Should a Healthcare System Facilitate Racially Concordant Care for Black Patients?

Addressing racial disparities in health outcomes is an urgent priority for many health care organizations, leading health care managers to explore the potential for organization-level interventions to yield substantive health gains. In recent literature, it is suggested that Black patients who are treated by Black physicians may achieve superior health outcomes in some settings. In this case discussion, we consider a case in which a medical director considers implementing a voluntary program to promote racially concordant care for Black patients. Commentators consider the precedent for such a program, both in current informal care networks and 20th century medical history, as well as the burden such a program may place on Black physicians and the risks of reducing patients' intersectional identities to be solely about race. A subset of commentators suggest that these risks are mitigated by the voluntary nature of the program, whereas others offer caution about relying solely on Black physicians to remedy health disparities. Others view multiple paths as morally defensible but emphasize the need for managers to take proactive steps to communicate and evaluate their choices in the face of such a complex social challenge.

Evaluation of an interactive showroom to increase general knowledge about welfare technology and its potential in municipal care settings.

Background: Welfare Technology (WT) can promote participation in activity. Thus, initiatives to support the implementation of WT products and services in municipality care settings needs to be developed and evaluated to benefit end-users.Objective: To evaluate an interactive showroom of WT.Material and method: Municipal employees (n = 217) filled in a questionnaire before and after they visited an interactive showroom of WT.Findings: The number of participants confirming WT's potential to contribute to municipal operation areas increased in seven out of eight areas after their visits (p < 0.05). A statistically significant increase was also found regarding general knowledge of and confidence in WT and its potential value.Conclusion: A visit to the interactive showroom increased the perceived general knowledge and appreciated value of WT. The perception of the possibility of implementing WT in various municipal operation areas also increased, which may contribute to the implementation of WT in municipal care settings.

Rethinking Private-Public Partnership in the Health Care Sector: The Case of Municipal Hospital affiliation.

By the late 1950s, New York City's public hospital system-more extensive than any in the nation-was falling apart, with dilapidated buildings and personnel shortages. In response, Mayor Robert Wagner authorized an affiliation plan whereby the city paid private academic medical centers to oversee training programs, administrative tasks, and resource procurement. Affiliation sparked vigorous protest from critics, who saw it as both an incursion on the autonomy of community-oriented public hospitals and the steamrolling of private interests over public ones. In the wake of the New York City fiscal crisis of 1975, however, the viability of a purely public hospital system withered, given the new economic climate facing the city. In its place was a new institutional form: affiliation and the public-private provision of public health care.

Health policy making through operative actions: a case study of provider capacity reduction in a public safety-net system.

This article describes and assesses the implications of policy decisions affecting health provider capacity in the Los Angeles County municipal safety-net health system from 1980 to 2000. Although never articulated in law or a county ordinance, the county pursued a sustained and discernable policy of cost reductions that affected capacity at King/Drew Medical Center from 1980 to 2000 without the input of beneficiaries or their advocates. Year after year, the county reduced personnel, supplies, and available beds either by reducing formal budgets or through operative actions of facility administrators that prevented the implementation of formally approved expenditures. This policy appears to have undermined the hospital system's mission of providing health services to at-risk populations with nowhere else to go. Decision making during the two decades under study revealed a decision-making pattern that challenged traditional models of policy decision making.

[The improvement of manpower support of municipal hospitals].

The article demonstrates the importance of analysis of improvement of implementation of manpower support of municipal hospitals in the framework of development of planning their activities. The optimal identification of demand in manpower and other types of resources is considered.

Cooperation and contention in psychiatric work.

This article discusses the social organization of psychiatric work in the psychiatric emergency department of a public general hospital located in New York City, based on ethnographic research conducted from 1999 to 2001. Case studies of the care of two patients with ambiguous symptoms are discussed. The analysis applies the ''differences approach'' developed by Mol and colleagues which focuses on the way different professions provide divergent explanations and ontologies for symptoms and illness. The cases illustrate the ways in which social structural constraints are compelling psychiatry to become a multidisciplinary specialty.

A two-dimensional equity proposal for self-sufficiency in municipal safety-net hospitals.

This article advances a two-dimensional equity approach for self-sufficiency in municipal safety-net hospitals that will strengthen provider self-sufficiency and protect the safety-net mission of providing a dignified floor of health services to the most disadvantaged members of the society. The model responds to the failure of current delivery strategies to effectively cope with the changing market configurations in safety-net systems that have eliminated the possibility of cross-subsidization which has long been the mainstay of safety-net systems. The identified pathway to self sufficiency is made up of (1) a differential service delivery framework which includes a two-tier patient system, uniform standards of care and service levels, and the creation of a community health campus; (2) independent sector ownership; and (3) intergovernmental policy actions restricting ownership of safety-net hospitals to nonprofit entities. Although this model is explained by demonstrating potential application in safety-net hospitals, it is believed that the model is applicable in ambulatory care settings. Future work can focus on the construction of an ambulatory variation of the model and the empirical testing of the hospital and ambulatory models.

[Governance of PHC development in Rosario, Argentina]. / Gobernanza del desarrollo de la APS en Rosario, Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: Describing the development of PHC policy as promoted by Rosario Municipality (Argentina). METHODS: A case-study was carried out during 2007 and 2008. Data was collected from secondary and primary sources (interviews, organisational census and observations). PHC development stages were identified by recognising the social norms which produced institutional change and transformation in municipal health services structure and health care and management models. The prevailing modes of governance in each stage were reconognised and characterised (clan, hierarchy and/or incentives). RESULTS: Four stages were identified between 1990 and 2008: 1990-1995/hierarchical mode: primary health care level organisation autonomied from hospitals. 1995-2000/ clan mode: developing of participatory managerial boards and community participation. 2000-2004/ clan mode: maturation of the "PHC movement" in competition with hospitals. 2004-2008/ clan-hierarchical mode: "movement's" crisis and constructions of norms tending towards enhancing an integrated network. DISCUSSION: Strengthening and empowering first-level health-care produced innovation favouring: the consolidation of a "PHC movement" having strong social commitment and improved services performance. The clan governance mode (regulating collective action via voluntary adhesion to shared values) was crucial for developing PHC between 1995 and 2004. Later on, the movement's fragmentation and the challenges of integrating the health system required developing hierarchical regulation mechanisms to complement the governance clan mode regulation.

Planificación y gestión de los servicios centrales de diagnóstico y tratamiento del Hospital Materno-Infantil Ramón Sardá / Planning and management of the central services of diagnosis and treatment of the Hospital Materno Infantil Ramón Sardá

El crecimiento del sector salud ha sido significativo en los últimos años. En el ámbito público los servicios se prestan con grandes carencias de planificación y de ajuste organizacional. La planificación de los servicios de los hospitales públicos posee rasgos distintivos que hacen complejo su análisis, dado que debe ajustarse tanto a las necesidades de múltiples actores como a las características de un sistema que tiende a la burocratización y no se caracteriza por su flexibilidad. El objetivo general fue proponer los lineamientos iniciales para la continuidad del funcionamiento y desarrollo del Departamento de Servicios Centrales de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento de la Maternidad Sardá, para una gestión eficiente, enfocada en la atención de nuestras pacientes y comprometida con la implantación de Sistemas de Calidad. Los objetivos específicos fueron: 1. Inserción del Departamento en el Hospital. 2. Desarrollo de las actividades asistenciales. 3. Desarrollo del Recurso Humano. 4. Desarrollo de los recursos físicos y materiales. El proyecto es abierto y convoca a implementar procedimientos y métodos para anticipar y reducir riesgos de incertidumbre y variabilidad en las acciones en nuestro ámbito de influencia. El fin de la planificación es alcanzar los objetivos deseados para nuestro Departamento de Diagnóstico y este desafío requiere orientar los esfuerzos diarios hacia el planteamiento claro y concreto de las responsabilidades de cada uno y ser consecuentes con los objetivos comunes, factor clave para el desarrollo sostenido y sustentable de nuestro Sistema de Salud.

In recent years, healthcare services' growth has been significant. Lack of planning in public health care gave way to unsatisfactory services. Planning on hospital services has distinctive features, making its analysis a complex task. It must adjust both to needs of multiple actors and to the characteristics of a system that tends to burocratization and is not particularly characterized by its flexibility. The prime purpose of present report was to propose new development and operational features for the Diagnosis and Treatment Central Services Department of Sardá Maternity, for an efficient management focused on patient care and committed on Quality Systems' implementation. The specific objectives are: 1. Insertion of Department into Hospital. 2. Development of assistance activities. 3. Development of Human Resources. 4. Development of material resources. This is an open design that aims to accomplish proceedings and methods to anticipate and reduce uncertainty risks and variability in our action field. The primary goal of planning is to accomplish the desired objectives for our Hospital, therefore, this particular challenge implies clear and concrete approach to everyone's responsabilities and common objectives, key factor to reach supported and sustainable development of our Health System.

Gobernanza del desarrollo de la APS en Rosario, Argentina / Governance of PHC development in Rosario, Argentina

Objetivo Describir el desarrollo de la política de APS promovida por el municipio de Rosario. Métodos Se condujo un estudio de caso durante 2007 y 2008. Se recogieron datos de fuentes secundarias y primarias (entrevistas, censo organizacional y observaciones). Se identificaron etapas del desarrollo de la APS a partir del reconocimiento de las normas sociales que produjeron cambios institucionales y de la estructura, modelo de gestión y atención de los servicios de salud municipales. Se reconocieron y caracterizaron los modos de gobernanza (clan, jerárquico y/o incentivos) prevalecientes en cada etapa. Resultados Se identificaron entre 1990 y 2008 cuatro etapas: 1990-1995/modo jerárquico: organización del primer nivel de atención con autonomía de los hospitales. 1995-2000/modo clan: desarrollo de los colegiados de gestión y la participación comunitaria. 2000-2004/modo clan: maduración del "movimiento de APS" en competencia con hospitales. 2004-2008/modo clan-jerárquico: crisis del "movimiento" y construcción de normas tendientes hacia el fortalecimiento de una red integrada. Discusión El fortalecimiento y empoderamiento del primer nivel de atención produjo innovaciones que favorecieron: la consolidación de un "movimiento de APS" con fuerte compromiso social y una mejora en el desempeño de los servicios. El modo de gobernanza de clan (regulación de la acción colectiva a partir de la adhesión voluntaria a valores compartidos) fue crucial para el desarrollo de la APS entre 1995 al 2004. Más tarde, la fragmentación del movimiento y los desafíos de mejorar la integración del sistema requirieron del desarrollo de mecanismos de regulación jerárquicos complementarios al modo de clan.

Objetive Describing the development of PHC policy as promoted by Rosario Municipality (Argentina). Methods A case-study was carried out during 2007 and 2008. Data was collected from secondary and primary sources (interviews, organisational census and observations). PHC development stages were identified by recognising the social norms which produced institutional change and transformation in municipal health services structure and health care and management models. The prevailing modes of governance in each stage were reconognised and characterised (clan, hierarchy and/or incentives). Results Four stages were identified between 1990 and 2008: 1990-1995/hierarchical mode: primary health care level organisation autonomied from hospitals. 1995-2000/ clan mode: developing of participatory managerial boards and community participation. 2000-2004/ clan mode: maturation of the "PHC movement" in competition with hospitals. 2004-2008/ clan-hierarchical mode: "movement’s" crisis and constructions of norms tending towards enhancing an integrated network. Discussion Strengthening and empowering first-level health-care produced innovation favouring: the consolidation of a "PHC movement" having strong social commitment and improved services performance. The clan governance mode (regulating collective action via voluntary adhesion to shared values) was crucial for developing PHC between 1995 and 2004. Later on, the movement’s fragmentation and the challenges of integrating the health system required developing hierarchical regulation mechanisms to complement the governance clan mode regulation.

A performance assessment method for hospitals: the case of municipal hospitals in Angola.

Over 60% of the recurrent budget of the Ministry of Health (MoH) in Angola is spent on the operations of the fixed health care facilities (health centres plus hospitals). However, to date, no study has been attempted to investigate how efficiently those resources are used to produce health services. Therefore the objectives of this study were to assess the technical efficiency of public municipal hospitals in Angola; assess changes in productivity over time with a view to analyzing changes in efficiency and technology; and demonstrate how the results can be used in the pursuit of the public health objective of promoting efficiency in the use of health resources. The analysis was based on a 3-year panel data from all the 28 public municipal hospitals in Angola Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a non-parametric linear programming approach, was employed to assess the technical and scale efficiency and productivity change over time using Malmquist index. The results show that on average, productivity of municipal hospitals in Angola increased by 4.5% over the period 2000-2002; that growth was due to improvements in efficiency rather than innovation.

[Decentralization of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and inter-municipal flow of hospital admissions in the Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: a spatial analysis]. / A interiorização da epidemia de HIV/AIDS e o fluxo intermunicipal de internação hospitalar na Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, Brasil: uma análise espacial.

The aim of this article was to analyze the decentralization of the HIV/AIDS epidemic (a shift towards rural areas or away from the coast) and to investigate access to HIV/AIDS services from 1988 to 2002 in the Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. An ecological study was performed using temporal and spatial approaches. A hospital admissions flow between municipalities developed, and the reference group was AIDS patients over 15 years of age admitted in 1996 and 2004, residing in municipalities in the Zona da Mata. There were 2,469 reported AIDS cases in individuals over 15 during the period. Mean incidence and mortality rates were calculated and recalculated by a local empirical Bayesian method in order to more clearly represent the municipalities with the highest concentration of cases and deaths. Decentralization of the epidemic was observed. Juiz de Fora was the municipality with the most cases and may have acted as a hub for spread of HIV in the region. Hospital care for AIDS cases in the Zona da Mata was concentrated in that municipality. There is a strong need to further investigate why referral hospitals in other municipalities in the region have not participated in providing management and care for HIV/AIDS patients.

A interiorização da epidemia de HIV/AIDS e o fluxo intermunicipal de internação hospitalar na Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, Brasil: uma análise espacial / Decentralization of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and inter-municipal flow of hospital admissions in the Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: a spatial analysis

O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar o processo de interiorização da epidemia de AIDS e investigar o acesso aos serviços em HIV/AIDS, entre 1988-2002, na Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Realizou-se estudo ecológico, com abordagem têmporo-espacial. Construiu-se um fluxo de internação hospitalar, tendo como referência pacientes maiores de 15 anos, internados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, nos anos de 1996 e 2004, residentes nos municípios da região. Foram registrados 2.469 casos de AIDS em maiores de 15 anos no período; as taxas médias de incidência e mortalidade foram calculadas e reestimadas pelo estimador bayesiano empírico local para representar de maneira mais clara os municípios com maior concentração de casos e de óbitos. Verificou-se a interiorização da epidemia. Juiz de Fora é o município com maior número de casos e provável centro difusor da AIDS na região. A assistência hospitalar dos casos de AIDS da Zona da Mata está concentrada nesse município. Destaca-se necessidade de investigações adicionais sobre causas da não-participação de hospitais de referência em outros municípios da região na gerência e prestação de cuidados aos pacientes que vivem com HIV/AIDS.

The aim of this article was to analyze the decentralization of the HIV/AIDS epidemic (a shift towards rural areas or away from the coast) and to investigate access to HIV/AIDS services from 1988 to 2002 in the Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. An ecological study was performed using temporal and spatial approaches. A hospital admissions flow between municipalities developed, and the reference group was AIDS patients over 15 years of age admitted in 1996 and 2004, residing in municipalities in the Zona da Mata. There were 2,469 reported AIDS cases in individuals over 15 during the period. Mean incidence and mortality rates were calculated and recalculated by a local empirical Bayesian method in order to more clearly represent the municipalities with the highest concentration of cases and deaths. Decentralization of the epidemic was observed. Juiz de Fora was the municipality with the most cases and may have acted as a hub for spread of HIV in the region. Hospital care for AIDS cases in the Zona da Mata was concentrated in that municipality. There is a strong need to further investigate why referral hospitals in other municipalities in the region have not participated in providing management and care for HIV/AIDS patients.