RESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine the behaviour of strobilurin and carbocyamides commonly used in chemical protection of lettuce depending on carefully selected effective microorganisms (EM) and yeast (Y). Additionally, the assessment of the chronic health risk during a 2-week experiment was performed. The statistical method for correlation of physico-chemical parameters and time of degradation for pesticides was applied. In this study, the concentration of azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin and iprodione using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the matrix of lettuce plants was performed, and there was no case of concentration above maximum residues levels. Before harvest, four fungicides and their mixture with EM (1 % and 10 %) and/or yeast 5 % were applied. In our work, the mixtures of 1%EM + Y and 10%EM + Y both stimulated and inhibited the degradation of the tested active substances. Adding 10%EM to the test substances strongly inhibited the degradation of iprodione, and its concentration decreased by 30 %, and in the case of other test substances, the degradation was approximately 60 %. Moreover, the addition of yeast stimulated the distribution of pyraclostrobin and boscalid in lettuce leaves. The risk assessment for the pesticides ranged from 0.4 to 64.8 % on day 1, but after 14 days, it ranged from 0.0 to 20.9 % for children and adults, respectively. It indicated no risk of adverse effects following exposure to individual pesticides and their mixtures with EM and yeast.
Assuntos
Fungicidas Industriais/análise , Lactuca/química , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Praguicidas/análise , Aminoimidazol Carboxamida/análogos & derivados , Aminoimidazol Carboxamida/análise , Aminoimidazol Carboxamida/química , Aminoimidazol Carboxamida/metabolismo , Aspergillus/metabolismo , Compostos de Bifenilo/análise , Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Compostos de Bifenilo/metabolismo , Carbamatos/análise , Carbamatos/química , Carbamatos/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida , Monitoramento Ambiental , Fungicidas Industriais/química , Fungicidas Industriais/metabolismo , Humanos , Hidantoínas/análise , Hidantoínas/química , Hidantoínas/metabolismo , Lactobacillales/metabolismo , Lactuca/microbiologia , Metacrilatos/análise , Metacrilatos/química , Metacrilatos/metabolismo , Mucor/metabolismo , Niacinamida/análogos & derivados , Niacinamida/análise , Niacinamida/química , Niacinamida/metabolismo , Penicillium/metabolismo , Resíduos de Praguicidas/química , Resíduos de Praguicidas/metabolismo , Praguicidas/química , Praguicidas/metabolismo , Pirazóis/análise , Pirazóis/química , Pirazóis/metabolismo , Pirimidinas/análise , Pirimidinas/química , Pirimidinas/metabolismo , Rhodobacteraceae/metabolismo , Medição de Risco , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Estrobilurinas , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodosRESUMO
Papain has been shown, for the first time, to exhibit hydantoinase activity. It hydrolyzes the 5-mono and 5,5'-disubstituted hydantoins with linear and cyclic substituents, with a higher activity for the latter, to the corresponding N-carbamoyl amino acids, which on chemical hydrolysis yield the corresponding amino acids. The up-scaling of this simple procedure could be a major break-through for amino acid synthesis in chemical and pharmaceutical industries.