Assessment of fish protein hydrolysate as a substitute for fish meal in white shrimp diets: Impact on growth, immune response, and resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection.

This study investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate derived from barramundi on growth performance, muscle composition, immune response, disease resistance, histology and gene expression in white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). In vitro studies demonstrated FPH enhanced mRNA expressions of key immune-related genes and stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and phagocytic activity in shrimp hemocytes. To evaluate the effects of substituting fish meal with FPH in vivo, four isoproteic (43 %), isolipidic (6 %), and isoenergetic diets (489 kcal/100 g) were formulated with fish meal substitution levels of 0 % (control), 30 % (FPH30), 65 % (FPH65), and 100 % (FPH100). After 8-week feeding, the growth performance of FPH65 and FPH100 were significantly lower than that of control and FPH30 (p < 0.05). Similarly, the midgut histological examination revealed the wall thickness and villi height of FPH100 were significantly lower than those of control (p < 0.05). The shrimps were received the challenge of AHPND + Vibrio parahaemolyticus at week 4 and 8. All FPH-fed groups significantly enhanced resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus at week 4 (p < 0.05). However, this protective effect diminished after long-period feeding. No significant difference of survival rate was observed among all groups at week 8 (p > 0.05). The expressions of immune-related genes were analyzed at week 4 before and after challenge. In control group, V. parahaemolyticus significantly elevated SOD in hepatopancreas and Muc 19, trypsin, Midline-fas, and GPx in foregut (p < 0.05). Moreover, hepatopancreatic SOD of FPH65 and FPH100 were significantly higher than that of control before challenge (p < 0.05). Immune parameters were measured at week 8. Compared with control, the phagocytic index of FPH 30 was significantly higher (p < 0.05). However, dietary FPH did not alter ROS production, phenoloxidase activity, phagocytic rate, and total hemocyte count (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that FPH30 holds promise as a feed without adverse impacts on growth performance while enhancing the immunological response of white shrimp.

Assessment of functional efficacy of sheep plasma protein hydrolysates and their utilization in mutton sausage.

The present study examines the bioactive potential of sheep plasma protein hydrolysates (SPPH) produced by in-vitro gastrointestinal digestion as antioxidants, antimicrobials, anti-obesity agents, and inhibitors of lipid oxidation in sausage to address the oxidative stability and shelf-life issues of mutton. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, indicate a positive relationship between the degree of hydrolysis and digestion duration. The study finds that SPPH has a potent inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase. It has higher oil holding capacity than sheep plasma protein, observed at one hour of hydrolysis time. SPPH exhibit an improved behavior in foaming properties along alkaline pH and digestion time while display lower emulsifying activity and stability with hydrolysis advancement. The SPPH act as a natural preservative in developing functional mutton sausage by inhibiting lipid-oxidation. This study showed that the recovery of SPPH can be a cost-effective and sustainable strategy for generating available ingredients for enhanced shelf-life of meat products.

Integrated extraction, structural characterization, and activity assessment of squid pen protein hydrolysates and ß-chitin with different protease hydrolysis.

Squid pen (SP) is a valuable source of protein and ß-chitin. However, current research has primarily focused on extracting ß-chitin from SP. This study innovatively extracted both SP protein hydrolysates (SPPHs) and SP ß-chitin (SPC) simultaneously using protease hydrolysis. The effects of different proteases on their structural characteristics and bioactivity were evaluated. The results showed that SP alcalase ß-chitin (SPAC) had the highest degree of deproteinization (DP, 98.19 %) and SP alcalase hydrolysates (SPAH) had a degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 24.47 %. The analysis of amino acid composition suggested that aromatic amino acids accounted for 17.44 % in SPAH. Structural characterization revealed that SP flavourzyme hydrolysates (SPFH) had the sparsest structure. SPC exhibited an excellent crystallinity index (CI, over 60 %) and degree of acetylation (DA, over 70 %). During simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGD), the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, Fe2+ chelating activity, and reducing power of the SPPHs remained stable or increased significantly. Additionally, SPFC exhibited substantial inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (S. aureus and E. coli), with inhibition circle diameters measuring 2.4 cm and 2.1 cm. These findings supported the potential use of SPPHs as natural antioxidant alternatives and suggested that SPC could serve as a potential antibacterial supplement.

A scientific version of understanding "Why did the chickens cross the road"? - A guided journey through Bacillus spp. towards sustainable agriculture, circular economy and biofortification.

The world, a famished planet with an overgrowing population, requires enormous food crops. This scenario compelled the farmers to use a high quantity of synthetic fertilizers for high food crop productivity. However, prolonged usage of chemical fertilizers results in severe adverse effects on soil and water quality. On the other hand, the growing population significantly consumes large quantities of poultry meats. Eventually, this produces a mammoth amount of poultry waste, chicken feathers. Owing to the protein value of the chicken feathers, these wastes are converted into protein hydrolysate and further extend their application as biostimulants for sustained agriculture. The protein profile of chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) produced through Bacillus spp. was the maximum compared to physical and chemical protein extraction methods. Several studies proved that the application of CFPH and active Bacillus spp. culture to soil and plants results in enhanced plant growth, phytochemical constituents, crop yield, soil nutrients, fertility, microbiome and resistance against diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. Overall, "CFPH - Jack of all trades" and "Bacillus spp. - an active camouflage to the surroundings where they applied showed profound and significant benefits to the plant growth under the most adverse conditions. In addition, Bacillus spp. coheres the biofortification process in plants through the breakdown of metals into metal ions that eventually increase the nutrient value of the food crops. However, detailed information on them is missing. This can be overcome by further real-world studies on rhizoengineering through a multi-omics approach and their interaction with plants. This review has explored the best possible and efficient strategy for managing chicken feather wastes into protein-rich CFPH through Bacillus spp. bioconversion and utilizing the CFPH and Bacillus spp. as biostimulants, biofertilizers, biopesticides and biofortificants. This paper is an excellent report on organic waste management, circular economy and sustainable agriculture research frontier.

Using Azadirachta indica protein hydrolysate as a plant protein in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diet: Effects on the growth, economic efficiency, antioxidant-immune response and resistance to Streptococcus agalactiae.

A feeding trial for 90 days was conducted on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (average weight: 25.50 ± 0.05 g) to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of Azadirachta indica seed protein hydrolysate (AIPH). The evaluation included the impact on the growth metrics, economic efficiency, antioxidant potential, hemato-biochemical indices, immune response, and histological architectures. A total of 250 fish were randomly distributed in five treatments (n = 50) and received diets included with five levels of AIPH (%): 0 (control diet, AIPH0), 2 (AIPH2), 4 (AIPH4), 6 (AIPH6) or 8 (AIPH8), where AIPH partially replace fish meal by 0, 8.7%, 17.4%, 26.1%, and 34.8%, respectively. After the feeding trial, a pathogenic bacterium (Streptococcus agalactiae, 1.5 × 108 CFU/mL) was intraperitoneally injected into the fish and the survival rate was recorded. The results elucidated that AIPH-included diets significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the growth indices (final body weight, total feed intake, total body weight gain, and specific growth rate) and intestinal morpho-metrics (villous width, length, muscular coat thickness, and goblet cells count) in comparison to the control diet, with the AIPH8 diet recording the highest values. Dietary AIPH inclusion significantly improved (p < 0.05) the economic efficacy indicated by reduced feed cost/kg gain and increased performance index. The fish fed on the AIPH diets had noticeably significantly higher (p < 0.05) protein profile variables (total proteins and globulin) and antioxidant capabilities (superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity) than the AIPH0 group. The dietary inclusion of AIPH significantly (p < 0.05) boosted the haematological parameters (haemoglobin, packed cell volume %, and counts of red blood cells and white blood cells) and immune indices (serum bactericidal activity %, antiprotease activity, and immunoglobulin M level) in a concentration-dependent manner. The blood glucose and malondialdehyde levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lowered by dietary AIPH (2%-8%). The albumin level and hepatorenal functioning parameters (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatinine) were not significantly (p > 0.05) altered by AIPH diets. Additionally, AIPH diets did not adversely alter the histology of the hepatic, renal or splenic tissues with moderately activated melano-macrophage centres. The mortality rate among S. agalactiae-infected fish declined as dietary AIPH levels rose, where the highest survival rate (86.67%) was found in the AIPH8 group (p < 0.05). Based on the broken line regression model, our study suggests using dietary AIPH at the optimal level of 6%. Overall, dietary AIPH inclusion enhanced the growth rate, economic efficiency, health status, and resistance of Nile tilapia to the S. agalactiae challenge. These beneficial impacts can help the aquaculture sector to be more sustainable.

Utilization of fleshing waste of leather processing for the growth of zygomycetes: A new substrate for economical production of bio-polymer chitosan.

A simple scalable method has been developed to obtain protein hydrolysate from fleshing waste generated during leather processing. UV-Vis, FTIR and Solid State C13 NMR analyses identified that prepared protein hydrolysate is basically collagen hydrolysate. DLS and MALDI-TOF-MS spectra indicated that the prepared protein hydrolysate is mostly comprised of di- and tri-peptides and less poly-dispersed than the standard commercial product. A combination of 0.3% Yeast extract, 1% Protein Hydrolysate (PHz) and 2% Glucose is found to be the most efficient nutrient composition for the fermentative growth of three well-known chitosan producing zygomycetes group of fungi. Mucor sp. showed highest yield of biomass (2.74 g/L) as well as chitosan (335 mg/L). Biomass and chitosan yield for Rhizopus oryzae were found 1.53 g/L; 239 mg/L. Same for Absidia coerulea were 2.05 g/L and 212 mg/L, respectively. This work shows promising prospect of utilization of fleshing waste of leather processing for the low-cost production of industrially important biopolymer chitosan.

A Cell-Based Assessment of the Muscle Anabolic Potential of Blue Whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) Protein Hydrolysates.

Blue whiting (BW) represents an underutilised fish species containing a high-quality protein and amino acid (AA) profile with numerous potentially bioactive peptide sequences, making BW an economic and sustainable alternative source of protein. This study investigated the impact of three different BW protein hydrolysates (BWPH-X, Y and Z) on growth, proliferation and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in skeletal muscle (C2C12) myotubes. BWPHs were hydrolysed using different enzymatic and heat exposures and underwent simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID), each resulting in a high degree of hydrolysis (33.41-37.29%) and high quantities of low molecular mass peptides (86.17-97.12% <1 kDa). C2C12 myotubes were treated with 1 mg protein equivalent/mL of SGID-BWPHs for 4 h. Muscle growth and myotube thickness were analysed using an xCelligence™ platform. Anabolic signalling (phosphorylation of mTOR, rpS6 and 4E-BP1) and MPS measured by puromycin incorporation were assessed using immunoblotting. BWPH-X significantly increased muscle growth (p < 0.01) and myotube thickness (p < 0.0001) compared to the negative control (amino acid and serum free media). Muscle protein synthesis (MPS), as measured by puromycin incorporation, was significantly higher after incubation with BWPH-X compared with the negative control, but did not significantly change in response to BWPH-Y and Z treatments. Taken together, these preliminary findings demonstrate the anabolic potential of some but not all BWPHs on muscle enhancement, thus providing justification for human dietary intervention studies to confirm and translate the results of such investigations to dietary recommendations and practices.

Chemical Characterization of a Collagen-Derived Protein Hydrolysate and Biostimulant Activity Assessment of Its Peptidic Components.

Protein hydrolysates (PHs) are plant biostimulants consisting of oligopeptides and free amino acids exploited in agriculture to increase crop productivity. This work aimed to fractionate a commercial collagen-derived protein hydrolysate (CDPH) according to the molecular mass of the peptides and evaluate the bioactivity of different components. First, the CDPH was dialyzed and/or filtrated and analyzed on maize, showing that smaller compounds were particularly active in stimulating lateral root growth. The CDPH was then fractionated through fast protein liquid chromatography and tested on in vitro grown tomatoes proving that all the fractions were bioactive. Furthermore, these fractions were characterized by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry revealing a consensus sequence shared among the identified peptides. Based on this sequence, a synthetic peptide was produced. We assessed its structural similarity with the CDPH, the collagen, and polyproline type II helix by comparing the respective circular dichroism spectra and for the first time, we proved that a signature peptide was as bioactive as the whole CDPH.

Comparative assessment of antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties of skimmed milk protein hydrolysates and their incorporation in beverage mix.

BACKGROUND: Milk-derived protein hydrolysates have generated a great deal of interest recently due to their numerous beneficial health effects. However, there are few comparative studies on protein hydrolysates from different dairy species, their production, characterization, and bioactivity. In the present study, skimmed milk from both major and minor dairy species was hydrolyzed with alcalase, and its protein profiles were studied using tricine polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reverse phase-high protein liquid chromatography. The antioxidant and in vitro immunostimulatory properties were determined. RESULTS: Iron chelation activity was highest in hydrolysates of whey (25.00 ± 0.32 mmol L-1 ), casein (25.14 ± 0.34 mmol L-1 ), colostrum (24.52 ± 0.28 mmol L-1 ), and skimmed cattle milk (24.21 ± 0.26 mmol L-1 ). α,α-Diphenyl-ß-picrylhydrazyl scavenging and 2,2'-azobis(2-amidino-propane) dihydrochloride activity was lowest in skimmed donkey milk protein hydrolysates (MPHs) (IC50 : 5.37 ± 0.05 mg mL-1 and 151.59 ± 2.1 mg mL-1 ). Production of nitric oxide and phagocytosis activity in RAW 264.7 (murine macrophage cell line) was significantly higher among whey and buffalo skimmed milk protein hydrolysate-treated groups as compared with the untreated group. The incorporation of whey protein hydrolysate and skimmed buffalo milk protein hydrolysate were sensorially acceptable at 10% level in beverage mix. CONCLUSION: This study comparatively evaluates the antioxidative and immunomodulatory properties of different skimmed MPHs and their potential applications as ingredients in pediatric, geriatric, and other health-promoting foods. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Hidrolizada con alto contenido de trigliceridos de cadena media en pacientes pediátricos con linfangiectasia intestinal primaria y alergia a la leche de vaca / Hydrolyzed with high content of medium chain triglycerides in pediatric patients with primary intestinal lymphangiectasia and allergy to cow's milk

ANTECEDENTES En el marco de la metodología ad hoc para evaluar solicitudes de tecnologías sanitarias, aprobada mediante Resolución de Institución de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación N° 111-IETSI-ESSALUD-2021, se ha elaborado el presente dictamen, el que expone la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad de la fórmula extensamente hidrolizada con alto contenido de triglicéridos de cadena media en pacientes pediátricos con linfangiectasia intestinal primaria y alergia a la leche de vaca. Así, el Dr. Marco Antonio Morales Acosta, médico especialista en Pediatría del Servicio de Pediatría Especializada del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins de la Red Prestacional Rebagliati, siguiendo la Directiva N° 003-IETSI-ESSALUD-2016, envía al Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación ­ IETSI la solicitud de uso fuera del petitorio del producto fórmula extensamente hidrolizada alta en triglicéridos de cadena media. ASPECTOS GENERALES La linfangiectasia intestinal primaria (LIP) es una enfermedad poco frecuente caracterizada por una dilatación de los vasos linfáticos de la mucosa o submucosa del intestino delgado. Debido a la estasis y, finalmente, a la rotura de los vasos linfáticos, el líquido linfático, rico en albúmina y otras proteínas, se filtra hacia el tracto gastrointestinal (Brownell and Piccoli 2021). La LIP afecta principalmente a niños y adultos jóvenes, y generalmente se diagnostica antes de los 3 años de edad. El síntoma principal es el edema predominantemente bilateral de miembros inferiores relacionado con la gastroenteropatía perdedora de proteínas. También puede haber fatiga, dolor abdominal, pérdida de peso, incapacidad para aumentar de peso, retraso del crecimiento en los niños, diarrea moderada, deficiencias de vitaminas liposolubles debido a malabsorción, o deficiencia de hierro con anemia moderada (Brownell and Piccoli 2021; Orphanet 2021). La etiología y la prevalencia de la LIP es desconocida. En todo el mundo, se han notificado menos de 500 casos (Orphanet 2021). Su diagnóstico se confirma por la observación endoscópica de los vasos linfáticos intestinales dilatados con la correspondiente histología de las muestras de biopsia intestinal (Orphanet 2021). Y los objetivos del tratamiento incluyen maximizar el estado nutricional y la calidad de vida de los pacientes, mediante la reducción de los síntomas y de las secuelas. El pilar de la terapia dietética es una dieta baja en grasas, alta en proteínas y alta en triglicéridos de cadena media (TCM) (Brownell and Piccoli 2021). METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática utilizando las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane Library y LILACS. Además, se realizó una búsqueda dentro de bases de datos pertenecientes a grupos que realizan evaluaciones de tecnologías sanitarias (ETS) y guías de práctica clínica (GPC), incluyendo el Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC), el National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), la Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), la Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS), el Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), el Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud de Colombia (IETS), la Comissáo Nacional de Incorporacáo de Tecnologias no Sistema Único de Saúde (CONITEC), entre otros. Asimismo, se revisó la Base Regional de Informes de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud de las Américas (BRISA) y páginas web de sociedades especializadas en nutrición en pediatría como la North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN), la European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), y la American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN). De manera adicional, se hizo una búsqueda en la página web del registro de ensayos clínicos administrado por la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de los Estados Unidos (https://clinicaltrials.qov/) e International Clinical Trial Registry Platform (ICTRP) (https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/) para poder identificar ensayos clínicos en curso o cuyos resultados no hayan sido publicados. Las estrategias de búsqueda para identificar la evidencia de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) se encuentran en las Tabla 1, 2 y 3 del Material Suplementario. ANÁLISIS DE LA EVIDENCIA: En la presente evaluación no se identificaron guías, consensos de expertos o estudios que ayudaran a responder la pregunta PICO establecida en este dictamen. En ese sentido la evaluación se centró en la evidencia descrita previamente por el IETSI para el uso de la FEH en niños con APLV y la fórmula con alto contenido de TCM en niños con LIP, la plausibilidad biológica de la eficacia de la intervención de interés, y la opinión de los expertos de EsSalud. CONCLUSIONES: Por todo lo expuesto, el IETSI recomienda el uso de la fórmula extensamente hidrolizada con alto contenido de TCM en pacientes pediátricos con LIP y alergia la leche de vaca. Dado que actualmente el producto farmacéutico fórmula extensamente hidrolizada con alto contenido de triglicéridos de cadena media no cuenta con registro sanitario en el mercado peruano; de requerirse la autorización de este producto farmacéutico se recomienda seguir el procedimiento TUPA 118 "Autorización excepcional para la importación y uso de productos farmacéuticos, dispositivos médicos o productos sanitarios para la prevención y tratamiento individual" en el marco de lo establecido en el artículo 16 de la Ley N° 29459 "Ley de Productos Farmacéuticos, Dispositivos Médicos y Productos Sanitarios".

Assessment of Bioavailability after In Vitro Digestion and First Pass Metabolism of Bioactive Peptides from Collagen Hydrolysates.

Collagen hydrolysates (CHs) are composed of bioactive peptides (BAPs), which possess health enhancing properties. There is a knowledge gap regarding the bioavailability of these BAPs that involves intestinal transport and hepatic first pass effects. A simulated gastrointestinal model was used to generate digesta from two CHs (CH-GL and CH-OPT), which were applied to a novel transwell co-culture of human intestinal epithelium cell line-6 (HIEC-6) and hepatic (HepG2) cells to simulate in vivo conditions of absorption and first pass metabolism. Peptide transport, hepatic first pass effects, and bioavailability were determined by measuring BAPs (Gly-Pro, Hyp-Gly, Ala-Hyp, Pro-Hyp, Gly-Pro-Hyp) using an innovative capillary electrophoresis method. All peptides were transported across the intestinal cell layer to varying degrees with both CHs; however, Gly-Pro-Hyp was transported only with CH-GL, but not CH-OPT. Notable hepatic production was observed for Ala-Hyp with both CH treatments, and for Pro-Hyp and Gly-Pro with CH-GL only. All peptides were bioavailable (>10%), except for Gly-Pro-Hyp after CH-OPT. Overall, a high degree of transport and hepatic first pass effects on CH-derived BAPs were observed. Further research is needed to explore the hepatic mechanisms related to the production of BAPs and the bifunctional effects of the bioavailable BAPs noted in this study.

Gastrointestinal Digestion Model Assessment of Peptide Diversity and Microbial Fermentation Products of Collagen Hydrolysates.

Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis, is associated with metabolic diseases and gut microbiome dysbiosis. OA patients often take supplements of collagen hydrolysates (CHs) with a high peptide content. Following digestion, some peptides escape absorption to induce prebiotic effects via their colonic fermentation to generate short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) and colonic gases (NH4 and H2S). The capacity of CHs to generate microbial metabolites is unknown. Proteomic analysis of two CHs (CH-GL and CH-OPT) demonstrated different native peptide profiles with increased peptide diversity after in vitro gastric and small intestinal digestion. Subsequent 24 h fermentation of the CH digests in a dynamic gastrointestinal (GI) digestion model containing human fecal matter showed that CH-OPT increased (p < 0.05) H2S, SCFAs (propionic, butyric and valeric acids), BCFAs, and decreased NH4 in the ascending colon reactor with no major changes seen with CH-GL. No major effects were observed in the transverse and descending vessels for either CH. These findings signify that CHs can induce prebiotic effects in the ascending colon that are CH dependent. More studies are needed to determine the physiological significance of CH-derived colonic metabolites, in view of emerging evidence connecting the gut to OA and metabolic diseases.

Preparation of the Enzymatic Hydrolysates from Chlorella vulgaris Protein and Assessment of Their Antioxidant Potential Using Caenorhabditis elegans.

This study aimed to assess the antioxidant potential of Chlorella vulgaris protein-derived enzymatic hydrolysate using Caenorhabditis elegans. Protein extraction was performed using an alkali solution after complete C. vulgaris swelling and hydrolysis using four commercial proteases (alcalase, neutrase, protamex, and flavourzyme). The results showed that the flavourzyme hydrolysates exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo. Under the optimum conditions of the enzymatic hydrolysis, the half-maximal effective concentration of the hydrolysates for superoxide and hydroxyl radicals was 0.323 mg/mL and 0.139 mg/mL, respectively. The hydrolysates could significantly extend the lifespan, improve the resistance to methyl viologen-induced oxidative stress, reduce the levels of reactive oxygen species, and enhance the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase in C. elegans.

Management of meat by- and co-products for an improved meat processing sustainability.

Large amounts of meat by- and co-products are generated during slaughtering and meat processing, and require rational management of these products for an ecological disposal. Efficient solutions are very important for sustainability and innovative developments create high added-value from meat by-products with the least environmental impact, handling and disposal costs, in its transition to bioeconomy. Some proteins have relevant technological uses for gelation, foaming and emulsification while protein hydrolyzates may contribute to a better digestibility and palatability. Protein hydrolysis generate added-value products such as bioactive peptides with relevant physiological effects of interest for applications in the food, pet food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry. Inedible fats are increasingly used as raw material for the generation of biodiesel. Other applications are focused on the development of new biodegradable plastics that can constitute an alternative to petroleum-based plastics. This manuscript presents the latest developments for adding value to meat by- and co-products and discusses opportunities for making meat production and processing more sustainable.

Assessment of the biological activity of fish muscle protein hydrolysates using in vitro model systems.

The generation of biologically active fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) is a useful technique to produce value-added products with potential application in the functional food and nutraceutical industries. Fish muscle is an attractive substrate for the production of protein hydrolysates due to its rich protein content, containing 15-25% of total fish protein. This paper reviews the production of protein hydrolysates from fish muscle, most commonly via enzymatic hydrolysis, and their subsequent bioactivities including anti-obesity, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer activities as measured by in vitro testing methods. Disease prevention with FPH potentially offers a safe and natural alternative to synthetic drugs. Small molecular weight (MW) FPHs generally exhibit favourable bioactivity than large MW fractions via enhanced absorption through the gastrointestinal tract. This review also discusses the relationship between amino acid (AA) composition and AA sequence of FPH and peptides and their exhibited in vitro bioactivity.

Chicken Combs and Wattles as Sources of Bioactive Peptides: Optimization of Hydrolysis, Identification by LC-ESI-MS2 and Bioactivity Assessment.

The production of bioactive peptides from organic by-waste materials is in line with current trends devoted to guaranteeing environmental protection and a circular economy. The objectives of this study were i) to optimize the conditions for obtaining bioactive hydrolysates from chicken combs and wattles using Alcalase, ii) to identify the resulting peptides using LC-ESI-MS2 and iii) to evaluate their chelating and antioxidant activities. The hydrolysate obtained using a ratio of enzyme to substrate of 5% (w/w) and 240 min of hydrolysis showed excellent Fe2+ chelating and antioxidant capacities, reducing Fe3+ and inhibiting 2, 2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. The mapping of ion distribution showed that a high degree of hydrolysis led to the production of peptides with m/z ≤ 400, suggesting low mass peptides or peptides with multiple charge precursor ions. The peptides derived from the proteins of cartilage like Collagen alpha-2(I), Collagen alpha-1(I), Collagen alpha-1(III) and elastin contributed to generation of bioactive compounds. Hydrolysates from chicken waste materials could be regarded as candidates to be used as ingredients to design processed foods with functional properties.

Sensory Assessment of Fish and Chicken Protein Hydrolysates. Evaluation of NMR Metabolomics Profiling as a New Prediction Tool.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics profiling was evaluated as a new tool in sensory assessment of protein hydrolysates. Hydrolysates were produced on the basis of different raw materials (cod, salmon, and chicken), enzymes (Food Pro PNL and Bromelain), and hydrolysis time (10 and 50 min). The influence of raw material and hydrolysis parameters on sensory attributes was determined by traditional descriptive sensory analysis and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The raw material had a major influence on the attribute intensity and metabolite variation, followed by enzyme and hydrolysis time. However, the formation of bitter taste was not affected by the raw material. Partial least-squares regression (PLSR) on 1H NMR and sensory data provided good models (Q2 = 0.55-0.89) for 11 of the 17 evaluated attributes, including bitterness. Significant metabolite-attribute associations were identified. The study confirms the potential prediction of the sensory properties of protein hydrolysates from cod, salmon, and chicken based on 1H NMR metabolomics profiling.

In Silico and In Vitro Assessment of Portuguese Oyster (Crassostrea angulata) Proteins as Precursor of Bioactive Peptides.

In this study, the potential bioactivities of Portuguese oyster (Crassostrea angulata) proteins were predicted through in silico analyses and confirmed by in vitro tests. C. angulata proteins were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and identified by proteomics techniques. Hydrolysis simulation by BIOPEP-UWM database revealed that pepsin (pH > 2) can theoretically release greatest amount of bioactive peptides from C. angulata proteins, predominantly angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory peptides, followed by stem bromelain and papain. Hydrolysates produced by pepsin, bromelain and papain have shown ACE and DPP-IV inhibitory activities in vitro, with pepsin hydrolysate (PEH) having the strongest activity of 78.18% and 44.34% at 2 mg/mL, respectively. Bioactivity assays of PEH fractions showed that low molecular weight (MW) fractions possessed stronger inhibitory activity than crude hydrolysate. Overall, in vitro analysis results corresponded with in silico predictions. Current findings suggest that in silico analysis is a rapid method to predict bioactive peptides in food proteins and determine suitable enzymes for hydrolysis. Moreover, C. angulata proteins can be a potential source of peptides with pharmaceutical and nutraceutical application.

Isolation and Characterization of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides from Peach Seed Hydrolysates: In Vivo Assessment of Antihypertensive Activity.

A peptide fraction with molecular masses below 3 kDa (PSH-3 kDa) from a peach seed hydrolysate demonstrated high angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity (concentration to inhibit 50% ACE (IC50) = 16.4 µg/mL) in our previous work. This work proposes a further study of this highly active fraction. RP-HPLC enabled two fractions (F3 and F4) with high inhibitory activity (IC50 = 2.0 ± 0.5 and 1.2 ± 0.2 µg/mL, respectively) to be isolated. Peptide analysis by LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS using reverse-phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatography enabled 33 peptides within both fractions to be identified. Among them, peptide isoleucine-tyrosine-serine-proline-histidine (IYSPH) showed the highest capacity. The lack of cytotoxicity of peptides was demonstrated in three different cell lines (HeLa, HT-29, and HK-2). Oral administration of PSH-3 kDa fraction or peptide IYSPH caused a significant systolic blood pressure reduction (-30 mmHg) on spontaneously hypertensive rats after 3-6 h treatment.

Assessment of Cholesterol, Glycemia Control and Short- and Long-Term Antihypertensive Effects of Smooth Hound Viscera Peptides in High-Salt and Fructose Diet-Fed Wistar Rats.

In this study, the antihypertensive activity of Purafect®-smooth hound viscera protein hydrolysate (VPH) and its peptide fraction with molecular weight (MW) below 1 kDa (VPH-I) was investigated. In addition, the lipase inhibitory activity, as well the anticoagulant potential, in vitro, were assessed. The antihypertensive effects of VPH and VPH-I were studied during 24 h (short-term effect) and 30 days (long-term effect) using high-salt (18% NaCl) and -fructose (10%) diet (HSFD)-induced hypertension. Data showed that, 4 h post-administration of VPH and VPH-I (200 mg/kg BW), the systolic blood pressure of rats was reduced by about 6 and 9 mmHg, respectively. These effects were similar to that obtained with Captopril (~9 mmHg at t = 4 h). On the other hand, exposing the rats to daily to HSFD, coupled to the administration of viscera peptides, was found to attenuate hypertension. In addition, the proteins' treatments were able to correct lipid and glycemic disorders, by reducing the total cholesterol and triglyceride contents and resorting to the plasma glucose level, compared to the HSFD group. Overall, the present findings demonstrated the preventive effect of VPH-peptides from hypertension complications, as a result of their biological properties.