CARACTERIZACIÓN Y USO DE LOS RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS GENERADOS POR EMPRESAS DEL SECTOR METALMECÁNICO EN LA CIUDAD DE MANIZALES / CHARACTERIZATION AND USE OF SOLID WASTE PRODUCED BY COMPANIES OF THE METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY IN THE CITY OF MANIZALES

Este artículo presenta los resultados de la caracterización de los residuos sólidos en las empresas más importantes del sector metalmecánico de la ciudad de Manizales. Inicialmente, se estableció la conceptualización normativa y teórica que fundamenta los aspectos relacionados con los residuos industriales, luego se hizo énfasis en los residuos sólidos del sector metalmecánico. Se planteó, como parte de la metodología, un instrumento para la recolección de la información basado en el Catálogo Europeo de Residuos. El instrumento permitió el registro de la información de acuerdo a la estructura básica de una empresa metalmecánica y los posibles residuos que se pueden generar a lo largo de la secuencia del proceso productivo, además de su manejo y disposición. Se encontró que los residuos con mayor volumen de generación son los metálicos, cartón, papel y madera que, en conjunto, representan aproximadamente el 84% del total. El 67% de los residuos generados se están aprovechando directamente por las empresas, donde la donación corresponde al 12%. Finalmente, aunque se conoce la disposición de los residuos, no se sabe con exactitud el impacto, en términos del grado de aprovechamiento.

This paper presents the results of the characterization of solid waste in the most important companies in the metallurgical industry in the city of Manizales. Initially, the normative and theoretical conceptualization that substantiate the aspects related to industrial waste was established and then, emphasis was placed on solid waste in the metallurgical sector. An instrument for the collection of information based on the European Waste Catalog was proposed as part of the methodology. The instrument allowed the registration of the information according to the basic structure of a metallurgic industry and the possible waste that can be generated throughout the sequence of the production process, in addition to its management and disposal. It was found that the waste with the highest volume of generation are metal, cardboard, paper, and wood, which together represent approximately 84% of the total. The 67% of the waste generated is being used directly by the companies and the donation corresponds to 12%. Finally, although the disposal of the waste is known, the impact in terms of the degree of use is not known exactly.

Industrial and biotechnological applications of ligninolytic enzymes of the basidiomycota: a review

Ligninolytic enzymes of the basidiomycetes play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. The demand for application of ligninolytic enzymes complexes of white-rot fungi in industry and biotechnology is ever increasing due to their use in a variety of processes. Ligninolytic enzymes have potential applications in a large number of fields, including the chemical, fuel, food, agricultural, paper, textile, cosmetic industrial sectors and more. This ligninolytic system of white-rot fungi is also directly involved in the degradation of various xenobiotic compounds and dyes. Their capacities to remove xenobiotic substances and produce polymeric products make them a useful tool for bioremediation purposes. This paper reviews the applications of ligninolytic enzymes of basidiomycetes within different industrial and biotechnological area.

Estudo da toxicidade in vivo e in vitro em produtos de papel para fins sanitários e sua avaliação microbiológica / Study the toxicity in vivo and in vitro in papers with sanitary purposes and microbiological quality assessment

Os papéis para fins sanitários são produtos absorventes compostos de fibras naturais, destinados à fabricação de papel higiênico, lenços, toalhas, guardanapos e lençóis hospitalares. Foram analisados 65 produtos de diferentes marcas de papéis comercializadas em São Paulo para avaliar a toxicidade dérmica utilizando-se ensaios in vivo e in vitro e a qualidade microbiológica. Foram utilizados ensaios recomendados pelas Norma ABNT NBR 15134-30/09/2004, Portaria 1480-31/12/1990 e Farmacopeia Americana. O ensaio in vivo foi realizado utilizando-se técnicas de Draize, Magnusson e Kligman; para o teste in vitro pela difusão em ágar foram empregadas as linhagens celulares NCTC clone 929 (ATCC-CCL1). Os produtos apresentaram resultados satisfatórios nos ensaios in vivo e in vitro. A qualidade microbiológica foi satisfatória em 49 (75,4%) amostras, porém em 16 (24,6%) amostras os resultados foram insatisfatórios pela presença de bactérias mesófilas aeróbias e de Clostridium spp. A técnica de citotoxicidade in vitro poderá ser utilizada como teste de triagem e como ensaio alternativo em substituição aos ensaios in vivo. Apesar da análise microbiológica não constar nas normas vigentes, o seu uso torna-se relevante para avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias e atender às normas de Boas Práticas de Fabricação e Controle.

Papers manufactured for sanitary purposes are absorbing products, composed by natural fibers, and usedto produce hygienic paper, handkerchiefs, towels, napkins, and hospital sheets. Sixty-five products fromdifferent manufacturers and marketed in São Paulo, Brazil were investigated by in vivo and in vitro dermal toxicity assays and microbiological quality analysis. The assays were performed following ABNT NBR 15134 Regulation and Ministerial Decree 1480. In vivo assay was carried out by Draize and Magnusson and Kligman techniques, and in vitro testing was performed by agar diffusion NCTC cell strains clone 929(ATCC-CCL1). Microbiological analysis was performed according to Ministerial Decree 1480. The analyzed products showed satisfactory results on both in vivo and in vitro assays. Forty-nine (75.4%) samples showed satisfactory microbiological quality, but unsatisfactory in 16 (24.6%) samples due to the occurrence of aerobicmesophilic bacteria and Clostridium spp. In vitro cytotoxicity assay could be used as screening test, and as an alternative test for replacing the animal-using methodologies. The microbiological analysis is not included in the pertinent guidelines, but the use of analytical marker is crucial for assessing the sanitary-hygienic conditions and also to act in compliance with Good Manufacturing and Control Practices.

La insoportable levedad del papel: conflicto socioambiental y salud em torno de la producción de celulosa en el cono sur Latinoamericano / Unbearable Lightness of paper: conflict and socio-health in around the production of cellulose in the Latin American southern cone

Detrás del maquillaje verde mediático-corporativo, la actual forma de producirde celulosa para exportación en América Latina esconde fuertes impactos ambientales, sociales y a la salud colectiva. Se trata de un proceso conducido por formas insostenibles de consumo, basado tanto en una explotación forestal intensiva y extensiva como en el funcionamiento de enormes plantas pulperas para producir madera rápida y pulpa de mercado respectivamente. Por medio de un abordaje metodológico dialéctico e interdisciplinario, se explica la emergencia histórica de las conflictivas forestación insostenible y concentración tecnológica en la región. También se muestra, por un lado, la limitación del conocimiento científico disciplinario para legitimar la gestión ambiental de procesos complejos de este tipo y, por otro, las limitaciones éticas para legitimar cualquier gestión de recursos naturales impuesta por la modalidad delos hechos consumados. En este sentido, la democratización – entendida como el acceso efectivo de los ciudadanos a los procesos de toma de decisión – aparece como una salida, no apenas a la degradación ambiental y de la calidad de vida, sino como un requisito indispensable para la justicia social. Democratización que bien podría comenzar por el efectivo acceso ciudadano a información de calidad.