The cost of treatments for retained traumatic hemothorax: A decision analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Early video-assisted thorascopic surgery (VATS) is the recommended intervention for retained hemothorax in trauma patients. Alternative options, such as lytic therapy, to avoid surgery remain controversial. The purpose of this decision analysis was to assess expected costs associated with treatment strategies. METHODS: A decision tree analysis estimated the expected costs of three initial treatment strategies: 1) VATS, 2) intrapleural tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) lytic therapy, and 3) intrapleural non-TPA lytic therapy. Probability parameters were estimated from published literature. Costs were based on National Inpatient Sample data and published estimates. Our model compared overall expected costs of admission for each strategy. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore the impact of parameter uncertainty on the optimal strategy. RESULTS: In the base case analysis, using TPA as the initial approach had the lowest total cost (U.S. $37,007) compared to VATS ($38,588). TPA remained the optimal initial approach regardless of the probability of complications after VATS. TPA was an optimal initial approach if TPA success rate was >83% regardless of the failure rate with VATS. VATS was the optimal initial strategy if its total cost of admission was <$33,900. CONCLUSION: Lower treatment costs with lytic therapy does not imply significantly lower total cost of trauma admission. However, an initial approach with TPA lytic therapy may be preferred for retained traumatic hemothorax to lower the total cost of admission given its high probability of avoiding the operating room with its resultant increased costs. Future studies should identify differences in quality of life after recovery from competing interventions.

Video-assisted thoracoscopy as an important tool for trauma surgeons: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Trauma patients frequently have serious chest injuries. Retained hemothoraces and persistent pneumothoraces are among the most frequent complications of chest injuries which may lead to major, long-term morbidity and mortality if these complications are not recognized and treated appropriately. Video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) is a well-established technique in surgical practice. The usefulness of VATS for treatment of complications after chest trauma has been demonstrated by several authors. However, there is an ongoing debate about the optimal timing of VATS. METHODS: A computerized search was conducted which yielded 450 studies reporting on the use of VATS for thoracic trauma. Eighteen of these studies were deemed relevant for this review. The quality of these studies was assessed using a check-list and the PRISMA guidelines. Outcome parameters were successful evacuation of the retained hemothorax or treatment of other complications as well as reduction of empyema rate, length of hospital stay, and hospital costs. RESULTS: There was only one randomized trial and two prospective studies. Most studies report case series of institutional experiences. VATS was found to be very successful in evacuation of retained hemothoraces and seems to reduce the empyema rate subsequently. Furthermore, the length of hospital stay and costs can be drastically reduced with the early use of VATS. CONCLUSION: Early VATS is an effective treatment for retained hemothoraces or other complications of chest trauma. We propose a clinical pathway, in which VATS is used as an early intervention in order to prevent serious complications such as empyemas or trapped lung.

[Diagnostic assessment and treatment concepts for thoracic trauma]. / Diagnostik und Behandlungskonzepte beim Thoraxtrauma.

Most patients with chest trauma can be successfully treated with tube thoracostomy and appropriate pain medication. Initial care of these patients is usually straightforward and performed by an emergency doctor or an emergency room surgeon, e.g. a general surgeon. If more extensive therapy of these polytraumatized patients appears to be required, tertiary care should be done in specialized centers or clinics with network structures. An appropriate structured network of surgical centers guarantees sufficient and efficient care of patients with severe chest trauma. In a best-case scenario the specialist disciplines work in a rendezvous system with close cooperation. Early communication with a thoracic surgeon is essential to minimize mortality and long-term morbidity. Improvement in understanding the underlying molecular physiological mechanisms involved in the various traumatic pathological processes and the advancement of diagnostic techniques, minimally invasive approaches and pharmacologic therapy, will contribute to decreasing morbidity of these critically injured patients.

[Traumatic thoracic aorta rupture: preclinical assessment, diagnosis and treatment options]. / Traumatische thorakale Aortenruptur: Präklinische Beurteilung, Diagnostik und Therapieoptionen.

Traumatic aortic rupture is a life-threatening injury which is frequently associated with blunt thoracic trauma or found coincidentally in heavily traumatized patients. Depending on the degree of disruption of the damaged aortic wall, vascular injury is associated with a high primary mortality rate and a significant risk of secondary aortic rupture. Early clinical signs which may indicate a ruptured thoracic aorta are left sided thoracic pain, reduced ventilation, tachycardia and dyspnoe as well as hypotension in the lower extremities. The primary aim for emergency treatment is to maintain vital organ function and to hemodynamically stabilize the patient. Surgical treatment was previously performed by either direct aortic suture or segmental alloplastic graft interposition using the clamp and sew technique with or without extra-anatomic shunts or extracorporeal circulation. However, endovascular stent graft implantation has now become another treatment option for traumatic aortic rupture. According to the reported data and our own experience there is increasing evidence that endovascular aortic repair might become the treatment of choice for patients with traumatic aortic rupture, with the option of an early, less invasive intervention thus avoiding thoracotomy. Regular follow-up is necessary to detect possible stent graft migration or leakage which could require additional endovascular or open surgical re-interventions.

Hemoneumotorax traumático: servicio de salud metropolitano occidente 1988-1993 / Traumatic hemoneumothorax: western metropolitan health service 1998-1993

Se analizaron 274 historias clínicas de pacientes egresados de los servicios de cirugía y unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital San Juan de Dios, con diagnóstico de neumotórax, hemotórax y hemoneumotórax entre enero de 1988 y diciembre de 1993. Del total de casos, la mayoría correspondió a jóvenes de sexo masculino, con una alta consignación de estado de ebriedad al ingreso. La principal causa de lesión del espacio pleural, fueron las heridas por arma blanca inferidas en riñas y asaltos, siendo el hemoneumotórax la forma más frecuente de presentación. Se analiza la frecuencia de compromiso torácico y extratorácico asociados, su influencia en el tratamiento de complicaciones y pronóstico. Se destaca el uso de la pleurotomía, que pese a ser un procedimiento de baja complejidad, constituye la principal arma terapéutica en el manejo de las lesiones del espacio pleural

Cirugía videostoracoscópica: experiencia inicial / Video assited thoracoscopic surgery: our experience

Se presenta una experiencia inicial con el uso de cirgugía torácica video-asistida en 23 casos (22 pacientes): 1 simpaticectomía torácica, 6 empiemectomías, 2 bullectomías,2 hemotórax, 2 cámaras neumotorácicas, 1 ventana pleuropericárdica, 4 resecciones de nódulos pulmonares, 2 biopsias de pulmón y pleura, 1 nódulo pleural múltiple, y 2 derrames pleurales malignos. No hubo mortalidad operatoria ni accidentes quirúrgicos. Se complicaron 3 pacientes (una serorragia prolongada de 7 días, una hemorragia postoperatoria y un caso con dolor neurítico post-simpacticetomía torácica). Se analizan sus indicaciones y contraindicaciones. Se concluye que esta técnica ocupará un lugar muy importante en el armamentarium del cirujano torácico