Disparities in positive mental health of sexual and gender minority adults in Canada. / Disparités dans la santé mentale positive des adultes faisant partie d'une minorité sexuelle ou de genre au Canada.

INTRODUCTION: The goal of this study was to examine potential disparities in positive mental health (PMH) among adults in Canada by sexual orientation and gender modality. METHODS: Using 2019 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Annual Component data (N = 57 034), we compared mean life satisfaction and the prevalence of high self-rated mental health (SRMH), happiness and community belonging between heterosexual and sexual minority adults, and between cisgender and gender minority adults. We used 2019 CCHS Rapid Response on PMH data (N = 11 486) to compare the prevalence of high psychological well-being between heterosexual and sexual minority adults. Linear and logistic regression analyses examined the between-group differences in mean life satisfaction and the other PMH outcomes, respectively. RESULTS: Sexual minority (vs. heterosexual) adults reported lower mean life satisfaction (B = -0.7, 95% CI: -0.8, -0.5) and were less likely to report high SRMH (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3, 0.5), happiness (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3, 0.5), community belonging (OR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.5, 0.7) and psychological well-being (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3, 0.6). Differences were not always significant for specific sexual minority groups in sexstratified analyses. Gender minority adults reported lower mean life satisfaction and were less likely to report high SRMH and happiness than cisgender adults. CONCLUSION: Future research could investigate how these PMH disparities arise, risk and protective factors in these populations, how other sociodemographic factors interact with sexual orientation and gender identity to influence PMH and changes in disparities over time.

Experiences of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis use among heterosexual men accessing sexual and reproductive health services in South Africa: a qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION: South African men face a substantial burden of HIV and are less likely to test for HIV and initiate antiretroviral therapy if tested positive and more likely to die from AIDS-related causes than women. In addition to condoms and circumcision, guidelines provide for the use of daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as an HIV prevention intervention for any men who recognize their need and request PrEP. However, heterosexual men have not been a focus of PrEP programmes, and since its introduction, there is limited literature on PrEP use among men in South Africa. This study explores the experiences, motivators and barriers to oral PrEP use among heterosexual men accessing primary healthcare services in South Africa. METHODS: This study forms part of a mixed-methods implementation science study aimed at generating evidence for oral PrEP introduction and conducted in primary healthcare clinics in South Africa since 2018. Men aged ≥15 years who initiated oral PrEP and enrolled in a parent cohort study were purposefully invited to participate in an in-depth interview (IDI). Between March 2020 and May 2022, 30 men participated in IDIs exploring their motivators for PrEP use, and experiences with accessing health services. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. RESULTS: The final analysis included 28 heterosexual men (18-56 years old). Motivations to initiate PrEP included fear of acquiring HIV, self-perceived vulnerability to HIV and mistrust in relationships; health systems factors which motivated PrEP use included the influence of healthcare providers, educational materials and mobile services. Perceived reduction in HIV vulnerability and changing proximity to partners were reasons for PrEP discontinuation. Side effects, daily-pill burden and stigma were noted as challenges to PrEP use. Health system barriers to PrEP use included limited PrEP availability, school and work demands, and inconsistent mobile clinic schedules. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reports on the experiences of heterosexual men accessing oral PrEP in real-world settings and contributes to the limited literature among this population. We highlight multiple levels which could be strengthened to improve men's PrEP use, including individual support, education among partners and communities, and addressing health system barriers to access.

Disparities in Mortality by Sexual Orientation in a Large, Prospective Cohort of Female Nurses.

Importance: Extensive evidence documents health disparities for lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) women, including worse physical, mental, and behavioral health than heterosexual women. These factors have been linked to premature mortality, yet few studies have investigated premature mortality disparities among LGB women and whether they differ by lesbian or bisexual identity. Objective: To examine differences in mortality by sexual orientation. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study examined differences in time to mortality across sexual orientation, adjusting for birth cohort. Participants were female nurses born between 1945 and 1964, initially recruited in the US in 1989 for the Nurses' Health Study II, and followed up through April 2022. Exposures: Sexual orientation (lesbian, bisexual, or heterosexual) assessed in 1995. Main Outcome and Measure: Time to all-cause mortality from assessment of exposure analyzed using accelerated failure time models. Results: Among 116 149 eligible participants, 90 833 (78%) had valid sexual orientation data. Of these 90 833 participants, 89 821 (98.9%) identified as heterosexual, 694 (0.8%) identified as lesbian, and 318 (0.4%) identified as bisexual. Of the 4227 deaths reported, the majority were among heterosexual participants (n = 4146; cumulative mortality of 4.6%), followed by lesbian participants (n = 49; cumulative mortality of 7.0%) and bisexual participants (n = 32; cumulative mortality of 10.1%). Compared with heterosexual participants, LGB participants had earlier mortality (adjusted acceleration factor, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.64-0.84]). These differences were greatest among bisexual participants (adjusted acceleration factor, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.51-0.78]) followed by lesbian participants (adjusted acceleration factor, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.68-0.95]). Conclusions and Relevance: In an otherwise largely homogeneous sample of female nurses, participants identifying as lesbian or bisexual had markedly earlier mortality during the study period compared with heterosexual women. These differences in mortality timing highlight the urgency of addressing modifiable risks and upstream social forces that propagate and perpetuate disparities.

Threats to social safety and neuro-inflammatory mechanisms underlying sexual orientation disparities in depression symptom severity: A prospective cohort study of young adults.

Sexual minority individuals have a markedly elevated risk of depression compared to heterosexuals. We examined early threats to social safety and chronically elevated inflammation as mechanisms contributing to this disparity in depression symptoms, and compared the relative strength of the co-occurrence between chronic inflammation and depression symptoms for sexual minorities versus heterosexuals. To do so, we analyzed data from a prospective cohort of sexual minority and heterosexual young adults (n = 595), recruited from a nationally representative sample, that included assessments of early threats to social safety in the form of adverse childhood interpersonal events, three biomarkers of inflammation (i.e., CRP, IL-6, TNF-α) measured at two time points, and depression symptoms over four years. In pre-registered analyses, we found that sexual minorities experienced more adverse childhood interpersonal events, were more likely to display chronically elevated inflammation, and reported more severe depression symptoms than heterosexuals. Adverse childhood interpersonal events and chronically elevated inflammation explained approximately 23 % of the total effect of the association between sexual orientation and depression symptom severity. Further, there was an increased coupling of chronically elevated inflammation and depression symptoms among sexual minorities compared to heterosexuals. These results provide novel longitudinal, population-based evidence for the role of chronically elevated inflammation in linking threats to social safety during childhood with depression symptom severity in young adulthood, consistent with the primary tenets of the social signal transduction theory of depression. Our study extends this theory to the population level by finding that members of a stigmatized population (i.e., sexual minorities) experience a greater risk of depression because of their greater exposure to adverse childhood interpersonal events and the subsequent link to chronic inflammation, highlighting potential biopsychosocial intervention targets.

Disparities in Transitions From E-cigarette Use to Other Tobacco Use Patterns Among Sexual Minority Versus Heterosexual Women and Men in the United States.

INTRODUCTION: Despite elevated rates of e-cigarette use among sexual minority versus heterosexual young adults, limited research has examined sexual identity in relation to transitions from e-cigarette use to other tobacco use patterns. METHODS: We analyzed data from 608 US young adults in a 2-year study (2018-2020) who reported using e-cigarettes in the past 6 months (time period between assessments) but no other tobacco product at baseline (Fall 2018). Multinomial logistic regressions among women and men, separately, examined associations between sexual identity and past 6-month tobacco use in Fall 2020 (nonuse [referent group] vs e-cigarette only, other tobacco product only, e-cigarette and other tobacco product dual use), controlling for age and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: Among women (n = 340; mean [M]age = 23.42; n = 147 [43.4%] sexual minority; 29.4% racial/ethnic minority), 34.4% reported nonuse at follow-up, 26.8% e-cigarette only, 10.3% other tobacco product only, and 28.5% e-cigarette and other tobacco product dual use. Sexual minority (vs heterosexual) women displayed greater odds of e-cigarette-only use, as well as dual use relative to nonuse at follow-up. Among men (n = 244; Mage = 24.30; n = 51 [20.9%] sexual minority; 36.1% racial/ethnic minority), 25.4% reported no use, 20.9% e-cigarette only, 17.2% other tobacco product only, and 36.5% dual use at follow-up. Sexual minority (vs heterosexual) men displayed lower odds of e-cigarette only, other tobacco product only, and dual use relative to nonuse at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Research is needed to assess and intervene on tobacco/nicotine product perceptions (eg, harm, social acceptability) and reasons for use (eg, mood regulation) associated with high-risk tobacco use patterns and trajectories, particularly among sexual minority young adult women who may have distinct profiles and risks associated with use.

What Do Different People Look for in a Partner? Effects of Sex, Sexual Orientation, and Mating Strategies on Partner Preferences.

Partner preferences are an important differential in relationship formation and evolutionary fitness, and vary according to individual, ecological, and social factors. In this study, we evaluated the variation in preference for intelligence, kindness, physical attractiveness, health, and socioeconomic level among individuals of different sexes and sexual orientations in a Brazilian sample. We analyzed the preference scores of 778 heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual men and women in three budgeted mate design tasks (low vs. medium vs. high budget) and their association with sociosexuality, attachment styles, homogamy, and willingness to engage in short- and long-term relationships. Results indicated a global trait preference order, with intelligence ranking first, followed by kindness, physical attractiveness, health, and lastly by socioeconomic status. Typical sex differences were observed mostly within the heterosexual group, and specific combinations of sex and sexual orientation were linked to variation in preference for physical attractiveness, kindness, and socioeconomic status. We also found unique associations of the other variables with partner preferences and with willingness to engage in short- or long-term relationships. By exploring the partner preferences of non-heterosexual individuals from a Latin American country, an underrepresented group in evolutionary psychology research, our results help understand the universal and specific factors that guide partner preferences and human sexual behavior.

Vaccination May Be Economically and Epidemiologically Advantageous Over Frequent Screening for Gonorrhea Prevention.

BACKGROUND: Gonorrhea's rapid development of antimicrobial resistance underscores the importance of new prevention modalities. Recent evidence suggests that a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine may be partially effective against gonococcal infection. However, the viability of vaccination and the role it should play in gonorrhea prevention are an open question. METHODS: We modeled the transmission of gonorrhea over a 10-year period in a heterosexual population to find optimal patterns of year-over-year investment of a fixed budget in vaccination and screening programs. Each year, resources could be allocated to vaccinating people or enrolling them in a quarterly screening program. Stratifying by mode (vaccination vs. screening), sex (male vs. female), and enrollment venue (background screening vs. symptomatic visit), we consider 8 different ways of controlling gonorrhea. We then found the year-over-year pattern of investment among those 8 controls that most reduced the incidence of gonorrhea under different assumptions. A compartmental transmission model was parameterized from existing literature in the US context. RESULTS: Vaccinating men with recent symptomatic infection, which selected for higher sexual activity, was optimal for population-level gonorrhea control. Given a prevention budget of $3 per capita, 9.5% of infections could be averted ($299 per infection averted), decreasing gonorrhea sequelae and associated antimicrobial use by similar percentages. These results were consistent across sensitivity analyses that increased the budget, prioritized incidence or prevalence reductions in women, or lowered screening costs. Under a scenario where only screening was implemented, just 5.5% of infections were averted. CONCLUSIONS: A currently available vaccine, although only modestly effective, may be superior to frequent testing for population-level gonorrhea control.

Who Cares? Unpaid Caregiving by Sexual Identity, Gender, and Partnership Status Among U.S. Adults.

Recent scholarship indicates that sexual minority adults have higher caregiving rates than heterosexuals and that women are more likely to be caregivers than men. However, little research has addressed how gender and sexuality intersect in shaping caregiving status. This study uses data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and aggregates a probability-based sample of adults living in 36 U.S. states between 2015 and 2021. We examine who provides care among adult heterosexual, lesbian, gay, and bisexual men and women. Results reveal that women are more likely to be caregivers than men, but only among heterosexuals. We find little variation in caregiving by sexuality among women, but bisexual men are more likely than heterosexual men to be caregivers; the latter result appears to be driven by unpartnered, bisexual men. Lastly, we contextualize caregivers' experiences and reveal selected descriptive differences in patterns of care recipient-caregiver relationships across gender and sexual identity groups. Our findings advance understanding of caregiving and changing family ties in an era of population aging and increasing diversity in sexual identities.

Explaining Health Disparities in the Sexual Minority Population: The Role of Neighborhood Effects.

Individual health is affected not only by characteristics and behaviors of the individual, but also by the environment in which the individual lives. Although neighborhood effects are well-established in the health literature, whether these effects are different for sexual minority populations is unknown. There is evidence that the neighborhoods in which sexual minorities reside are distinct from those in which heterosexuals reside, which could give rise to differential neighborhood effects. This research uses restricted data from the National Center for Health Statistics Research Data Center-which include neighborhood identifiers-to investigate health-relevant differences between the neighborhoods in which heterosexuals and sexual minorities reside. We also provide preliminary evidence on whether neighborhood effects explain any or all the disparities in health behaviors or health outcomes between sexual minority and heterosexual populations or mediate or moderate the effects of other covariates in explaining these disparities.

Uma teoria psicológica transfeminista: sobrevivendo aos escombros da saúde mental brasileira / A transfeminist psychological theory: surviving the debris of brazilian mental health / Una teoría psicológica transfeminista: sobrevivir a los escombros de la salud mental brasileña

Este artigo reflete sobre os modos como a cisnormatividade, conceito impulsionado pelos transfeminismos, tem auxiliado na composição da psicologia de maneira histórica. Ao elaborar uma crítica sobre como a violência de gênero está expressivamente presente no território brasileiro, discute-se como tem sido pensada a saúde mental, esfera que, uma vez inserida nesse contexto mais amplo, está sendo convocada a produzir saídas criativas em relação aos sujeitos que são alvo de discriminações transfóbicas. Na busca de deslocar o olhar do indivíduo para o social, foi realizado um estudo bibliográfico para investigar os diferentes impactos que a cisnormatividade opera em nossos currículos psicológicos, gerando efeitos na prática e na própria profissão. A aposta está em reconhecer outras epistemologias como projetos éticos e políticos a uma psicologia contemporânea, e a contribuição transfeminista a "outra" clínica. É nesse sentido que este trabalho se destina a pensar um modo de cuidado que esteja baseado na singularidade, mas que, ao mesmo tempo, seja capaz de dedicar alguma atenção ao paradigma normativo que nos guia como terapeutas.(AU)

This article reflects on the ways that cisnormativity, a concept boosted by transfeminisms, has played a historical role in the composition of psychology. Elaborating a criticism on how gender violence is expressively present in the Brazilian territory, we discuss how mental health is conceived, a sphere that, inserted in this wider context, is invited to create creative solutions related to the subjects who are the target of transphobic discrimination. Trying to shift the focus from the individual to the collective, a bibliographical study was conducted to recognize the different impacts that cisnormativity has in our psychological curriculums, having effects on the practice and on the profession itself. The goal is to recognize other epistemologies as ethical and political projects for contemporary psychology and the transfeminist contribution to "another" clinic. It is in this sense that this work aims to think about a form of care that is based on singularity, but that can also pay attention to the normative paradigm that guides us as therapists.(AU)

Este artículo reflexiona sobre las formas en que la cisnormatividad, un concepto impulsado por los transfeminismos, ha tenido un papel en la composición de la psicología de manera histórica. Al elaborar una crítica sobre como la violencia de género está expresamente presente en el territorio brasileño, se discute cómo se ha pensado la salud mental, dominio que, una vez insertado en este contexto más amplio, es convocado a producir soluciones creativas con relación a los sujetos que son objeto de discriminación transfóbica. Al desviar el enfoque del individuo hacia lo social, se realizó un estudio bibliográfico para investigar los diferentes impactos que tiene la cisnormatividad en nuestros planes de estudios psicológicos, generando efectos en la práctica y en la propia profesión. El foco está en reconocer otras epistemologías como proyectos éticos y políticos para la psicología contemporánea y la contribución transfeminista a una "otra" clínica. En este sentido, este trabajo pretende pensar en una forma de cuidado que se basa en la singularidad, al mismo tiempo que sea capaz de dedicar cierta atención al paradigma normativo que a nosotras nos guía como terapeutas.(AU)

Um capítulo esquecido na história da psicologia? sexualidades desviantes, psicopatologia e normalidade / A forgotten chapter in the history of psychology? deviant sexualities, psychopathology, and normality / ¿Un capítulo olvidado en la historia de la psicología? sexualidades desviadas, psicopatología y normalidad

Este artigo tem como objetivo produzir uma análise histórica sobre as intersecções entre Psicologia e sexualidade desviantes da norma no Brasil, de fins do século XIX a meados da década de 1980. Esta temporalidade foi escolhida por abarcar o surgimento das pesquisas científicas sobre sexualidade e desvios sexuais, a consolidação dos estudos psicológicos sobre a temática e o processo mais recente de despatologização da homossexualidade. Em termos teóricos e metodológicos, foram adotados os pressupostos da História Social da Psicologia e da historiografia das homossexualidades no Brasil. Desse modo, buscou-se compreender como as ideias, concepções e práticas psicológicas foram mudando ao longo do tempo, em conexão com as transformações socioculturais e políticas que ocorreram durante o século XX. Para isto, foram utilizadas fontes primárias e secundárias de pesquisa com vistas à produção de interpretações sobre as conexões entre as ideias, os atores e os eventos narrados. Argumenta-se, ao longo do artigo, que as ideias e práticas psicológicas estão intrinsecamente conectadas aos contextos socioculturais e políticos de seu tempo, sendo os movimentos dinâmicos e os conflitos presentes nesses contextos fatores determinantes para a sua constituição.(AU)

This article aims to produce a historical analysis of the intersections between Psychology and sexualities that deviate from the norm in Brazil, from the late 19th century to the mid-1980s. This period was chosen because it encompasses the emergence of scientific research on sexuality and sexual deviations, the consolidation of psychological studies on the subject and the most recent process of de-pathologization of homosexuality. Theoretically and methodologically, the assumptions of the Social History of Psychology and the historiography of homosexualities in Brazil were adopted. Therefore, we sought to understand how psychological ideas, conceptions and practices have changed over time, in connection with the sociocultural and political transformations that occurred throughout the 20th century. For this, primary and secondary sources of research were used to produce interpretations about the connections between the ideas, the actors and the narrated events. It is argued, throughout the article, that the psychological ideas and practices are intrinsically connected to the sociocultural and political contexts of their time, being the dynamic movements and conflicts present in these contexts determining factors for their constitution.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis histórico de las intersecciones entre la Psicología y las sexualidades desviadas de la norma en Brasil desde finales del siglo XIX hasta mediados de la década de 1980. Esta temporalidad fue elegida por abarcar el surgimiento de las investigaciones científicas sobre sexualidad y desvíos sexuales, la consolidación de los estudios psicológicos sobre el tema y el más reciente proceso de despatologización de la homosexualidad. En el marco teórico y metodológico, se adoptaron los presupuestos de la Historia Social de la Psicología y de la historiografía de las homosexualidades en Brasil. De esta manera, se pretende comprender cómo las ideas, concepciones y prácticas psicológicas han cambiado a lo largo del tiempo, en conexión con las transformaciones socioculturales y políticas ocurridas durante el siglo XX. Para ello, se utilizaron las fuentes de investigación primarias y secundarias con miras a generar interpretaciones sobre las conexiones entre las ideas, los actores y los eventos narrados. Se argumenta, a lo largo de este artículo, que las ideas y las prácticas psicológicas están intrínsecamente conectadas a los contextos socioculturales y políticos de su tiempo, y los movimientos dinámicos y los conflictos presentes en estos contextos fueron los factores determinantes para su constitución.(AU)

A heterologia em Georges Bataille: da despesa ao gozo / The heterology of Georges Bataille: from expenditure to jouissance / L'heterologiede Geroges Bataille: de la dépense à la jouissance

O texto parte da noção batailleana de despesa buscando explicitar a dimensão fundamental que esta representa em seu sistema de pensamento e como está intimamente relacionada à dimensão do gozo, tal como Lacan a desenvolve. Aponta como Bataille mostra-se pioneiro ao construir uma teoria dos dejetos que está intimamente relacionada com esta noção de despesa e consequentemente com a noção de gozo, que ele chamará de sua heterologia, ou "ciência do heterogêneo". Busca-se mostrar como o autor, ao apresentar-se como o mais importante crítico do movimento surrealista, soube se posicionar de forma ousada e corajosa ao desenvolver uma teoria subversiva, que fazia dos excrementos um valor de uso. Além disso, como constrói um sistema de pensamento baseado na ideia de abjeção, como uma política de salvação pelos dejetos

The heterology of Georges Bataille: from expenditure to jouissance: The text starts from bataille'snotion of expenditure, seeking to expose the fundamental dimension that it represents in its system of thought and how it is closely related to the dimension of jouissance, as Lacan develops it. It points out how Bataille is a pioneer in constructing a theory of waste that is intimately related to this notion of expenditure and consequently to the notion of jouissance, which he will call his heterology, or "heterogeneous science". It seeks to show how the author, when presenting himself as the most important critic of the Surrealist movement, knew how to take a bold and courageous position when developing a subversive theory, which gave the droppings a use value. This work also seeks to demonstrate how he builds a system of thought based on the idea of abjection, as a policy of salvation through waste.

L'heterologiede Geroges Bataille: de la dépense à la jouissance: Le texte part de la notion bataillienne de la dépense, cherchant à rendre explicite la dimension fondamentale qu'elle représente dans son système de pensée et comment elle est intimement liée à la dimension de la jouissance telle que Lacan la développe. Il montre comment Bataille se montre pionnier dans la construction d'une théorie des dechets étroitement liée à cette notion de dépense et par conséquent à la notion de jouissance, qu'il appellera son hétérologie, ou «science de l'hétérogène¼. Il cherche à montrer comment l'auteur vié, en se présentant comme le critique le plus important du mouvement surréaliste, a su prendre une position audacieuse et courageuse lors du développement d'une théorie subversive, qui faisait des excréments une valeur d'usage. De plus, nous verrons comment il construit un système de pensée basé sur l'idée d'abjection, comme politique de salut par le déchets.

Associação entre dimensões do suporte familiar e qualidade de vida de pessoas vivendo com HIV / Association between dimensions of family support and quality of lifeof people living with HIV

O suporte familiar está relacionado a melhores parâmetros de qualidade de vida. Porém, não está bem estabelecida a forma como os diferentes domínios do suporte familiar afetam as dimensões da qualidade de vida. Deste modo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a associação entre o suporte familiar e a qualidade de vida de pessoas vivendo com o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV), bem como analisar as associações entre os domínios de cada constructo. O estudo teve delineamento transversal e foi realizado com 296 pessoas vivendo com HIV em um ambulatório de referência em HIV/AIDS. A associação entre os domínios da qualidade de vida e a percepção do suporte familiar foi verificada pela Regressão Logística Binária. A magnitude das associações foi apresentada por meio da Razão de Chances (Intervalo de Confiança de 95%). Pessoas vivendo com HIV que apresentaram menor percepção de suporte familiar demonstraram maior chance de ter qualidade de vida reduzida, sendo que as chances aumentam de 2,10 (1,11; 3,97) até 6,20 (3,17; 12,12) vezes. Os achados foram consistentes ao analisar as associações entre dimensões, com exceção apenas a associação entre a autonomia familiar e dimensão meio ambiente da qualidade de vida, bem como a associação entre dimensão afetivo consistente e dimensão espiritualidade da qualidade de vida. Portanto, a especificidade das associações entre qualidade de vida e suporte familiar deve ser considerada no cuidado de pessoas vivendo com HIV, pois algumas dimensões da qualidade de vida parecem ser beneficiadas por aspectos específicos do suporte familiar.(AU)

Family support is related to better quality of life parameters. However, it is not well established howhow the different domains of family support affect the dimensions of quality of life. In this way, the objective ofThe present study was to verify the association between family support and the quality of life of people living with theHuman Immunodeficiency (HIV), as well as analyzing the associations between the domains of each construct. The study hadcross-sectional design and was carried out with 296 people living with HIV in an HIV/AIDS outpatient clinic.AIDS. The association between the domains of quality of life and the perception of family support was verified by RegressionBinary Logistics. The magnitude of the associations was presented through the Odds Ratio (Confidence Intervalthan 95%). People living with HIV who had a lower perception of family support were more likely toof having reduced quality of life, and the chances increase from 2.10 (1.11; 3.97) to 6.20 (3.17; 12.12) times.The findings were consistent when analyzing the associations between dimensions, with the exception of only the association between thefamily autonomy and the environmental dimension of quality of life, as well as the association between the consistent affective dimension and the spirituality dimension of quality of life. Therefore, the specificity of the associations between quality oflife and family support should be considered in the care of people living with HIV, as some dimensions of qualityof life seem to benefit from specific aspects of family support.(AU)

Enfrentamento à LGBTIfobia, afirmação ético-política e regulamentação profissional: 20 anos da Resolução CFP nº 01/1999 / Coping with LGBTIphobia, ethical-political affirmation and professional regulation: 20 years of CFP Resolution 01/1999 / Enfrentamiento a la LGBTIfobia, declaración ético-política y regulación profesional: 20 años de la Resolución CFP 01/1999

O presente artigo analisa, de maneira crítica, os 20 anos da Resolução nº 01/1999 do Conselho Federal de Psicologia. Tal documento regulamenta o exercício profissional sobre orientação sexual; mais exatamente, veta práticas de patologização e discriminação, e incentiva o enfrentamento ao preconceito e à violência. Primeiramente, discutimos como a Resolução foi objeto de debate legislativo e esteve cerceada pelo judiciário, apesar de sua imensa visibilidade, força política e capacidade de garantia de direitos humanos - ou, talvez, justamente por isso. Em seguida, analisamos o objetivo de tais ações - autorizar práticas que tentam reverter a homossexualidade: elas não têm fundamentos no atual conhecimento psicológico, configuram exercício de tortura e produzem efeitos de intenso sofrimento e adoecimento. Posteriormente, debatemos desafios e possibilidades para posicionamento ético do exercício profissional da Psicologia com homossexualidades em diferentes campos de atuação (educação, justiça e política de saúde) de forma a enfrentar as patologizações. Por fim, interrogamos a votação do Supremo Tribunal Federal sobre a criminalização da LGBTIfobia a partir da criminologia crítica, em dialogo com os efeitos da Resolução no 01/1999. Concluímos que este documento, ainda que insuficiente para eliminar as práticas de LGBTIfobia, segue um instrumento relevante para uma Psicologia de garantia dos direitos humanos.(AU)

This article critically analyzes the 20 years of Resolution nº 01/1999 of the Federal Council of Psychology. This document regulates the professional exercise on sexual orientation; more precisely, it prohibits pathologization and discrimination practices, and also encourages confronting prejudice and violence. Firstly, we discuss how the resolution has been subject of legislative and judiciary actions, despite its immense visibility, political power and capacity to guarantee human rights - or, perhaps, precisely because of them. Then, we analyze the purpose of such actions - to authorize practices trying to reverse homosexuality: they do have not basis in current psychological knowledge, configuring a torture exercise and producing intense suffering and illness. Subsequently, we discuss challenges and possibilities for ethical psychological practices with homosexualities in different fields (education, justice and health policy) confronting pathologizations. Finally, we use the critical criminology to question the Federal Supreme Court decision on the LGBTIphobia criminalization, in dialogue with the Resolution's effects. We conclude that even if this document did not eliminate LGBTIphobia practices, is a relevant strategy for psychology to ensure human rights.(AU)

Este artículo analiza críticamente el vigésimo aniversario de la Resolución No. 01/1999 del Consejo Federal de Psicología. Este documento regula el ejercicio profesional sobre orientación sexual; más precisamente, veta las prácticas de patologización y discriminación, y alienta la confrontación de prejuicios y violencia. Primero, discutimos cómo la Resolución fue objeto de debate legislativo y estuvo rodeada por el poder judicial, a pesar de su inmensa visibilidad, fortaleza política y capacidad para garantizar los derechos humanos, o quizás, precisamente por eso. Luego analizamos el propósito de tales acciones: autorizar prácticas que intentan revertir la homosexualidad: no tienen base en el conocimiento psicológico actual, configuran ejercicio de tortura y producen efectos de sufrimiento y enfermedad intensos. Posteriormente, discutimos los desafíos y las posibilidades para el posicionamiento ético de la práctica profesional de la psicología con las homosexualidades en diferentes campos (educación, justicia y política de salud) para enfrentar patologías. Finalmente, cuestionamos el voto de la Corte Suprema sobre la criminalización de la fobia LGBTI por la criminología crítica, en diálogo con los efectos de la Resolución 01/1999.Concluimos que este documento, aunque insuficiente para eliminar las prácticas de LGBTIfobia, sigue una herramienta relevante para una psicología que garantice los derechos humanos.(AU)

Variación temporal del recuento de CD4+ basalal momento diagnóstico de VIH en pacientesadultos en un hospital de la seguridad socialde Perú, 1999-2012 / Temporal variation of baseline CD4 + count on HIV diagnosis moment in adult patients at a social security hospital inPeru, 1999-2012

Introducción: El VIH/SIDA todavía es un problema para lasalud global, con una epidemiología compleja y dinámica en el tiempo. Objetivo: Determinar la tendencia sobre la variación temporal del recuento de Linfocitos T CD4+ basal al momento diagnóstico de VIH en pacientes atendidos en un hospital de la seguridad social de Lima, Perú. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, que se basó en un análisis secundario de datos de los pacientes que se atendieron en un hospital de la seguridad social durante el periodo 1999-2012, se tomó las variables socio-patológicas de los pacientes y confeccionó gráficos de tendencia. Resultados: De los pacientes atendidos en este período, el 70% fueron hombres y la mediana de edad fue 34 años. Se encontró un incremento en la tendencia de la variación temporal del recuento promedio de linfocitos T CD4+ basal al momento diagnóstico, y disminución del número promedio de pacientes diagnosticados por cada año. Casi no ocurrieron variaciones en las tendencias según los grupos etarios; pero si según la orientación sexual,observándose un incremento en población heterosexual y bisexual, además de una disminución en el grupo de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). Conclusión: Se reporta la tendencia favorable del recuento promedio de LinfocitosTCD4+al momento diagnóstico en un hospital peruano, siendo similar a otras realidades a nivel mundial, lo que puede permitir continuar fortaleciendo los programas de prevención, en especial para los grupos que actualmente muestran mayor frecuencia de la enfermedad.

Introduction: The HIV/AIDS is still an important problem for global health, with a complex and dynamic epidemiology over time. Objective: To determine the trend on the temporal variation of baseline CD4+ T lymphocyte count in adult´s patients diagnosed with HIV at a social security hospital in Lima, Peru. Methods: Descriptive study based on secondary data from adult´s patients diagnosed with HIV during the period 1999-2012 in a Peruvian social security hospital, taking into consideration the socio-pathological variables of the patients and trend graphs. Results: 70% of the patients evaluated in this period were men and the median age was 34 years old. There was an increase in the trend of the temporal variation of the baseline CD4+ T lymphocyte count at the moment of diagnosis, and a decrease in the number of patients diagnosed for each year. There were no significant changes in the trends, according to the age groups; but taking into account the sexual orientation, there was a rise in heterosexual and bisexual populations, and a downtrend in the group of men who have sex with men (MSM). Conclusions: We report the favorable trend of the CD4 + T lymphocyte count at the moment of diagnosis in a Peruvian social security hospital, being similar to other realities worldwide, which may allow to continue strengthening preventive programs, especially for the groups that currently show a higher frequency of HIV/AIDS.

Inequalities in HAART uptake and differential survival according to exposure category in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Desigualdades no acesso à HAART e diferenças de sobrevida de acordo com a categoria de exposição ao HIV no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Desigualdades en el consumo de la TARGA y supervivencia diferencial según la categoría de exposición en Río de Janeiro, Brasil

Abstract: Despite substantial improvement in prognosis and quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Brazil, inequalities in access to treatment remain. We assessed the impact of these inequalities on survival in Rio de Janeiro over a 12-year period (2000/11). Data were merged from four databases that comprise the national AIDS monitoring system: SINAN-AIDS (Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases; AIDS cases), SISCEL (laboratory tests), SICLOM (electronic dispensing system), and SIM (Brazilian Mortality Information System), using probabilistic linkage. Cox regressions were fitted to assess the impact of HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) on AIDS-related mortality among men who have sex with men (MSM), people who inject drugs (PWID), and heterosexuals diagnosed with AIDS, between 2000 and 2011, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Among 15,420 cases, 60.7% were heterosexuals, 36.1% MSM and 3.2% PWID. There were 2,807 (18.2%) deaths and the median survival time was 6.29. HAART and CD4+ > 200 at baseline were associated with important protective effects. Non-whites had a 33% higher risk of dying in consequence of AIDS than whites. PWID had a 56% higher risk and MSM a 11% lower risk of dying of AIDS than heterosexuals. Non-white individuals, those with less than eight years of formal education, and PWID, were more likely to die of AIDS and less likely to receive HAART. Important inequalities persist in access to treatment, resulting in disparate impacts on mortality among exposure categories. Despite these persistent disparities, mortality decreased significantly during the period for all categories under analysis, and the overall positive impact of HAART on survival has been dramatic.

Resumo: Apesar de uma melhora substancial no prognóstico e na qualidade de vida de pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids (PVHA) no Brasil, permanecem desigualdades no acesso ao tratamento. Avaliamos o impacto dessas desigualdades na sobrevida na cidade do Rio de Janeiro ao longo de 12 anos (2000/11). Os dados foram consolidados a partir de quatro bases que constituem o sistema nacional de monitoramento da aids: SINAN-aids (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação; casos de aids), SISCEL (exames laboratoriais), SICLOM (controle logístico de medicamentos) e SIM (Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade), usando relacionamento probabilístico. As regressões de Cox foram ajustadas para avaliar o impacto da HAART (terapia antirretroviral altivamente ativa) na mortalidade relacionada à aids entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH), usuários de drogas injetáveis (UDI) e heterossexuais diagnosticados com aids entre 2000 e 2011 na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Dos 15.420 casos, 60,7% eram heterossexuais, 36,1% HSH e 3,2% UDI. Houve 2.807 óbitos (18,2%) e a sobrevida mediana foi 6,29 anos. Houve associação significativa entre HAART e contagem de CD4+ > 200 na linha de base e importantes efeitos protetores. Comparados aos brancos, os não-brancos tiveram um risco 33% maior de morrer de aids. Os UDI tiveram um risco 56% maior, enquanto HSH tiveram um risco 11% menor de morrer de aids, comparados aos heterossexuais. Os indivíduos não-brancos, aqueles com menos de oito anos de escolaridade e UDI mostraram probabilidade mais alta de não receber HAART e de morrer de aids. No Rio de Janeiro, persistem desigualdades importantes no acesso ao tratamento, que resultam em impactos diferenciados na mortalidade de acordo com as categorias de exposição. Apesar da persistência dessas disparidades, a mortalidade diminuiu significativamente ao longo do período em todas as categorias analisadas, e o acesso à HAART teve impacto dramático no tempo de sobrevida.

Resumen: Pese a la mejora sustancial en el pronóstico y calidad de vida entre las personas que viven con VIH/SIDA (PLWHA) en Brasil, persisten las desigualdades en el acceso al tratamiento. Evaluamos el impacto de estas desigualdades en la supervivencia en Río de Janeiro, durante un período de 12 años (2000/11). Los datos fueron recabados de cuatros bases de datos que comprenden el sistema nacional de monitoreo del SIDA: SINAN-SIDA (Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación; casos de SIDA), SISCEL (pruebas de laboratorio), SICLOM (sistema dispensador electrónico), y SIM (Sistema de Información sobre la Mortalidad), usando una vinculación probabilística. Las regresiones de Cox fueron usadas para evaluar el impacto de la TARGA (terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad) en la mortalidad relacionada con el SIDA, entre hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH), individuos que se inyectan drogas por vía intravenosa (PWID por sus siglas en inglés), y heterosexuales diagnosticados con SIDA, entre 2000 y 2011, en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Entre 15.420 casos, un 60,7% eran heterosexuales, un 36,1% HSH y un 3,2% PWID. Hubo 2.807 (18.2%) muertes y el tiempo medio de supervivencia fue 6,29. TARGA y CD4+ > 200 en la base de referencia estuvieron asociados con efectos importantes de protección. Los no-blancos tuvieron un riesgo un 33% mayor de morir a consecuencia de SIDA que los blancos. Los PWID tuvieron un riesgo un 56% mayor, y los HSH un riesgo un 11% menor, de morir de SIDA que los heterosexuales. Los no-blancos, con menos de ocho años de educación formal, y los PWID, eran más propensos a morir de SIDA y menos a recibir TARGA. Existen importantes inequidades en el acceso al tratamiento, resultando en efectos dispares en la mortalidad entre las diferentes categorías exposición. A pesar de estas persistentes disparidades, la mortalidad decreció significativamente durante el periodo para todas las categorías bajo análisis, y el impacto general positivo del TARGA en la supervivencia había sido importantísimo.

Padrões de seletividade relacionados aos casais homossexuais e heterossexuais no Brasil / /Assortative mating patterns of homosexual and heterosexual couples in Brazil / /Patrones de selectividad de las parejas homosexuales y heterosexuales en Brasil

Esse artigo tem por objetivo analisar os padrões de seletividade marital entre os casais heterossexuais e os casais homossexuais no Brasil, investigando os níveis de escolaridade, cor/raça e grupo etário. Inicialmente foi feita uma análise descritiva dos dados com o intuito de caracterizar a população estudada e os diferenciais entre os tipos de casais. Além disso, esse artigo utiliza tabelas de contingência e modelos log-lineares para compreender as formas de associações entre os casais e quais variáveis influenciam a seletividade dos parceiros. Os resultados mostram que cor/raça e escolaridade têm maior influência na seletividade dos casais heterossexuais, enquanto cor/raça e grupo etário são mais relevantes para os casais homossexuais em relação aos seus padrões de seletividade. Portanto, é possível identificar a existência de diferenças entre as características de seletividade entre esses casais e seus padrões, o que abre margem para estudos posteriores que possam aprofundar a compreensão das distinções entre esses padrões, no sentido de encontrar formas de tentar explicá-las e suas possíveis consequências no Brasil.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los patrones de selectividad marital entre las parejas heterosexuales y homosexuales en Brasil, investigando para ello los niveles de escolaridad, color/raza y grupo etario. Inicialmente se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos con el fin de caracterizar a la población estudiada y los diferenciales entre los tipos de parejas. Además, el estudio utiliza tablas de contingencia y modelos log-lineares para entender las formas de asociación entre las parejas y las variables que influyen en la selectividad de sus miembros. En relación con los patrones de selectividad, los resultados muestran que el color/raza y la escolaridad tienen mayor influencia en las parejas heterosexuales, mientras que el color/raza y el grupo etario al que se pertenece son más relevantes para las parejas homosexuales. Por lo tanto, se pueden identificar diferencias entre las características de la selectividad de estas parejas y sus patrones, lo que abre un espacio para estudios posteriores que puedan profundizar la comprensión de las diferencias entre estos patrones, con el fin de intentar explicar estas distinciones y sus posibles consecuencias en el país.

Efectos del prejuicio sexual en la salud mental de gays y lesbianas, en la ciudad de Antofagasta, Chile / Efeitos do prejuízo sexual na saúde mental de gay e lésbicas, na cidade da Antofagasta, Chile / The effects of sexual prejudice on the mental health of gays and lesbians in Antofagasta, Chile

Este artículo caracteriza diferencias en relación al prejuicio sexual en la salud mental de personas homosexuales y heterosexuales. En el estudio se incluyeron medidas de Bienestar Psicológico y Bienestar Social, así como medidas de Distrés Psicológico (SCL-90-R). La muestra con la que se ha trabajado está compuesta por 110 personas (55 homosexuales y 55 heterosexuales), cuyas edades fluctuan entre 18 y 49 años. Si bien no se encontraron diferencias en la salud mental de personas homosexuales y heterosexuales, sí se reportaron diferencias en los análisis segmentados por sexo y orientación sexual. Por su parte, en este estudio, el prejuicio sexual apareció relacionado significativamente con algunas de las dimensiones de salud mental indagadas.

Este artigo caracteriza diferenças em relação ao prejuízo sexual na saúde mental de pessoas homossexuais e heterossexuais. No estudo, incluíram-se medidas de Bem-estar Psicológico e Bem-estar Social, assim como medidas de Distrés Psicológico (SCL-90-R). A mostra com a qual se trabalhou foi formada por 110 pessoas (55 homossexuais e 55 heterossexuais), cujas idades variam de 18 a 49 anos. Embora não tenham sido encontradas diferenças na saúde mental de pessoas homossexuais e heterossexuais, foram reportadas diferenças nas análises segmentadas por sexo e orientação sexual. Por sua vez, neste estudo, o prejuízo sexual apareceu relacionado significativamente a algumas das dimensões de saúde mental indagadas.

This article explores mental health indicators among homosexuals and heterosexuals. The study involved Psychological and Social Well-Being, as well as Psychological Distress dimensions (SCL-90-R). The sample comprised 55 homosexual and 55 heterosexual individuals, ages 18 to 49 years old. Although no mental health differentials were among either homosexuals or heterosexuals, differences were reported in the analysis by sex and sexual orientation. The correlation between sexual prejudice and some mental health dimension was found to be statistically relevant.

Sexual solicitation of Latino male day laborers by other men / Solicitación sexual de hombres jornaleros latinos por otros hombres

OBJECTIVE: To examine the likelihood of Latino day laborers being solicited for sex by other men. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 450 Latino day laborers were recruited in Los Angeles, California, from July to September 2005. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine which day laborers were more likely to be solicited and subsequently to have sex. RESULTS: Thirty-eight percent reported being solicited for sex by another man while seeking work. Those solicited were more likely to live longer in the US, be more educated and screen positive for drug dependence. Of those solicited, 9.4 percent had sex with their solicitors. Those screening positive for drug dependence were more likely to have sex. Most of the day laborers who had anal sex with their solicitors did not always use condoms. CONCLUSIONS: HIV prevention efforts should target drug dependent day laborers, who may place themselves at risk for HIV through sex with male solicitors.

OBJETIVO: Examinar hasta qué punto los jornaleros latinos son solicitados por otros hombres para tener relaciones sexuales. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Cuatrocientos cincuenta jornaleros latinos fueron reclutados en Los Ángeles, California, de julio a septiembre de 2005. Un análisis de regresión logística fue utilizado para determinar cuáles jornaleros tenían más probabilidades de que fueran solicitados y, subsecuentemente, de que tuvieran sexo. RESULTADOS: Treinta y ocho por ciento reportaron que fueron solicitados para sexo por otros hombres mientras buscaban trabajo. Estos hombres que fueron solicitados tenían más probabilidades de haber vivido más tiempo en los Estados Unidos, tener más educación formal y dar resultados positivos en dependencia de drogas. De los solicitados, 9.4 por ciento tuvieron sexo con los solicitadores. Aquellos que dieron resultados positivos para dependencia de drogas tenían más probabilidades de tener sexo. La mayoría de los jornaleros que tuvieron sexo anal con los solicitadores no siempre usaron condón. CONCLUSIONES: Esfuerzos de prevención del VIH deben dirigirse a jornaleros dependientes de drogas quienes pueden estar exponiéndose al riesgo de contraer VIH al tener sexo con solicitadores masculinos.

Dinámicas culturales en salud sexual y reproductiva. Reflexiones sobre programas de prevención en comunidades Latinas en los Estados Unidos / Cultural dynamics in sexual and reproductive health. Reflections on prevention programs in Latino communities in the United States

This presentation focuses on the thesis that successful attainment of sexual and reproductive health promotion goals in U.S. Latino communities depends on: 1) the effect of the transcultural and transnational experience in explanatory models of sexuality and human reproduction, 2) the reassessment and redefinition of women's power, 3) the inclusion of men in sexual health education programs, 4) the integration of sexual health education in community systems, and 5) the development of education interventions with economic development components.