Development of novel Streptococcus equi vaccines with an assessment of their immunizing potentials and protective efficacies.

Strangles is a highly contagious disease of the equine upper respiratory tract caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies. Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi) and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) was isolated, as local, hot, and field strains, from horses clinically suffering from respiratory distress. The isolated Streptococci were identified using bacteriological and molecular techniques. Four formulations of inactivated S. equi vaccines were developed and evaluated. The first formulation was prepared using the S. equi isolates, adjuvanted with MONTANIDE GEL adjuvant, while the second formulation was adjuvanted with MONTANIDE ISA-70 adjuvant. The other 2 formulations were inactivated combined vaccines prepared from both S. equi and S. zooepidemicus isolates. The 3rd formulation was the combined isolates adjuvanted with MONTANIDE GEL while the 4th formulation was the combined isolates adjuvanted with MONTANIDE ISA-70. The developed vaccines' physical properties, purity, sterility, safety, and potency were ensured. The immunizing efficacy was determined in isogenic BALB/c mice and white New Zealand rabbits using the passive hemagglutination test. Also, the antibodies' titer of the combined S. equi and S. zooepidemicus vaccine adjuvanted with MONTANIDE ISA-70 in foals was tracked using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protective efficacy of the developed vaccines was determined using a challenge test in both laboratory and field animal models, where a 75% protection rate was achieved. The combined vaccine proved to be more efficacious than the monovalent vaccine. Also, the MONTANIDE ISA-70 adjuvant provided significant protective efficacy than the MONTANIDE GEL. The current work is introducing a very promising mitigative and strategic controlling solution for strangles.

Assessment of conventional PCR and real-time PCR compared to the gold standard method for screening Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women

ABSTRACT Group B Streptococcus is a causative agent of invasive neonatal infections. Maternal colonization by Streptococcus agalactiae is a necessary condition for vertical transmission, with efficient screening of pregnant women playing an essential role in the prevention of neonatal infections. In this study, we aimed to compare the performance of conventional polymerase chain reaction and real-time PCR assays as screening methods for S. agalactiae in pregnant women against the microbiological culture method considered as the gold-standard. A total of 130 samples from pregnant women were analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software, version 20.0. The verified colonization rate was 3.8% with the gold-standard, 17.7% with conventional PCR assay, and 29.2% with the real-time PCR test. The trials with conventional PCR and real-time PCR had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 85.6% and 73.6%, respectively. The real-time PCR assay had a better performance compared to the gold-standard and a greater detection rate of colonization by S. agalactiae compared to conventional PCR assay. With its quick results, it would be suitable for using in routine screenings, contributing to the optimization of preventive approaches to neonatal S. agalactiae infection.

Impacto Económico de la Vacuna contra el Neumococo en Pacientes Oncológicos / Economic impact of neumococcal vaccine on oncological patients

Objetivos: Evaluar económicamente la vacuna contra S pneumoniae en pacientes oncológicos para Colombia. Métodos: Dado que la efectividad de la vacuna en este tipo de pacientes no está comprobada, se calculó el costo de los primeros seis años de un programa de vacunación para pacientes oncológicos y se estimó el costo de oportunidad con alternativas de detección temprana de cáncer. Resultados: Un programa de vacunación de pacientes oncológicos contra S pneumoniae costaría en sus primeros seis años cerca de treinta y un mil millones de pesos constantes de 2006. Con estos recursos se podrían realizar aproximadamente 170 000 colonoscopias o pruebas de detección temprana de VPH, 500 000 mamografías o más de 3 800 000 citologías. Conclusiones: Dada la escasez de recursos, es preferible económicamente destinar estas cifras a adelantar programas cuya efectividad esté comprobada, ya sea para detección temprana de cáncer o para vacunación de niños sanos.

Objective: An economic evaluation of an anti-S pneumoniae vaccine for oncological patients in Colombia. Methods: As there is no evidence of vaccine effectiveness for this kind of patient, the cost of a vaccination programme for oncological patients was calculated during its first six years and the opportunity cost was estimated for early cancer detection alternatives. Results: An anti-S. pneumoniae vaccination programme for oncological patients would cost around $31 000 000 000 (Colombian pesos in 2006, i.e. nearly US$12 400 000) during its first years. Alternative programs could be developed with this amount, such as 170 000 colonoscopies or early HPV detection, 500 000 mammographies, or more than 3 800 000 cytologies. Conclusions: Given the scarcity of resources, it would be better (from an economic point of view) to devote this amount to programmes whose effectiveness has been proven, such as early cancer detection or vaccinating healthy children.

Febre reumática: quando a amidalite se torna pesadelo / Viva Legal

Fala sobre a febre reumática, o que é, como é provocada e como pode ser prevenida. Informa que, apesar de pouco conhecida, apresenta alta incidência, sendo considerada caso de saúde pública. Cita os principais sintomas e tratamentos das infecções por estreptococos e as diversas complicações que a doença pode trazer, mostrando que pode ser evitada, desde que essas infecções sejam tratadas a tempo e de maneira correta, procurando um serviço de saúde rapidamente