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1.
Elife ; 122023 05 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37252874

RESUMO

Background: Affectionate touch, which is vital for mental and physical health, was restricted during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study investigated the association between momentary affectionate touch and subjective well-being, as well as salivary oxytocin and cortisol in everyday life during the pandemic. Methods: In the first step, we measured anxiety and depression symptoms, loneliness and attitudes toward social touch in a large cross-sectional online survey (N = 1050). From this sample, N = 247 participants completed ecological momentary assessments over 2 days with six daily assessments by answering smartphone-based questions on affectionate touch and momentary mental state, and providing concomitant saliva samples for cortisol and oxytocin assessment. Results: Multilevel models showed that on a within-person level, affectionate touch was associated with decreased self-reported anxiety, general burden, stress, and increased oxytocin levels. On a between-person level, affectionate touch was associated with decreased cortisol levels and higher happiness. Moreover, individuals with a positive attitude toward social touch experiencing loneliness reported more mental health problems. Conclusions: Our results suggest that affectionate touch is linked to higher endogenous oxytocin in times of pandemic and lockdown and might buffer stress on a subjective and hormonal level. These findings might have implications for preventing mental burden during social contact restrictions. Funding: The study was funded by the German Research Foundation, the German Psychological Society, and German Academic Exchange Service.


Assuntos
Ocitocina , Tato , Humanos , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Avaliação Momentânea Ecológica , Hidrocortisona , Ocitocina/sangue , Pandemias
2.
J Forensic Leg Med ; 74: 101982, 2020 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32658765

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Law enforcement and pre-hospital care personnel often confront individuals who must be physically restrained. Many are under the influence of illicit substances, and law enforcement officers may need to use a controlled electrical device (CED) to gain control of the individual and they are often placed into the prone maximum restraint (PMR) position. These techniques have previously been evaluated for their physiologic effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychological effects of anticipating and experiencing a sham CED activation in healthy human subjects who were exercised and restrained compared with no sham activation by assessing the differences in a panel of several known biomarkers of stress. METHODS: We performed a randomized, crossover controlled human subject trial to study the stress associated with exercise, physical exhaustion, and restraint with and without an added psychological stress simulating the field use of a CED. Twenty five total subjects; each subject performed two different trials each consisting of a brief period of intense exercise on a treadmill to exhaustion followed by placement in the PMR with and without induced psychological stress. Blood samples were collected for analysis pre and post exercise, as well as 10 min after completion of the exercise. A panel of hormones and stress markers were measured. RESULTS: We found no significant differences in any of the stress biomarkers measured between the two study groups. A trend towards higher levels of copeptin was measured in the sham CED activation arm. CONCLUSION: During a brief period of intense exercise followed by the psychological stress of anticipated CED application, there did not appear to be statistically significant changes in the stress panel of biomarkers measured, only a trend towards significance for higher copeptin levels in the patients exposed to the psychological stress.


Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Estimulação Elétrica/instrumentação , Restrição Física , Estresse Fisiológico , Estresse Psicológico/sangue , Adolescente , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/sangue , Adulto , Estudos Cross-Over , Dopamina/sangue , Dinorfinas/sangue , Feminino , Medicina Legal , Glicopeptídeos/sangue , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Masculino , Neuropeptídeo Y/sangue , Norepinefrina/sangue , Orexinas/sangue , Ocitocina/sangue , Esforço Físico , Adulto Jovem
3.
Psychoneuroendocrinology ; 110: 104423, 2019 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31487568

RESUMO

Maximising infant survival requires secure attachments and appropriate behaviours between parents and offspring. Oxytocin is vital for parent-offspring bonding and behaviour. It also modulates energetic balance and neural pathways regulating feeding. However, to date the connections between these two areas of the hormone's functionality are poorly defined. We demonstrate that grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) mothers with high oxytocin levels produce pups with high oxytocin levels throughout lactation, and show for the first time a link between endogenous infant oxytocin levels and rates of mass gain prior to weaning. High oxytocin infants gained mass at a greater rate without additional energetic cost to their mothers. Increased mass gain in infants was not due to increased nursing, and there was no link between maternal mass loss rates and plasma oxytocin concentrations. Increased mass gain rates within high oxytocin infants may be due to changes in individual behaviour and energy expenditure or oxytocin impacting on tissue formation. Infancy is a crucial time for growth and development, and our findings connect the oxytocin driven mechanisms for parent-infant bonding with the energetics underlying parental care. Our study demonstrates that oxytocin release may connect optimal parental or social environments with direct physiological advantages for individual development.


Assuntos
Animais Lactentes , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Ocitocina/sangue , Focas Verdadeiras , Aumento de Peso/fisiologia , Animais , Animais Lactentes/sangue , Animais Lactentes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Feminino , Lactação/fisiologia , Masculino , Comportamento Materno/fisiologia , Mães , Focas Verdadeiras/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Focas Verdadeiras/metabolismo , Desmame
4.
Endokrynol Pol ; 70(5): 417-422, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31135057

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare plasma oxytocin levels in obese women of childbearing age with non-obese women of childbearing age, and to investigate the relationship between plasma oxytocin levels and metabolic parameters (including blood glucose, insulin resistance, blood lipid, and blood pressure). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 151 obese women of childbearing age and 160 non-obese women of childbearing age were enrolled in this study. Plasma oxytocin levels were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. Height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FI), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-C (HDL-C), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured in all subjects. Quantile regression analysis was used to analyse the associations of plasma oxytocin levels with FBG, FI, HOMA-IR, TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, SBP, and DBP. RESULTS: In obese women of childbearing age, plasma oxytocin levels were lower compared with non-obese controls. After adjusting for age, quantile regression analysis showed that the plasma oxytocin levels were inversely associated with HOMA-IR at the quantile level between 0.27 and 0.79 (i.e. the HOMA-IR level of 2.11 and 3.07, respectively), the plasma oxytocin levels were inversely associated with TC after the quantile level of 0.21 (i.e. the TC level of 3.78 ), and the plasma oxytocin levels were inversely associated with LDL-C at all quantile levels of LDL-C. In addition, the plasma oxytocin levels showed a positive association with HDL-C at all quantile levels of HDL-C. No significant associations were found between the plasma oxytocin levels and FBG, FI, TG, SBP, and DBP. CONCLUSIONS: Oxytocin deficiency was common in obese women of childbearing age. Oxytocin showed negative correlation with HOMA-IR, TC, and LDL-C, while it showed positive association with HDL-C. Our findings suggest that oxytocin played an important role in inhibiting metabolic disorders associated with obesity in women of childbearing age.


Assuntos
Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Obesidade/metabolismo , Ocitocina/sangue , Adulto , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Masculino , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Adulto Jovem
5.
J Physiol Anthropol ; 38(1): 5, 2019 May 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31101072

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Child maltreatment is a major health and social welfare problem, with serious and longstanding consequences. Impulse control ability plays an important role in reducing the risk of child maltreatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of oxytocin (OXT) and prolactin (PRL) with behavior inhibition using children's facial expressions (angry or neutral) as emotional distractions. This may clarify a part of the neuroendocrinological mechanism that modulates impulse control ability in the context of child caregiving. METHODS: Participants were 16 females who had never been pregnant. Following venous blood sampling for OXT and PRL levels, participants performed an emotional Go/Nogo task during their follicular and luteal phases to test inhibitory control ability. Behavioral performance and event-related potentials (ERPs) during the task were measured. RESULTS: The results showed that there were significant fixed effects of OXT on behavioral performance, as measured by sensitivity (d-prime). This suggests that high peripheral OXT levels may be associated with better performance on the emotional Go/Nogo task, regardless of emotional distractors. PRL was associated with inhibitory processes as reflected by the Nogo-N2 and Nogo-P3. Particularly, high PRL levels were associated with the Nogo-N2 latency extension with the emotional distractors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that OXT might be associated with improving behavioral performance regardless of emotional processes. It is suggested that processes related to PRL are related to premotor activities of behavioral inhibitions and emotions.


Assuntos
Atenção/fisiologia , Emoções/fisiologia , Potenciais Evocados/fisiologia , Ocitocina/sangue , Prolactina/sangue , Adulto , Criança , Maus-Tratos Infantis , Expressão Facial , Feminino , Humanos , Autocontrole , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Adulto Jovem
6.
Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol ; 57(4): 555-559, 2018 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30122578

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Comparing oxytocin level and some other parameters between infertile women with or without polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), to evaluate the correlation between oxytocin with anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), Body Mass Index (BMI) and insulin resistance (IR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 80 PCOS and 81 non-PCOS women as the control group. Oxytocin, various hormones, Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were compared between two groups. Correlations between parameters were assessed by the spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Cutoff values for oxytocin and AMH in PCOS were calculated by the ROC-Curve and DeLong method. RESULTS: The mean oxytocin level was statistically lower in the case group (p ≤ 0.001). The mean BMI, AMH, HOMA-IR, fasting insulin and insulin 2-h after 75-g glucose were significantly higher in the PCOS group. Oxytocin was negatively correlated to AMH when evaluated for all participants or only among controls. Moreover oxytocin was negatively correlated to HOMA-IR among all participants. However the relationship between oxytocin and BMI was not statistically significant. The calculated cutoff value for oxytocin was 125 ng/L and for AMH was 3.6 ng/mL in the PCOS group. CONCLUSION: The mean oxytocin level in the PCOS infertile women was lower than non-PCOS women. Oxytocin showed a significant reverse correlation with AMH and HOMA-IR.


Assuntos
Hormônio Antimülleriano/sangue , Glicemia/metabolismo , Infertilidade Feminina/sangue , Ocitocina/sangue , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/sangue , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Resistência à Insulina
7.
PLoS One ; 13(3): e0194171, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29596446

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The gut microbiota is known to be related to type 2 diabetes (T2D), psychiatric conditions, and opioid use. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that variability in gut microbiota in T2D is associated with psycho-metabolic health. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among African American men (AAM) (n = 99) that were outpatients at a Chicago VA Medical Center. The main outcome measures included fecal microbiota ecology (by 16S rRNA gene sequencing), psychiatric disorders including opioid use, and circulating leptin and oxytocin as representative hormone biomarkers for obesity and psychological pro-social behavior. RESULTS: The study subjects had prevalent overweight/obesity (78%), T2D (50%) and co-morbid psychiatric (65%) and opioid use (45%) disorders. In the analysis of microbiota, the data showed interactions of opioids, T2D and metformin with Bifidobacterium and Prevotella genera. The differential analysis of Bifidobacterium stratified by opioids, T2D and metformin, showed significant interactions among these factors indicating that the effect of one factor was changed by the other (FDR-adjusted p [q] < 0.01). In addition, the pair-wise comparison showed that participants with T2D not taking metformin had a significant 6.74 log2 fold increase in Bifidobacterium in opioid users as compared to non-users (q = 2.2 x 10-8). Since metformin was not included in this pair-wise comparison, the significant 'q' suggested association of opioid use with Bifidobacterium abundance. The differences in Bifidobacterium abundance could possibly be explained by opioids acting as organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) inhibitors. Analysis stratified by lower and higher leptin and oxytocin (divided by the 50th percentile) in the subgroup without T2D showed lower Dialister in High-Leptin vs. Low-Leptin (p = 0.03). Contrary, the opposite was shown for oxytocin, higher Dialister in High-Oxytocin vs. Low-Oxytocin (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated for the first time that Bifidobacterium and Prevotella abundance was affected by interactions of T2D, metformin and opioid use. Also, in subjects without T2D Dialister abundance varied according to circulating leptin and oxytocin.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Leptina/sangue , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides , Ocitocina/sangue , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Doença Crônica , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/microbiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Metformina/administração & dosagem , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/sangue , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/microbiologia
8.
J Psychiatr Res ; 60: 170-7, 2015 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25466833

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Patients with chronic depression (CD) experience a high burden of disease, severe co-morbidity, and increased mortality. Although interpersonal dysfunction is a hallmark of CD, the underlying mechanisms are largely unexplored. Oxytocin (OT) has been proposed to play a crucial role in the social deficits of mental disorders and has been found to be dysregulated after social exclusion (ostracism) in patients with borderline personality disorder. This study investigated how social exclusion affects emotions, OT levels, and cortisol (CT) levels in CD patients. METHOD: Twenty-one patients diagnosed with CD and 21 healthy controls (HC) matched for gender, age, and education underwent repeated neuroendocrine measurements in a standardized laboratory setting while playing Cyberball, a virtual ball-tossing game that mimics a social exclusion situation. Emotional reactions, plasma OT and cortisol levels were assessed at baseline and 5, 15, and 40 min after Cyberball. RESULTS: At baseline, there were no group differences in OT levels. Immediately after playing Cyberball, plasma OT levels showed divergent changes in CD patients and HC; the difference in direction of change was significant with a reduction in CD patients compared to HC (p = .035*); CT levels did not differ between groups at any time point, but decreased over time. Patients showed more threatened emotional needs and increased negative emotions, especially anger and resentment, and showed higher sensitivity to ambiguous threat of social exclusion than healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: CD patients react to ostracism with pronounced negative emotions. The reduction in OT levels in CD patients after social exclusion may contribute to their interpersonal dysfunction and their difficulty in coping adequately with aversive social cues.


Assuntos
Depressão/sangue , Depressão/psicologia , Emoções , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Ocitocina/sangue , Distância Psicológica , Adulto , Idoso , Doença Crônica , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Psicológicos , Percepção Social , Adulto Jovem
9.
Horm Behav ; 61(3): 429-35, 2012 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22306668

RESUMO

Oxytocin is a neuropeptide associated with social affiliation and maternal caregiving. However, its effects appear to be moderated by various contextual factors and stable individual characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of self-reported state and trait measures (such as temperament, mood and affect) with peripheral oxytocin response in mothers. Fifty-five first-time mothers participated in a semi-structured procedure, during which time repeated peripheral oxytocin levels were measured before, during and after an episode of mother-infant interaction. The maternal oxytocin response was then calculated, based on the difference in oxytocin concentration between initial baseline and interaction phase. Mothers also completed state measures of positive and negative affect and depression, and trait measures of temperament, personality disturbance and depression across time. Regression analyses determined which factors were independently associated with maternal oxytocin response. The trait measure of adult temperament emerged as a significant predictor of oxytocin response. Two out of four Adult Temperament Questionnaire factor scales were independently associated with oxytocin response: Effortful Control was negatively associated, whereas Orienting Sensitivity was positively associated. No state measure significantly predicted oxytocin response. The results indicate that mothers who show an increased oxytocin response when interacting with their infants are more sensitive of moods, emotions and physical sensations; and less compulsive, schedule driven and task oriented. These findings link differences in individual temperament in new mothers with the peripheral oxytocin response, which may have implications in the pharmacologic treatment of disorders such as maternal neglect, post-partum depression and maternal addiction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior.


Assuntos
Comportamento Materno/fisiologia , Ocitocina/fisiologia , Temperamento/fisiologia , Adulto , Afeto/fisiologia , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Ocitocina/sangue , Ocitocina/metabolismo , Transtornos da Personalidade/psicologia , Gravidez , Progesterona/sangue , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Análise de Regressão , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
10.
Horm Behav ; 58(2): 193-9, 2010 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20382149

RESUMO

The social organization of rodent species determines behavioral patterns for both affiliative and agonistic encounters. The neuropeptide oxytocin has been implicated in the mediation of social behavior; however, variability in both neuropeptide expression and social behavior within a single species indicates an additional mediating factor. The purpose of the present comparative study was to investigate social behaviors in naïve mixed-sex pairs of monogamous Peromyscus californicus and polygynous Peromyscus leucopus. We identified substantial inter- and intra-specific variability in the expression of affiliative and agonistic behaviors. Although all P. californicus tested engaged in frequent and prolonged intervals of social contact and rarely engaged in aggressive behaviors, P. leucopus exhibited significant variability in both measures of social behaviors. The naturally occurring differences in social behavior displayed by P. leucopus vary across the estrous cycle, and correspond to hypothalamic oxytocin, as well as circulating oxytocin and glucocorticoid concentrations. These results provide evidence for a rhythm in social behavior across the estrous cycle in polygynous, but not monogamous, Peromyscus species.


Assuntos
Ciclo Estral/fisiologia , Comportamento Social , Agressão/fisiologia , Análise de Variância , Animais , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Contagem de Células , Corticosterona/sangue , Feminino , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Ocitocina/sangue , Ocitocina/metabolismo , Núcleo Hipotalâmico Paraventricular/metabolismo , Peromyscus , Radioimunoensaio , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Especificidade da Espécie , Núcleo Supraóptico/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo
11.
Eur J Pharmacol ; 197(2-3): 175-80, 1991 May 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1680708

RESUMO

Naloxone and its congener, methyl naloxone, were given subcutaneously (s.c.) or centrally (i.c.v.) to 24-h water-deprived male rats 30 min prior to decapitation and the effect on plasma levels of vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) was studied. The potency of s.c. applied methyl naloxone to increase plasma OT levels did not differ from that of naloxone. Injected i.c.v., neither methyl naloxone nor naloxone had a clear effect and they antagonized i.c.v. co-administered dynorphin A-(1-13) equipotently. Methyl naloxone or naloxone, s.c., antagonized the inhibitory action of simultaneous dynorphin A-(1-13) and beta-endorphin-(1-31) given i.c.v., although higher doses of methyl naloxone were required. The data indicate that the sites of inhibition of neurohypophysial hormone release due to beta-endorphin-(1-31) are more likely to be located mostly within the blood-brain barrier, to which methyl naloxone has less ready access, than are the sites of inhibition due to dynorphin A-(1-13).


Assuntos
Endorfinas/fisiologia , Ocitocina/metabolismo , Vasopressinas/metabolismo , Animais , Barreira Hematoencefálica/efeitos dos fármacos , Dinorfinas/administração & dosagem , Dinorfinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Injeções Intraventriculares , Injeções Subcutâneas , Masculino , Naloxona/administração & dosagem , Oximorfona/administração & dosagem , Ocitocina/sangue , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/administração & dosagem , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/antagonistas & inibidores , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos , Vasopressinas/sangue , beta-Endorfina/administração & dosagem , beta-Endorfina/antagonistas & inibidores
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