The state mindfulness scale for physical activity: further psychometrics properties / Escala de estado de mindfulness para atividade física: novas propriedades psicométricas / Escala de mindfulness en la actividad física: nuevas propiedades psicométricas

Mindfulness has been defined as attention and awareness to the present with an attitude of openness, non-judgment, and acceptance. It is suggested that mindfulness can positively influence experiences in sports and physical activity, increasing adherence to these activities. This study aimed to examine new psychometric properties of the State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity (SMS-PA) using classical and modern testing theories among Brazilian sport and exercise practitioners. Two studies were conducted. In the first, with 617 Brazilian sports practitioners, confirmatory factor analysis supported the bifactor structure of the SMS-PA composed of two specific (mental and body mindfulness) and one general factor (state mindfulness), which did not vary among genders. The Rasch Rating Scale Model (RSM) supported essential one-dimensionality indicated by the general factor with good item fit statistics (infit/outfit 0.62-1.27). The model presented a good level of Rasch reliability (0.85), and the items difficulty estimation provided an understanding of the continuum represented by their content. In the second study, with 249 Brazilian exercise practitioners, the structural equation modeling showed that Body Mindfulness was associated with positive outcomes (positive affect and satisfaction with practice). The mediation analysis showed that people with higher levels of Body mindfulness tend to experience greater levels of Positive Affect and, consequently, greater Satisfaction with exercises. The results suggest that the Brazilian version of the SMS-PA is an appropriate measure of the state of mindfulness.(AU)

Mindfulness pode ser definido como atenção e consciência no momento presente com uma atitude de abertura, não julgamento e aceitação. A literatura sugere que o mindfulness pode influenciar positivamente experiências no esporte e atividade física e pode exercer um papel na adesão a essas atividades. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar novas propriedades psicométricas da State Mindulness Sacale for Physical Activity (SMS-PA) utilizando as teorias clássicas e modernas dos testes em praticantes de exercício físico e esporte brasileiros. Dois estudos foram conduzidos. No primeiro, com 617 brasileiros praticantes de esporte, a Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (AFC) demonstrou adequação à estrutura bifatorial da SMS-PA composta por dois fatores específicos (mindfulness mental e físico) e um fator geral (estado de mindfulness), que apresentou invariância entre sexos. A Rasch Rating Scale Model (RSM) corroborou a unidimensionalidade essencial indicada pelo fator geral com bons índices de ajustes (infit/outfit 0.62 -1.27). O modelo apresentou bom nível de precisão Rasch (.85), e a estimação de dificuldade dos itens possibilitou compreensão do continuum representado pelo conteúdo dos itens. No segundo estudo, com 249 brasileiros praticantes de esporte, a Modelagem de Equações Estruturais demonstrou que o mindfulness físico esteve associado a afetos positivos e satisfação com a prática. A análise de mediação mostrou que pessoas com níveis altos de mindfulness físico tendem a apresentar níveis mais elevados de afeto positivo e, consequentemente, níveis mais elevados de satisfação com a prática. Os resultados sugerem que a versão brasileira do SMS-PA é uma medida apropriada do estado de mindfulness para atividades físicas.(AU)

La atención plena puede definirse como la atención y la conciencia en el momento presente con una actitud de apertura, no juicio y aceptación. La literatura sugiere que el mindfulness puede influir positivamente en las experiencias en el deporte y en la actividad física, además de desempeñar un papel en la adherencia a estas actividades. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar nuevas propiedades psicométricas de la State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity (SMS-PA) utilizando las teorías clásicas y modernas de las pruebas en practicantes de ejercicio físico y de deporte en Brasil. Para ello, se realizaron dos estudios. En el primer, participaron 617 practicantes de deporte brasileños, y el análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) demostró adecuación en la estructura bifactorial de la SMS-PA, compuesta por dos factores específicos (mindfulness mental y físico) y un factor general (estado de mindfulness), que mostró invarianza entre sexos. El Rasch Rating Scale Model (RSM) corroboró la unidimensionalidad esencial indicada por el factor general con buenos índices de ajuste (infit/outfit 0,62-1,27). El modelo mostró un buen nivel de precisión de Rasch (.85), y la estimación de la dificultad de los ítems permitió comprender el continuo representado por el contenido de estos. En el segundo estudio, con 249 practicantes de deporte, el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales mostró que el mindfulness físico estaba asociado a resultados positivos (afecto positivo y satisfacción con la práctica). El análisis de mediación reveló que las personas con altos niveles de mindfulness físico tendían a tener mayores niveles de afecto positivo y, en consecuencia, mayores niveles de satisfacción con la práctica. Los resultados sugieren que la versión brasileña de la SMS-PA es una medida adecuada de mindfulness.(AU)

The effect of an exertional field-test on sport concussion assessment tool 5 subcomponents in University rugby and wrestling athletes: A pilot prospective case series.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate how an exertional field-test impacts the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5 (SCAT5) subcomponents in uninjured athletes. DESIGN: Prospective case-series. SETTING: Sports medicine setting. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 37 rugby and wrestling athletes (76% female) with a median age of 19 years (range: 18-23). Twenty-one (57%) had a history of concussion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The SCAT5 was administered prior-to and following a volitionally fatiguing, field-based 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test. The primary outcome measures included: total symptom scores and severity, standardized assessment of concussion, neurological screening, and balance errors during the modified balance error scoring system. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests examined differences in ordinal data between pre- and post-exertion with Bonferroni corrections (alpha = 0.006). Data were also stratified into time to SCAT5 administration post-exertion and compared via Cliff's Delta (d). RESULTS: The SCAT5 was administered a median of 20-min (interquartile range: 14-26-min) following exertion. No differences were found pre- and post-exertion across all SCAT5 metrics (p > 0.048). Within the post-exertion 0-10-min stratification, total symptoms and severity scores appeared to be elevated with a large effect size (d ≥ 0.64). CONCLUSIONS: While SCAT5 metrics were not statistically altered when quantified a median of 20-min following high-intensity exertion; greater symptom reporting may occur 10-min following exertion.

Validity of Bioimpedance Spectroscopy in the Assessment of Total Body Water and Body Composition in Wrestlers and Untrained Subjects.

Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is an easy tool to assess hydration status and body composition. However, its validity in athletes remains controversial. We investigated the validity of BIS on total body water (TBW) and body composition estimation in Japanese wrestlers and untrained subjects. TBW of 49 young Japanese male subjects (31 untrained, 18 wrestlers) were assessed using the deuterium dilution method (DDM) and BIS. De Lorenzo's and Moissl's equations were employed in BIS for TBW estimation. To evaluate body composition, Siri's 3-compartment model and published TBW/fat-free mass (FFM) ratio were applied in DDM and BIS, respectively. In untrained subjects, DDM and BIS with de Lorenzo's equation showed consistent TBW estimates, whereas BIS with Moissl's equation overestimated TBW (p < 0.001 vs. DDM). DDM and BIS with de Lorenzo's equation estimated FFM and percent of fat mass consistently, whereas BIS with Moissl's equation over-estimated and under-estimated them (p < 0.001 vs. DDM). In wrestlers, BIS with de Lorenzo's and Moissl's equations assessed TBW similarly with DDM. However, the Bland-Altman analysis revealed a proportional bias for TBW in BIS with de Lorenzo's equation (r = 0.735, p < 0.001). Body composition assessed with BIS using both equations and DDM were not different. In conclusion, BIS with de Lorenzo's equation accurately estimates the TBW and body composition in untrained subjects, whereas BIS with Moissl's equation is more valid in wrestlers. Our results demonstrated the usefulness of BIS for assessing TBW and body composition in Japanese male wrestlers.

Energy Requirement Assessment and Water Turnover in Japanese College Wrestlers Using the Doubly Labeled Water Method.

Estimated energy requirements (EERs) are important for sports based on body weight classifications to aid in weight management. The basis for establishing EERs varies and includes self-reported energy intake (EI), predicted energy expenditure, and measured daily energy expenditure. Currently, however, no studies have been performed with male wrestlers using the highly accurate and precise doubly labeled water (DLW) method to estimate energy and fluid requirement. The primary aim of this study was to compare total energy expenditure (TEE), self-reported EI, and the difference in collegiate wrestlers during a normal training period using the DLW method. The secondary aims were to measure the water turnover and the physical activity level (PAL) of the athletes, and to examine the accuracy of two currently used equations to predict EER. Ten healthy males (age, 20.4±0.5 y) belonging to the East-Japan college league participated in this study. TEE was measured using the DLW method, and EI was assessed with self-reported dietary records for ~1 wk. There was a significant difference between TEE (17.9±2.5 MJ•d-1 [4,283±590 kcal•d-1]) and self-reported EI (14.4±3.3 MJ•d-1 [3,446±799 kcal•d-1]), a difference of 19%. The water turnover was 4.61±0.73 L•d-1. The measured PAL (2.6±0.3) was higher than two predicted values during the training season and thus the two EER prediction equations produced underestimated values relative to DLW. We found that previous EERs were underestimating requirements in collegiate wrestlers and that those estimates should be revised.

Weight Management Counseling for Wrestling Athletes.

Helping a wrestler manage body weight can be a daunting process for a pediatric health care provider. Each high school wrestling program has been mandated by the National Federation of State High School Associations to determine an appropriate weight classification for each individual wrestler. This article discusses how an appropriate weight class is determined, the methods for ascertaining a person's hydration status and body density, and the importance of a fully hydrated and normally nourished state that will allow for optimal athletic performance for a wrestler.

Development and assessment of reliability for a sandbag throw conditioning test for wrestlers.

The purpose of this study was to develop and analyze a sport-specific conditioning test for wrestling that will incorporate the physiological demands of a match. Sixteen D-III collegiate wrestlers performed 2 tests to assess physical conditioning. The developed test (sandbag test) used a bag filled with sand that was repeatedly thrown over a course of seven 1-minute rounds. Average time per throw (T/T) was determined each round. The sandbag test was compared with a previously established repeated sprint protocol of maximal effort arm cranking on an upper body ergometer (UBE). Mean power output was determined for each sprint. Both the UBE test and the sandbag test were compared using performance decrement (%fatigue), blood lactate (BLa), and peak heart rate (HRpeak) values. Test-retest reliability for the sandbag test was found to be almost perfect using T/T (intraclass correlation coefficient, r = 0.96). No significant differences in %fatigue were found between the UBE test and the sandbag test (p = 0.600), BLa (p = 0.283), and HRpeak (p = 0.214). Further analysis by weight class (light-weight class [LWC] and heavy-weight class [HWC]) found a significant interaction for %fatigue between groups for the sandbag test and UBE (p = 0.001), but no interactions were observed for BLa (p = 0.198) or HRpeak (p = 0.990). Although no significant differences were found in %fatigue between the 2 tests when the data were grouped together, a clear difference was found between the LWC and HWC groups only in the sandbag test, indicating that this test may be more sensitive than the UBE. Coaches can assess their wrestlers with this reliable, inexpensive, and time-efficient sandbag test.

Long-Term Cardiac Remodeling in Elite Athletes: Assessment by Tissue Doppler and Speckle Tracking Echocardiography.

AIMS: Currently, it remains unclear whether there are differences in the long-term physiologic and adaptive changes in an athlete's heart, varying by the type of exercise undertaken. In this study, we used standard and speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) to evaluate the long-term effects of cardiac remodeling, which persisted many years after retiring from professional sports (marathon running and wrestling). METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-four marathon runners, 25 wrestlers, and 24 healthy subjects were included in the study. Left ventricular (LV) strain (S) and strain rate (Sr) were evaluated by apical two- (2C), three- (3C), and four-chamber (4C) imaging. Global S and Sr were calculated by averaging the 3 apical views. The participants' mean age was comparable across the 3 groups. Weight, body mass index, LV mass, LV mass index, and relative diastolic wall thickness were higher in wrestlers than the other groups (P < 0.001). Systolic and diastolic functions, evaluated using conventional echocardiography, were comparable among the 3 groups. 2C, 3C, and 4C longitudinal strain (LS), global LS (GLS), and global Sr systolic filling (SrS) values were comparable between the marathon runners and control group; however, GLS, LS-2C, GLSrS, SrS-3C, and SrS-2C values were significantly increased in wrestlers compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial changes in wrestlers and marathon runners who quit sports after an extensive period were evaluated using standard echocardiographic and STE parameters. Although they had stopped playing active sports more than 10 years earlier, both the structural and functional properties of the heart were maintained in wrestlers.

Functional state assessment on the dynamics of interparametric concatenations during exercise tests.

The aim of this study was to complement an analytical approach by new methodology of data sequences analysis of muscular and cardiovascular indices during the assessments of functional state. The participants of the study were 14 elite Greco-roman wrestlers and they underwent two exercise tests 30 squats per 45 s while 12-lead ECG was recorded continuously and 30-s vertical jumps test while the height, contact and flight times of each jump recorded. The parametric interactions parameters and their sequences analysis based on a mathematical method founded upon a matrix theory were applied. The obtained results enabled to identify dynamical changes of the independence of parameters or an opposite phenomenon - interaction. The dynamics of ECG or performance parameters did not allowed to find out the moments of critical changes during the exercising. The dynamics of concatenation between the time of push-off and the height of jumps while performing repeated jumps has a tendency to increase in the values of discriminant and the fluctuations at some point of jumping task comes on. Analysis of concatenation between ECG or muscle performance parameters allows distinguishing the individual peculiarities which could be in value of discriminant, in time of exercising before the fluctuations occurs, in character how the body behave as to compensate fatigue. It was concluded that assessment the dynamics of inter-parametric concatenation of physiological parameters based on the data sequences analysis provide a new approach in the field of functional state assessment allowing to reveal features of functional preparedness and fatigability during workloads.

Financial analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a high school wrestler.

This article tracks the progression of an easily preventable skin infection of a high school athlete that occurred due to the lack of a cleanliness protocol in a high school gym. The extensive and expensive progress of the infection resulted in a major near-death event for the teen. Guidelines for school athletic programs are included. The ethical principle of justice supports nursing and public attention to prevention rather than tertiary care.

Sport concussion assessment tool: baseline values for varsity collision sport athletes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine baseline symptom and neurocognitive norms for non-concussed and previously concussed varsity athletes using the sport concussion assessment tool (SCAT). STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive cohort study. SETTING: University of Calgary. SUBJECTS: 260 male and female university football, ice hockey and wrestling athletes over three seasons (2005-7). METHODS: A baseline SCAT was completed during preseason medical evaluation. Subjects were grouped as follows: all participants, men, women, never concussed (NC) and previously concussed (PC). MAIN RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 20.5 years (range 17-32). In total, 41.2% of all athletes had a total post-concussion symptom scale (PCSS) score of 0. The mean baseline PCSS scores were as follows: all participants 4.29; men 3.52; women 6.39; NC 3.75 and PC 5.25. The five most frequently reported symptoms for all athletes were fatigue/low energy (37% of subjects), drowsiness (23%), neck pain (20%), difficulty concentrating (18%) and difficulty remembering (18%). The median immediate recall score was 5/5 for all groups. Women scored a median of 5/5 on delayed recall, whereas all remaining groups scored a median of 4/5. Months in reverse order were successfully completed by 91.6% of subjects. All participants, women and PC scored a median of 6 on reverse digits, whereas men and NC scored a median of 5. CONCLUSIONS: The mean SCAT baseline PCSS score was approximately 5, although just under half of the athletes scored 0. Female athletes scored better on tests of neurocognitive function. PC athletes scored better than NC athletes on all neurocognitive tests except delayed five-word recall.

Wrestling injuries.

The sport of wrestling has a history dating back to ancient times as one of the original Olympic sports. It particularly appeals to adolescents as equally matched opponents engage in competition. There can be no argument that participation in sports helps promote a physically active lifestyle. However, despite the documented health benefits of increased physical activity, those who participate in athletics are at risk for sports-related injuries. This article will discuss wrestling injuries and recommend prevention strategies to keep athletes safe.

The effect of dehydration on wrestling minimum weight assessment.

UNLABELLED: Given that some wrestlers arrive for minimum weight (MW) testing in a dehydrated condition, it is important to understand the effects of dehydration on MW assessment methods. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of dehydration on the assessment of MW by three-site skinfolds with the Lohman formula (SF), leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) compared with a four-component (4C) criterion. METHODS: Twenty-two male collegiate wrestlers (mean +/- SD, age: 19.9 +/- 1.4 yr, height: 174.0 +/- 6.8 cm, body mass: 77.4 +/- 9.1 kg) had their body composition assessed by the 4C criterion, hydrostatic weighing (HW), SF, BIA, and BIS in euhydration (EUH) and dehydration (DEH). Subjects dehydrated 2-5% of body weight through fluid restriction and exercise in a hot environment. RESULTS: In EUH, the total error (TE) for HW (1.75 kg) and SF (2.15 kg) were not significantly different, but the TE for HW and SF methods were significantly lower than the TE for both BIS (3.68 kg) and BIA (3.77 kg). In DEH, SF, BIA, and BIS methods had a TE approaching or exceeding 4 kg (8.8 lb). Dehydration increased the TE for SF and BIA through an artificial lowering of body weight and for BIS by an increased error in intracellular water prediction. CONCLUSION: Acute thermal dehydration violates assumptions necessary for the accurate and precise prediction of MW by SF, leg-to-leg BIA, and multifrequency BIS.

[15 years insurance statistics of incidents and accident types of combat sports injuries of the Rhineland-Pfalz Federal Sports Club]. / 15jährige Versicherungsstatistik zu Inzidenzen und Unfallhergangstypen von Kampfsportverletzungen im Landessportbund Rheinland-Pfalz.

The primary intention of this study is the grouping of sports accidents, being described by the athletes in their own words in a classification system of specific accident classes with regard to specific motions and topography. The investigation is based on the data of the sports insurance Gerling-Konzern during a 15-year period in Rhineland Palatinate (1981-1995). The study is based on the insurance documents and clinical protocols if available. 137 accident protocols were related to this 15-year period including weight lifting (n = 1) and martial arts (n = 136). Listed in hierarchical order we received the following results: judo (n = 47), karate (n = 44), wrestling (n = 22), taekwondo (n = 9), boxing (n = 7), ju-jutsu (n = 5), fencing (n = 1) and aikido (n = 1). In accordance to accident types there were no sex related differences. As special preventive measures we suggest the use of protective mouthguards and solid glasses, proprioceptive training and physiological taping for knee, ankle and elbow joints.

Cervical cord neurapraxia: classification, pathomechanics, morbidity, and management guidelines.

One hundred ten cases of the transient neurological phenomenon, cervical cord neurapraxia (CCN), are presented. The authors established a classification system for CCN, developed a new computerized measurement technique for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, investigated the relationship of the cervical cord to the canal, and analyzed clinical, x-ray, and MR data. One hundred nine males and one female were included in the study; the average age of the participants was 21 years (range 13-33 years). All episodes occurred during sports participation; 87% occurred while the patient was playing football. Follow-up review lasting an average of 3.3 years was available for 105 patients (95%). Narrowing of the sagittal diameter of the cervical canal in the adult spine was confirmed to be a causative factor. Cervical cord neurapraxia was not associated with permanent neurological injury and no permanent morbidity occurred in patients who returned to contact activities. Of the patients returning to contact activities, 35 (56%) experienced a recurrent episode. The risk of recurrence was increased with smaller spinal canal/vertebral body ratio (p < 0.05), smaller disc-level canal diameter (p < 0.05), and less space available for the cord (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between either the classification of the CCN episode or the disease noted on MR imaging and x-ray films and the risk of recurrence. The authors conclude that: 1) CCN is a transient neurological phenomenon and individuals with uncomplicated CCN may be permitted to return to their previous activity without an increased risk of permanent neurological injury; 2) congenital or degenerative narrowing of the sagittal diameter of the cervical canal is a causative factor; 3) the overall recurrence rate after return to play is 56%; and 4) the risk of recurrence is strongly and inversely correlated with sagittal canal diameter and it is useful in the prediction of future episodes of CCN (p < 0.001). These data will enable the physician to counsel individuals regarding a predicted risk of recurrence based on canal measurements.

Parental attitudes toward mouthguards.

An 11-item, one-page questionnaire was mailed to 1800 parents chosen at random in the Henrico County, VA public school system. Parents were asked questions such as "who should be responsible for mouthguard wear?" "what sports should require mouthguards?" and "has [their] child ever sustained an oral or facial injury?" The parental responses indicate that mouthguard enforcement is the responsibility of both parents and coaches. Of the total injuries reported, 19% were sustained in basketball, 17% in baseball, and 11% in soccer. Despite these high injury rates, however, there was a lack of perceived need for mouthguard use in these sports. When asked which sports should require a mouthguard rule, the sports that generated the most responses were, in decreasing order, football, boxing, ice hockey, wrestling, field hockey, and karate. Parents were more likely to require mouthguards for their sons than daughters, and more likely to require them for their children who participated in a mandatory mouthguard sport, a contact sport, or who had been previously injured. The authors conclude that because parents view themselves as equally responsible as coaches for maintaining mouthguard use, both groups should be targeted and approached as a possible source for the recommendation of mandatory mouthguard rules in basketball, baseball, and soccer.

[Energy expenditures and the functional state of the neuromuscular system in athletes regulating body weight by use of a low-calorie diet]. / Energozatraty i funkstional'noe sostoianie nervno-myshechnoi sistemy sportsmenov v usloviiakh regulirovaniia massy tela s pomoshch'iu gipokaloriinoi diety.

The latent period of myoelectric component of locomotor reaction, duration of the myoelectric reaction and amount of bioelectric impulses occurring in the muscles of athletes (wrestlers) and regulating their body weight were examined. It was shown that the regulation of the wrestlers' body weight by means of hypocaloric diet favours the working capacity and functional state of the athletes. In the course of body weight decrease, the daily energy losses were within 3500--4000 kcal.