Lactancia materna y feminismo: recorrido social y cultural en España / Breastfeeding and feminism: social and cultural journey in Spain / Breastfeeding and feminism: social and cultural journey in Spain

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Analizar la influencia de cambios socio-políticos, educativos y feministas de España en el mantenimiento de lactancia materna. MÉTODO Revisión histórico-descriptiva de documentación en bases de datos, Boletines Oficiales del Estado, del Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo y Bienestar Social. RESULTADOS La lactancia materna es un fenómeno complejo influenciado por factores demográficos, biológicos, sociales y psicológicos. Ha cambiado a lo largo de la historia y, evolucionado con los movimientos feministas. La incorporación de la mujer al mercado laboral (s.XIX), produjo una modificación en el rol familiar y pareja. La sociedad del siglo XXI reclama a los poderes públicos la conciliación personal y laboral para la crianza de sus hijos. CONCLUSIONES E IMPLICACIÓN PARA LA PRÁCTICA Han sido múltiples los factores y procesos evolutivos para la situación socio-cultural de la mujer en la lactancia materna. Actualmente sigue siendo complicado compaginar gestación y crianza con el empleo, las redes formales e informales permiten avances en políticas sanitarias.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a influência das mudanças sócio-políticas, educativas e feministas em Espanha na manutenção do aleitamento materno. MÉTODO Revisão histórico-descritiva da documentação em bases de dados, Boletins Oficiais do Estado, do Ministério da Saúde e do Consumo e da Previdência Social. RESULTADOS O aleitamento materno é um fenómeno complexo influenciado por factores demográficos, biológicos, sociais e psicológicos. Ela mudou ao longo da história e evoluiu com os movimentos feministas. A incorporação das mulheres ao mercado de trabalho (século XIX), produziu uma modificação no papel da família e do casal. A sociedade do século XXI exige do poder público a conciliação pessoal e laboral para a educação dos seus filhos. CONCLUSÕES E IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA Tem havido múltiplos factores e processos evolutivos para a situação sociocultural das mulheres em aleitamento materno. Hoje em dia, ainda é complicado combinar gravidez e educação com emprego, e as redes formais e informais permitem avanços nas políticas de saúde.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the influence of socio-political, educational and feminist changes in Spain on the maintenance of breastfeeding. METHOD Historical-descriptive review of documentation in databases, Official State Bulletins, of the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs and Social Welfare. RESULTS Breastfeeding is a complex phenomenon influenced by demographic, biological, social and psychological factors. It has changed throughout history and evolved with the feminist movements. The incorporation of women to the labor market (19th century), produced a modification in the family and couple role. The society of the 21st century demands from the public authorities the personal and labor conciliation for the upbringing of their children. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE There have been multiple factors and evolutionary processes for the socio-cultural situation of women in breastfeeding. Nowadays, it is still complicated to combine pregnancy and upbringing with employment, and formal and informal networks allow advances in health policies.

Building Community and Transforming Knowledge: Histories of Women's Health Practitioners and Community-Based Health Services in 20th-Century Alberta, Canada.

As new government health policy was created and implemented in the late 1910s and the late 1960s, women patients and health practitioners recognized gaps in the new health services and worked together to create better programs. This article brings the histories of the district nursing program (1919-43) and local birth control centres (1970-79) together to recognize women's health provision (as trained nurses or lay practitioners) as community-based and collaborative endeavours in the province of Alberta. The district nursing and birth control centre programs operated under different health policies, were influenced by different feminisms, and were situated in different Indigenous-settler relations. But the two programs, occurring half a century apart, provided space for health workers and their patients to implement change at a community level. Health practitioners in the early and late twentieth century took women's experiential knowledge seriously, and, therefore, these communities formed a new field of women's health expertise.

The Right to Know? The Politics of Information about Contraception in France (1950s-80s).

In 1920 in France, a law was passed prohibiting abortion, the sale of contraceptives and 'anti-conception propaganda'. While contraception was legalised in 1967 and abortion in 1975, 'anti-natalist propaganda' remained forbidden. This article takes seriously the aim of the French state to prevent the circulation of information for demographic reasons. Drawing from government archives, social movement archives and media coverage, the article focuses on the way the propaganda ban contributed to shaping the public debate on contraception as well as lastingly impacting the ability of the state to communicate on the subject. It first shows how birth control activists challenged the legal interdiction against communicating about contraception (1956-67) without questioning the natalist obligation. It then shows how, after 1968, communication on contraception became a power struggle carried out by various actors (sexologists and feminist and leftist activists) and how the dissemination of information about contraception was thought of as a way to challenge moral and social values. Finally, the article describes the change of state communication policies in the mid-1970s, leading to the first national campaign on contraception launched in 1981, which defined information as a task that women should take on.

[Key arenas in the struggle for abortion rights in Argentina]. / Escenas claves de la lucha por el derecho al aborto en Argentina.

The huge mobilization seen in 2018 around the right to legal abortion in Argentina is the crowning point of a struggle that has been going on for many years, and that like any emancipatory movement has had different milestones as well as victories and setbacks, but that has never been abandoned. This article considers some of the actions that have marked that history, beginning with the pioneering women of the seventies, and continuing with the Commission for the Right to Abortion [Comisión por el Derecho al Aborto] after the restoration of democracy in the 1980s, followed by the experiences of Women Coming Together for the Right to Choose [Mujeres Autoconvocacadas por el Derecho a Decidir], the Assembly for the Right to Abortion [Asamblea por el Derecho al Aborto], and the present Campaign for the Right to Legal, Safe and Free Abortion [Campaña por el Derecho al Aborto Legal, Seguro y Gratuito], which succeeded in getting the bill that decriminalizes and legalizes abortion treated in the National Congress.

La enorme movilización por el derecho al aborto legal, que se produjo en 2018 en Argentina, es la coronación de una lucha de muchos años que tuvo sus hitos, como todo movimiento emancipatorio y también sus marchas y contramarchas, pero nunca fue abandonada. En este artículo recorremos algunas de las acciones que jalonaron esa historia, que comienza con las pioneras de los años setenta, para continuar con las luchas después de la recuperación de la democracia, con la Comisión por el Derecho al Aborto; luego con las experiencias de Mujeres Autoconvocadas por el Derecho a Decidir, y la Asamblea por el Derecho al Aborto, hasta llegar a la actual Campaña por el Derecho al Aborto Legal, Seguro y Gratuito, que logró en 2018, que el proyecto de ley que despenaliza y legaliza el aborto llegara al Congreso de la Nación.

Escenas claves de la lucha por el derecho al aborto en Argentina / Key arenas in the struggle for abortion rights in Argentina

RESUMEN La enorme movilización por el derecho al aborto legal, que se produjo en 2018 en Argentina, es la coronación de una lucha de muchos años que tuvo sus hitos, como todo movimiento emancipatorio y también sus marchas y contramarchas, pero nunca fue abandonada. En este artículo recorremos algunas de las acciones que jalonaron esa historia, que comienza con las pioneras de los años setenta, para continuar con las luchas después de la recuperación de la democracia, con la Comisión por el Derecho al Aborto; luego con las experiencias de Mujeres Autoconvocadas por el Derecho a Decidir, y la Asamblea por el Derecho al Aborto, hasta llegar a la actual Campaña por el Derecho al Aborto Legal, Seguro y Gratuito, que logró en 2018, que el proyecto de ley que despenaliza y legaliza el aborto llegara al Congreso de la Nación.

ABSTRACT The huge mobilization seen in 2018 around the right to legal abortion in Argentina is the crowning point of a struggle that has been going on for many years, and that like any emancipatory movement has had different milestones as well as victories and setbacks, but that has never been abandoned. This article considers some of the actions that have marked that history, beginning with the pioneering women of the seventies, and continuing with the Commission for the Right to Abortion [Comisión por el Derecho al Aborto] after the restoration of democracy in the 1980s, followed by the experiences of Women Coming Together for the Right to Choose [Mujeres Autoconvocacadas por el Derecho a Decidir], the Assembly for the Right to Abortion [Asamblea por el Derecho al Aborto], and the present Campaign for the Right to Legal, Safe and Free Abortion [Campaña por el Derecho al Aborto Legal, Seguro y Gratuito], which succeeded in getting the bill that decriminalizes and legalizes abortion treated in the National Congress.

'Unladylike Commotion': Early feminism and nursing's role in gender/trans dialogue.

From nursing's history comes the impetus and grounding for our current voice in gender/trans dialogue. Modern nursing struggled its way into being against restrictive, unjust, and oppressive social structures. Many of the obstructions and constraints that nurses and nursing leaders faced were shared by the general populace of women, and yet nurses were different from other women. Nurses worked outside the home, caring for strangers, including unrelated men, in a period when women were otherwise confined to the home. Nurses fought for women's suffrage, for child labor laws, for the welfare of factory workers, for garment workers, for unionization, for vaccination, for housing reform, for the humane treatment of mentally ill persons, for access to birth control, for the amelioration of a panoramic terrain of terrible social injustices, and for the control of nursing education, registration, and practice. For 150 years, nursing has been intrinsically, practically, and politically feminist. The hard-fought gains would eventually position nursing in tension with emerging trans issues. And yet, its history is exactly what situates nursing for fruitful participation in the developing trans discourse and to address issues of transinvisibility and unjust social and health structures that impede dignified and respectful health care.

Relações de gênero e conhecimento em psicologia: contribuições da teoria crítica / Gender relations and knowledge in psychology: contributions from the critical theory / Relaciones de género y conocimiento en psicología: contribuciones de la teoría crítica

Este trabalho apresenta algumas discussões recentes levantadas pela teoria crítica feminista, que contribuem para problematizar a objetividade científica da psicologia. Denuncia-se, primeiramente, falsa neutralidade de gênero que, embutida na ideia de um ser humano genérico, conduz a uma necessária revisão de conceitos supostamente universais. Um desses conceitos é aquele de justiça, que permeia estudos sobre moral em psicologia do desenvolvimento. Ao mesmo tempo, discute-se a predominância de determinado gênero nas universidades, instituindo e legitimando experiências específicas no processo de construção de conhecimentos na área. Exploram-se artigos de autoras feministas identificadas com o campo teórico-crítico, com foco na questão da identidade, bem como nas implicações políticas das concepções de linguagem envolvidas em suas posições. Por fim, dialogando-se com autores da primeira geração da escola de Frankfurt, propõe-se a consideração da dialética entre conceito e experiência para a construção de novos saberes e estratégias visando à igualdade de gênero. Espera-se mostrar que a crítica feminista atingiu pilares importantes da psicologia, que, como ciência, não pode permanecer inerte frente aos desafios que lhe vêm sendo colocados. Os diversos campos da psicologia precisam se mobilizar na construção de estratégias emancipatórias, capazes de assegurar a própria validade dos conhecimentos produzidos pela área.

This paper presents some recent discussions raised by the feminist critical theory, which contribute to put in question the scientific objectivity of Psychology. It is alleged, first, a false neutrality of genre, built on the idea of a generic human being. This discussion leads to a necessary revision of supposedly universal concepts. One of these concepts is that of justice that pervades studies on moral in Psychology of Development. At the same time, it discusses the prevalence of a certain gender in universities, by establishing and legitimizing specific experiences in the construction of knowledge in the area. It explores works of feminist authors identified with the Critical Theory, focusing on the question of identity, as well as the political implications of language concepts involved in their positions. Finally, dialoguing with authors of the first generation of the Frankfurt School, it is proposed to consider the dialectic between concept and experience for building new knowledge and strategies for gender equality. It is expected to show that the feminist critique reached important pillars of psychology, which, like science, cannot remain inert in front of the new challenges. The various fields of psychology need to mobilize for construction of emancipatory strategies in order to ensure the very validity of the knowledge produced in the area.

Este artículo presenta algunas discusiones recientes planteadas por la teoría crítica feminista, que contribuyen a cuestionar la objetividad científica de la psicología. Se denuncia, en primer lugar, una falsa neutralidad de género, basada en la idea de un ser humano genérico, que lleva a una necesaria revisión de conceptos supuestamente universales. Uno de estos conceptos es el de la justicia que impregna estudios sobre moral en Psicología del Desarrollo. A la vez, se analiza la prevalencia de um determinado género en las universidades, lo que resulta en el establecimiento y la legitimación de experiencias específicas en la construcción del conocimiento en el área. Se explora artículos de autores feministas identificadas con el campo teórico-crítico, centrándose en la cuestión de la identidad y las implicaciones políticas de los conceptos del lenguaje involucrados en sus posiciones. Por último, en diálogo con los autores de la primera generación de la Escuela de Frankfurt, se propone considerar la dialéctica entre el concepto y la experiencia para la construcción de nuevos conocimientos y estrategias para la igualdad de género. Se espera que muestre que la crítica feminista alcanzó importantes pilares de la psicología, que, al igual que la ciencia, no pueden permanecer inertes frente a los retos que se han planteado a él. Los diversos campos de la psicología tienen que movilizar a la construcción de estrategias emancipadoras para garantizar la validez misma del conocimiento producido en el área.

Black Feminism: An Integrated Review of Literature.

This study presents a systematic literature review exploring the uses and potential benefits of Black Feminism in nursing research. Black Feminism may benefit knowledge development for nursing in a variety of ways, such as illuminating the multifaceted factors of Black women's identities in helping scholars move away from generalization of experiences, to improve understanding of health disparities, and making such changes by broadening the social consciousness of the nurse researchers, who are predominantly White. Discrimination in health disparities may be deconstructed if the focus is placed on asking different research questions and offering different interventions with the social structures that contributes to such actions. When Black Feminism guides the research method (including research questions and analysis), the accuracy of representing the experiences of Black women is increased. In this research, Black Feminism highlights experience, coping mechanisms, spiritual values, a tradition of strength, and a holistic view of identity.

"Anything That Gets Me in My Heart": Pat Parker's Poetry of Justice.

This article argues that love and justice are interlocking themes that undergird and motivate the poetry and activism of the Black lesbian feminist Pat Parker. Parker was a prolific working-class poet, a committed Black lesbian feminist, and an international trailblazer whose poems, like her famous "Womanslaughter" discussed in this article, document the many injustices that Black women endured in an anti-Black, rabidly homophobic, and patriarchal U.S. during the last decades of the twentieth century. In a political moment where righteous cries of #BlackLivesMatter are heard across the United States I use this article to remind us all of the historical importance that Black lesbians played and continue to play in the struggles of anti-racist justice in America.

"A Geography of Disparate Spirits": Pathology as Oppression in "A Woman is Talking to Death" and "Mental".

This article foregrounds Judy Grahn's commitment to social justice and chiefly considers her nine-part poems: "A Woman is Talking to Death" and "Mental." These poems illuminate the socially constructed nature of mental illness and challenge readers to consider how and why the characters within them are deemed mentally ill. Little, if any, scholarship has been devoted to using Grahn's poetry, and particularly "Mental," as a framework for analyzing the pathologization of people, especially women, relative to the system of mental health. Her work remains relevant to critical conversations that illuminate contemporary issues of oppression that still haunt us today.

Intergenerational Yearnings and Other "Acts of Perversion": Or Where Would I Be Without Lesbian Drumming?

This article explores the (il)legibilities of race, gender, sexuality, and interracial solidarity between two feminist generations. Using the words of Judy Grahn and Pat Parker, the author juxtaposes her own experience and writings as a queer, Black, feminist, born in 1971 with their dyke, feminist writings of the same period, asking "Where Would I Be, Without You?" Central to this question is a queer re-imagining of queer past and future in an effort to understand the potential for interracial, feminist solidarity in the twenty-first century.

Phyllis Bronstein (1939-2012).

This article memorializes Phyllis Bronstein (1939-2012). Bronstein was a feminist scholar, social and clinical psychologist, and activist for social justice. At the University of Vermont, she engaged almost 100 undergraduates in her research teams, mentored the research and professional development of 43 graduate students, and trained over 90 clinical psychology students in the feminist family therapy program she developed. Bronstein published over 45 chapters and journal articles, and three edited books. One stream of her scholarship focused on sociocultural factors in parenting, child and adolescent development, with studies conducted in the United States and Mexico. Bronstein is perhaps best known for two volumes on the integration of multicultural and gender issues into the psychology curriculum, coedited with Kathryn Quina and published by the American Psychological Association. Bronstein's third stream of scholarship addressed sexist, racist, and ageist practices in academic and clinical professions.

Living through some giant change: the establishment of abortion services.

This article traces the establishment of abortion clinics following Roe v Wade. Abortion clinics followed one of two models: (1) a medical model in which physicians emphasized the delivery of high quality medical services, contrasting their clinics with the back-alley abortion services that had sent many women to hospital emergency rooms prior to legalization, or (2) a feminist model in which clinics emphasized education and the dissemination of information to empower women patients and change the structure of women's health care. Male physicians and feminists came together in the newly established abortion services and argued over the priorities and characteristics of health care delivery. A broad range of clinics emerged, from feminist clinics to medical offices run by traditional male physicians to for-profit clinics. The establishment of the National Abortion Federation in the mid-1970s created a national forum of health professionals and contributed to the broadening of the discussion and the adoption of compromises as both feminists and physicians influenced each other's practices.

"He is still unwanted": women's assertions of authority over abortion in letters to the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada.

Throughout the 1960s, the public abortion debate was dominated by men. While women's voices were not absent, they are harder to locate. This article highlights one forum in which women eloquently expressed their feelings about abortion. In submissions to the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada, women demonstrated their "right" to speak on the issue in many ways, including by sharing their experiences as mothers or with unplanned and unwanted pregnancies; referencing their professional lives, especially in care giving fields; and drawing moral authority from or opposing religious beliefs. This article analyzes women's efforts to convey their authority to speak to the legality of abortion, highlighting a component of the 1960s abortion law reform discussion often overlooked.

Rethinking care through social reproduction: articulating circuits of migration.

Care has come to dominate much feminist research on globalized migrations and the transfer of labor from the South to the North, while the older concept of reproduction had been pushed into the background but is now becoming the subject of debates on the commodification of care in the household and changes in welfare state policies. This article argues that we could achieve a better understanding of the different modalities and trajectories of care in the reproduction of individuals, families, and communities, both of migrant and nonmigrant populations by articulating the diverse circuits of migration, in particular that of labor and the family. In doing this, I go back to the earlier North American writing on racialized minorities and migrants and stratified social reproduction. I also explore insights from current Asian studies of gendered circuits of migration connecting labor and marriage migrations as well as the notion of global householding that highlights the gender politics of social reproduction operating within and beyond households in institutional and welfare architectures. In contrast to Asia, there has relatively been little exploration in European studies of the articulation of labor and family migrations through the lens of social reproduction. However, connecting the different types of migration enables us to achieve a more complex understanding of care trajectories and their contribution to social reproduction.