and SSBs on the surveyed day doubled (P<0.05). Per capita energy contribution from Western FF also increased in adults, men, and low-income groups. SSB consumption doubled (per capita: 32 to 82 kcal/day, only consumers: 123 to 166 kcal/day), but consumption of Korean-style FF decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the low-income rural resident group, the high-income urban resident group was much more likely to consume Western FF (OR=26.7[3.7, 193.4]) and SSBs (odds ratio [OR]=3.1 [2.4, 4.1]) in 1998. However, in recent years, the patterns changed; the high-income urban resident group was more likely to consume Korean-style FF (OR=2.0[1.3, 2.9]) and SSBs (OR=1.7[1.3, 2.1]). CONCLUSIONS: In South Korea, people who reported consuming Western FF and SSBs on the surveyed day almost doubled during 1998-2009, whereas those who consumed Korean FF decreased. SEnS was related to FF and SSB consumption.
Assuntos
Bebidas/análise , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Açúcares da Dieta/análise , Fast Foods/análise , Meio Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos Nutricionais , República da Coreia , Edulcorantes/análise , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Cereal bars are nutritious food composed of several ingredients including dry raw and agglutinative ingredients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pear apple and date fibres, from cooked fruit co-product, addition on the physico-chemical textural and sensory properties of cereal bars. First, five formulations containing an amount of 10% of co-products and commercial fibre, used as a reference, were elaborated and their physico-chemical composition was determined. Second, to determine the acceptability of consumer, apple fibre co-products were added (6, 10 and 14%). Products were evaluated for their texture using a texturometer and sensory characteristics using an acceptance test. Results showed that physico-chemical composition of cereal bars elaborated with co-products was slightly different compared to those elaborated with commercial fibre. All bars have low water activity levels (â¼0.470) and interesting energy (300 kcal/100 g bar). External appearance revealed a darker colour (L*:â¼42/a*:â¼8/b*:â¼20). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in texture values (hardness: 40.8 N; cohesiveness: 0.34; springiness: 0.60; chewiness: 8.30 N) between cereal bars prepared with pear co-product and wheat bran. Acceptance test confirms the formulation used for cereals bars and showed that incorporation of 10% of co-product produced cereal bars with the highest acceptability. Sensory characteristics revealed that appearance is the limiting factor for consumer acceptability, essentially for cereal bars containing pear co-product. Apple, pear and date co-products could be used successfully as a food ingredient to develop new formulations of cereal bars.
Assuntos
Fibras na Dieta/análise , Grão Comestível/química , Frutas/química , Resíduos Industriais/análise , Malus/química , Phoeniceae/química , Pyrus/química , Bélgica , Fenômenos Químicos , Fibras na Dieta/economia , Fast Foods/análise , Fast Foods/economia , Preferências Alimentares , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Alimentos em Conserva/análise , Alimentos em Conserva/economia , Indústria de Processamento de Alimentos/economia , Frutas/economia , Frutas/metabolismo , Humanos , Resíduos Industriais/economia , Reação de Maillard , Malus/metabolismo , Valor Nutritivo , Phoeniceae/metabolismo , Pigmentos Biológicos/análise , Pigmentos Biológicos/biossíntese , Pyrus/metabolismo , Sensação , Água/análiseRESUMO
The current study investigated the levels of some heavy metals [lead (Pb), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), aluminum (Al), and chromium (Cr)] and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in six brands of instant noodles (CFN, GFC, NGP, GAA, CUN, and FCS) commonly consumed in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Risks of consumption of contaminated noodles were also assessed. Heavy metal content and PAHs were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer and gas chromatography, respectively. Concentrations of heavy metals as Pb, Ni, Cu, Al, and Cr were detected while As, Hg, and Cd were not detected in noodles. High average concentrations (mean ± SD mg/kg) of Pb were observed in brands CFN (3.163 ± 0.21) and GFC (1.022 ± 0.08) which were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than in NGP (0.043 ± 0.15) and GAA (0.276 ± 0.18), although all were above WHO permissible limits (0.025 mg/kg). Target Hazard Quotient and Hazard Index for Pb were > 1 in brands CFN and GFC indicating unacceptable risk. Results of PAHs showed brands had total PAHs (mg/kg) in the order CFN > CUN > GAA > NGP > FCS > GFC. Although carcinogenic risks associated with these noodles are within permissible range, consumption of CFN and GFC could pose greater health risk to consumers. Long-term consumption of brands CUN, CFN, and GAA may have higher probability of carcinogenesis among consumers. We therefore recommend more diligent regulatory policies and monitoring by relevant government agencies (WHO, NAFDAC, CPC, and SON) to ensure wholesome noodles get to consumers.