Using Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man in low- and middle-income countries.

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM®), an online catalog of human genes and genetic disorders, has been used in the low- and middle-income countries largely as a tool for improving clinical care, teaching genetics and genomics, and for clinical and research analysis of next-generation sequencing. By facilitating free access to curated, updated, and comprehensive information in genetics and genomics, OMIM has led to better clinical care and research advancement in countries where clinicians and researchers in private or public hospitals and universities cannot afford to pay for other resources including journal subscriptions.

Global research on Fabry's disease: Demands for a rare disease.

BACKGROUND: Fabry disease (FD), the second most prevalent lysosomal storage disorder, is classified as a rare disease. It often leads to significant quality of life impairments and premature death. Many cases remain undiagnosed due to the rarity and heterogeneity. Further, costs related to treatment often constitute a substantial financial burden for patients and health systems. While its epidemiology is still unclear, newborn screenings suggest that its actual prevalence rate is significantly higher than previously suspected. METHODS: Based on well-established methodologies, this study gives an overview about the background of the development of FD-related research and provides a critical view of future needs. RESULTS: On the grounds of benchmarking findings, an increasing research activity on FD can be observed. Most publishing countries are the USA, some European countries, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. In general, high-income countries publish comparably more on FD than low- or middle-income economies. The countries' financial and infrastructural background are unveiled as crucial factors for the FD research activity. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, there is a need to foster FD research infrastructure in developing and emerging countries with focus on cost-intensive genetic research that is independent from economic interests of big pharmaceutical companies.

Genetics and genomic medicine in Iran.

Attention has been focused on the field of genetics and genomics in Iran in recent years and some efforts have been enforced and implemented. However, they are totally not adequate, considering the advances in medical genetics and genomics in the past two decades around the world. Overall, considering the lack of medical genetics residency programs in the Iranian health education system, big demand due to high consanguinity and intraethnic marriages, there is a lag in genetic services and necessity to an immediate response to fill this big gap in Iran. As clarified in the National constitution fundamental law and re-emphasized in the 6th National Development Plan, the Iranian government authority is in charge of providing the standard level of health including genetic services to all Iranian individuals who are in need.

An International Summit in Human Genetics and Genomics: Empowering clinical practice and research in developing countries.

To help fill the knowledge gap in human genetics and genomics, an International Summit (IS) in Human Genetics and Genomics was conceived and organized by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as a 5-year initiative, from 2016 to 2020. In its first 3 years, 71 professionals from 34 countries received training.

Integrating Genomics into Healthcare: A Global Responsibility.

Genomic sequencing is rapidly transitioning into clinical practice, and implementation into healthcare systems has been supported by substantial government investment, totaling over US$4 billion, in at least 14 countries. These national genomic-medicine initiatives are driving transformative change under real-life conditions while simultaneously addressing barriers to implementation and gathering evidence for wider adoption. We review the diversity of approaches and current progress made by national genomic-medicine initiatives in the UK, France, Australia, and US and provide a roadmap for sharing strategies, standards, and data internationally to accelerate implementation.

Patenting Foundational Technologies: Lessons From CRISPR and Other Core Biotechnologies.

In 2012, a new and promising gene manipulation technique, CRISPR-Cas9, was announced that seems likely to be a foundational technique in health care and agriculture. However, patents have been granted. As with other technological developments, there are concerns of social justice regarding inequalities in access. Given the technologies' "foundational" nature and societal impact, it is vital for such concerns to be translated into workable recommendations for policymakers and legislators. Colin Farrelly has proposed a moral justification for the use of patents to speed up the arrival of technology by encouraging innovation and investment. While sympathetic to his argument, this article highlights a number of problems. By examining the role of patents in CRISPR and in two previous foundational technologies, we make some recommendations for realistic and workable guidelines for patenting and licensing.

Public Funding for Genomics and the Return on Investment: A Public Health Perspective.

This article traces the emergence of lean principles in genomics research and connects this new way of doing science with many of the current pitfalls of precision medicine in its attempts at improving population health outcomes. Precision medicine has a history of public funding, yet the benefits in clinical settings are very slowly being realized due to a variety of factors, such as uncertainty regarding relevant treatments after identifying disease risk, lack of cost-effectiveness studies for general population-level interventions, and letting a culture of "over promise and under deliver" permeate some areas of genomics research. The article concludes with insights into the challenges and opportunities that will need careful consideration and consultation with the wider society in order to decide whether to turn off the "tap" for investment of public funds in research on genomics and other "omics." Ultimately, this article argues for a moderate course correction in how public funds are invested to truly improve the health of all of us, and not just some of us.

Assessing the cost of implementing the 2011 Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada and Canadian College of Medical Genetics practice guidelines on the detection of fetal aneuploidies.

BACKGROUND: The Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada and the Canadian College of Medical Genetics published guidelines, in 2011, recommending replacement of karyotype with quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction when prenatal testing is performed because of an increased risk of a common aneuploidy. STUDY OBJECTIVE: This study's objective is to perform a cost analysis following the implementation of quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction as a stand-alone test. RESULTS: A total of 658 samples were received between 1 April 2014 and 31 August 2015: 576 amniocentesis samples and 82 chorionic villi sampling. A chromosome abnormality was identified in 14% (93/658) of the prenatal samples tested. The implementation of the 2011 Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada and the Canadian College of Medical Genetics guidelines in Edmonton and Northern Alberta resulted in a cost savings of $46 295.80. The replacement of karyotype with chromosomal microarray for some indications would be associated with additional costs. CONCLUSION: The implementation of new test methods may provide cost savings or added costs. Cost analysis is important to consider during the implementation of new guidelines or technologies. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

'IRDiRC Recognized Resources': a new mechanism to support scientists to conduct efficient, high-quality research for rare diseases.

The International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC) has created a quality label, 'IRDiRC Recognized Resources', formerly known as 'IRDiRC Recommended'. It is a peer-reviewed quality indicator process established based on the IRDiRC Policies and Guidelines to designate resources (ie, standards, guidelines, tools, and platforms) designed to accelerate the pace of discoveries and translation into clinical applications for the rare disease (RD) research community. In its first year of implementation, 13 resources successfully applied for this designation, each focused on key areas essential to IRDiRC objectives and to the field of RD research more broadly. These included data sharing for discovery, knowledge organisation and ontologies, networking patient registries, and therapeutic development. 'IRDiRC Recognized Resources' is a mechanism aimed to provide community-approved contributions to RD research higher visibility, and encourage researchers to adopt recognised standards, guidelines, tools, and platforms that facilitate research advances guided by the principles of interoperability and sharing.

Translational Genomics in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Opportunities and Challenges.

Translation of genomic discoveries into patient care is slowly becoming a reality in developed economies around the world. In contrast, low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) have participated minimally in genomic research for several reasons including the lack of coherent national policies, the limited number of well-trained genomic scientists, poor research infrastructure, and local economic and cultural challenges. Recent initiatives such as the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa), the Qatar Genome Project, and the Mexico National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN) that aim to address these problems through capacity building and empowerment of local researchers have sparked a paradigm shift. In this short communication, we describe experiences of small-scale medical genetics and translational genomic research programs in LMIC. The lessons drawn from these programs drive home the importance of addressing resource, policy, and sociocultural dynamics to realize the promise of precision medicine driven by genomic science globally. By echoing lessons from a bench-to-community translational genomic research, we advocate that large-scale genomic research projects can be successfully linked with health care programs. To harness the benefits of genomics-led health care, LMIC governments should begin to develop national genomics policies that will address human and technology capacity development within the context of their national economic and sociocultural uniqueness. These policies should encourage international collaboration and promote the link between the public health program and genomics researchers. Finally, we highlight the potential catalytic roles of the global community to foster translational genomics in LMIC.

Implementation of genomic medicine in a health care delivery system: a value proposition?

The United States health care system is undergoing significant change and is seeking innovations in care delivery and reimbursement models that will lead to improved value for patients, providers, payers, and employers. Genomic medicine has the potential to be a disruptive innovation that if implemented intelligently can improve value. The article presents the perspective of the leaders of a large integrated healthcare delivery system regarding the decision to invest in implementation of genomic medicine.