The Anti-Cancer League and public outreach for cancer control in Peru.

Peru's first cancer control public outreach scheme started in the 1910s, but ground to a standstill as it attained official governmental recognition in 1926 as the Liga Anti-Cancerosa (LAC). This paper explains the developments leading to that earliest effort to enlist a coalition of State health agencies, physicians, and lay people in a campaign to publicize early signs of this disease, as well as the medical and political reasons for and implications of its decline. Besides highlighting the importance of professional initiatives shaping cancer activism, contextualizing the rise and fall of the LAC calls attention to the effects that hospitalization of cancer treatment had on aspects of cancer care that were not directly treatment-related, such as public outreach.

The anti-cancer League and public outreach for cancer control in Peru / A liga Anticancerosa e a sensibilização pública ao controle do câncer na sociedade peruana

Abstract Peru's first cancer control public outreach scheme started in the 1910s, but ground to a standstill as it attained official governmental recognition in 1926 as the Liga Anti-Cancerosa (LAC). This paper explains the developments leading to that earliest effort to enlist a coalition of State health agencies, physicians, and lay people in a campaign to publicize early signs of this disease, as well as the medical and political reasons for and implications of its decline. Besides highlighting the importance of professional initiatives shaping cancer activism, contextualizing the rise and fall of the LAC calls attention to the effects that hospitalization of cancer treatment had on aspects of cancer care that were not directly treatment-related, such as public outreach.

Resumo O primeiro programa peruano de sensibilização pública para controle do câncer iniciou na década de 1910, mas arrefeceu quando reconhecido pelo governo como Liga Anticancerosa (LAC), em 1926. Este artigo aborda os avanços que conduziram aos pioneiros esforços de recrutamento de agências governamentais de saúde, médicos e leigos na divulgação sobre os primeiros sinais da doença, assim como as motivações políticas e médicas e as implicações de seu declínio. Além de assinalar a importância de iniciativas profissionais no ativismo na temática do câncer, a contextualização da ascensão e declínio da LAC chama a atenção para os reflexos da hospitalização no tratamento do câncer sobre aspectos indiretamente relacionados ao tratamento, como os esforços de sensibilização pública.

[The national anti-opium-smoking campaigns across the country in the Republican Period].

Anti-opium-smoking had been the key policy of successive central and local governments from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republican Period. Since the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Government in January 1912, the Anti-opium-smoking campaign had culminated across the country. Under the support of the government, the "National Anti-Opium Association of China" and "Association of Chinese People Rejecting Opium" were established which made an important contribution to China's anti-opium-smoking campaign.Yunnan, Shaanxi, Heilongjiang, Zhejiang, Shanghai and other local governments also combined with local specific circumstances to make anti-opium-smaking policy for punishing severely the opium cultivation, trade and opium smoking, thus, the overrun of opium began to be brought under an overall control.

The precariousness of the franchise state: Voluntary sector health services and international NGOs in Tanzania, 1960s - mid-1980s.

This paper challenges conventional narratives on the role of international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) in the delivery of health services in Tanzania. Adopting an historical gaze which focuses on the 1960s to mid-1980s the paper argues that the 'franchise state' in the Tanzanian health system was not created by collusion between international donors and INGOs, underpinned by a set of health sector reforms that advocated the use of non-state actors; but was rather the legacy of the colonial health system bequeathed to the post-independence state. It was a system in which voluntary non-state actors (but, importantly, not INGOs) were already entrenched as key providers; and in which many of the features of the franchise state - fragmentation, structural weaknesses, lack of accountability to users - were already long established. But if INGOs did not create these features, as their critics attest, they did contribute to the maintenance and extension of these features. The short-term perspectives of NGOs, their small-scale piecemeal engagement, and the extra demands they placed upon their voluntary actor partners, left little scope for the development of sustainable, national and accountable solutions to the health needs of the country. In exploring these ideas, the paper contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the path dependency that created Tanzania's health system. The analysis also contributes to a deepening of the understanding of the make-up of the voluntary sector beyond a narrow gaze on the institution of the INGO.

Philanthropies croisées: a joint venture in public health at Lyon (1917-1940).

Since the end of the First World War the Rockefeller Foundation has spearheaded a large-scale programme in the field of education for the health professions (doctors and nurses). In several countries throughout the world, but with its efforts concentrated on Europe, it has financed schools, constructed information networks, granted research scholarships and awarded training bursaries. In so doing it has not, however, been in the business of propagating an irresistible "American model," nor has it pursued a huge undertaking in disinterested aid. Through an attempt to contextualize these programmes, to bring to light the existence of common reference points, to retrace the work with local participants and to appraise cleavages within the philanthropic apparatus, this article proposes a fine-grained reading of the role of the Rockefeller Foundation at the Faculté de Médecine (Faculty of Medicine) and the Ecole d'Infirmières et d'assistantes sociales (Training School for Nurses and Social Workers) in Lyon between 1917- and 1940. It analyses these institutions in terms of the transactions, negotiations and appropriations that highlight their joint-venture character and it identifies their varied impact.

Boundaries and barriers: a history of district nursing management in regional Queensland.

AIM: To explore administrative constraints of district nursing during the latter part of the 20th century in regional Queensland, Australia. BACKGROUND: A greater understanding of the evolution of district nursing can illuminate why present conditions and circumstances exist. METHOD: Thirteen interviews undertaken and analysed historically in association with other documentary evidence from the time period 1960-90. FINDINGS: District nursing services of regional Queensland were initially established by voluntary organizations that had very lean budgets. Throughout the study period, government funding became increasingly available, but this coincided with increased regulation of the services. CONCLUSIONS: District nurses have worked within considerable boundaries and barriers associated with either a lack of funds or imposed regulations. While greater government funding solved some working conditions, it did so by imposing greater administrative responsibilities on the nurses and services that were not always seen as advantageous for clients or as professionally satisfying for the nurses.

The founding of the American Epilepsy Society: 1936-1971.

In December 1946, a joint meeting devoted to epilepsy research and care was held by the Association for the Research in Nervous and Mental Disease and the American Chapter of the International League Against Epilepsy. The American Epilepsy Society (AES) has chosen this date and this meeting to mark its founding and recognizes Dr. Charles D. Aring as the organization's first president. However, the founding process of the AES actually began a decade earlier with a dinner meeting held during the American Medical Association's annual meeting. Based on this historical review, it is recommended that the AES recognize 1936 as the year of its founding and Dr. William G. Lennox as its founder and first president.

The Hong Fook experience: working with ethnocultural communities in Toronto 1982-2002.

The experience of the first 20 years of a community mental health service for the Asian communities in Toronto, the Hong Fook Mental Health Association, is presented within the context of the overall development of mental health services to ethnocultural minorities in Toronto and Canada. The various people involved and the relationships with other stakeholders are described. Through the discussion, the socio-political and cultural factors contributing to its successes and failures are highlighted. The future for Hong Fook, and the mental health system at large, is considered. The article finishes with an outline of the philosophical basis that has sustained Hong Fook's development.

Features of the development of a welfare system for visually disabled people in Denmark.

PURPOSE: To describe the development of a formal system of welfare for blind and partially sighted people in Denmark. METHODS: The principal laws in Denmark relating to a formal system of welfare for blind and partially sighted people are noted and commented on. No such collection of laws has been found in the literature. The history of aid to visually disabled people in Denmark is described, as are the Danish classifications of visual impairment. DEVELOPMENT: Formalized welfare for blind and partially sighted people was started in Denmark in 1811, as a private initiative by the Kjaede Order. Later, the Danish state took over responsibility, and in 1858 the Royal Danish Institute for the Blind was established. Since then a series of laws concerning welfare for blind and partially sighted people have been issued in accordance with economic and social development in Denmark. In 1858 the Braille writing system for blind people was introduced. The Danish Association of the Blind was founded in 1911 and has profoundly influenced subsequent legislation. During the last 10 years, several visual centres have been established. Since 1968 prevention of blindness has also played a prominent role in Denmark. CONCLUSION: Great steps have been taken towards improving the welfare of blind and partially sighted people. However, being blind is still very difficult. Modern technologies and hectic lifestyles have created new problems for blind people. The obligations of the Danish state towards visually disabled people have, therefore, increased in recent years.

O papel das Misericórdias dos lugares de além-mar na formaçäo do Império português / The role of overseas Misericórdias in the formation of the Portuguese Empire

O objetivo é mostrar que, tal como no Portugal metropolitano, também no ultramar as Misericórdias foram instituiçöes fundamentais como instâncias de garantia do sistema de assistência pública, instrumentos moralizadores das comunidades, núcleos de poder local e, portanto, estruturas homogeneizadoras de um império espacialmente descontínuo e com especificidades täo diversas como as que se refletem nos modelos institucionais e administrativos adotados. Analisa ainda os conflitos vividos pelas Misericórdias do além-mar ao procurarem defender o monopólio da prática da assistência, sempre com o auxílio do Estado que, assim, garantia a sua soberania sobre instituiçöes que eram centros de efetivo poder e, por isso, assediados pelos representantes da Igreja. Contudo, nem o apoio régio seria capaz de travar o declínio das Misericórdias que, em todo o reino - à exceçäo do Brasil - entraram no século XVIII em declarada agonia.

A Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro nos séculos XVI a XIX / The Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro from the 16th to the 19th centuries

Tem como objetivo apontar as principais transformaçöes ocorridas no espaço e nos prédios da irmandade da Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro da sua fundaçäo até o século XIX, relacionando-as a alguns dos possíveis significados sociais dessas mudanças.

From ex-patient alternatives to consumer options: consequences of consumerism for psychiatric consumers and the ex-patient movement.

The psychiatric consumer movement in the United States evolved out of the political activism of a small group of antipsychiatry "ex-patients" (former patients) early in the 1970s. The shift in the movement from radical opposition to the medical model to viewing the latter as a possible choice in treatment occurred gradually under a series of social and political changes (e.g., deinstitutionalization), responses to those changes (e.g., the Community Support Program of the National Institute of Mental Health), and the involvement of new actors on the scene (e.g., the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, a family consumer movement). This article traces the evolution of the psychiatric consumer movement up to the early 1990s in the light of these larger social, political, and economic developments. The author then considers the consequences of that evolution for both consumers and the ex-patient movement in the context of the unique nature of consumerism in the United States and the more recent restructuring of mental health services under managed care.

UNIBES 85 anos: uma história do trabalho social da comunidade judaica em Säo Paulo, 1915-2000 / UNIBES 85 years: a history of social work of the Jewish community in Säo Paulo, 1915-2000

Trata da fundaçäo da Uniäo Brasileiro-Israelita de Bem-Estar Social - UNIBES, resultado da unificaçäo, em 1976, de três entidades com uma longa tradiçäo e trajetória de trabalho assistencial, associado aos imigrantes e à própria formaçäo da comunidade judaica paulista entre os anos 1910 e 1920: Ezra, Ofidas e Policlínica Linath Hatzedek. Estas entidades estabeleceram uma marca própria de trabalho, um perfil de atendimento e diferentes grupos de diretorias e ativistas que marcaram época na história da comunidade judaica paulista.(MAM)