Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) for Global Health.

PURPOSE: As global health education and training shift toward competency-based approaches, academic institutions and organizations must define appropriate assessment strategies for use across health professions. The authors aim to develop entrustable professional activities (EPAs) for global health to apply across academic and workplace settings. METHOD: In 2019, the authors invited 55 global health experts from medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and public health to participate in a multiround, online Delphi process; 30 (55%) agreed. Experts averaged 17 years of global health experience, and 12 (40%) were from low- to middle-income countries. In round one, participants listed essential global health activities. The authors used in vivo coding for round one responses to develop initial EPA statements. In subsequent rounds, participants used 5-point Likert-type scales to evaluate EPA statements for importance and relevance to global health across health professions. The authors elevated statements that were rated 4 (important/relevant to most) or 5 (very important/relevant to all) by a minimum of 70% of participants (decided a priori) to the final round, during which participants evaluated whether each statement represented an observable unit of work that could be assigned to a trainee. Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative data analysis. The authors used participant comments to categorize EPA statements into role domains. RESULTS: Twenty-two EPA statements reached at least 70% consensus. The authors categorized these into 5 role domains: partnership developer, capacity builder, data analyzer, equity advocate, and health promoter. Statements in the equity advocate and partnership developer domains had the highest agreement for importance and relevance. Several statements achieved 100% agreement as a unit of work but achieved lower levels of agreement regarding their observability. CONCLUSIONS: EPAs for global health may be useful to academic institutions and other organizations to guide the assessment of trainees within education and training programs across health professions.

Exploring perspectives on health professions education scholarship units from sub-Saharan Africa.

INTRODUCTION: There has been a marked increase in institutional structures developed to support health professions education scholarship recently. These health professions education scholarship units (HPESUs) engage in a diverse range of activities. Previous work provided insight into factors that influence the functioning of such units, but data from European, Asian, Latin American, and African contexts was absent, potentially leading to a single world-view informing international standards for HPESUs. This aim of this study was to explore perspectives from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in response to this omission. METHODS: Situated within an interpretivist paradigm, the research team conducted semi-structured interviews with nine HPESU leaders in SSA, exploring how participants experienced and understood the functioning of their units. Despite efforts to have representation from across the region, most participants were from South Africa. The researchers analysed data thematically using the theory of institutional logics as an analytical frame. RESULTS: Several aspects of the HPESUs aligned with the previously identified logics of academic research, service and teaching; and of a cohesive education continuum. By contrast, leaders described financial sustainability as a more prominent logic than financial accountability. DISCUSSION: The similarities identified in this study may reflect isomorphism-a process which sees institutions within a similar field becoming more alike, particularly as newer institutions seek to acquire legitimacy within that field. An important caveat, however, is that isomorphism tends to occur across similar institutional contexts, which was not the case in this study. Understanding these differences is key as these HPESUs move to foster scholarship that can respond to the region's unique context.

[Undergraduate studies in health: supply and institutional strategies in the context of the Brazilian Unified National Health System regionalization]. / Graduação em saúde: oferta e estratégias para o fortalecimento da regionalização do Sistema Único de Saúde.

This article aims to provide an overview of the territorial distribution of health training supply and to identify the strategies for strengthening regionalization adopted by teaching institutions that offer health courses and the changes in the regional surroundings as a function of these institutions. This is a descriptive-exploratory multiple-case study conducted at the national level in Brazil from December 2015 to September 2016. The study analyzed secondary data on health training supply and interviewed 68 administrators of undergraduate health courses, whose commentary was submitted to content analysis. There was an increase in health training institutions in smaller regions and municipalities (counties), although such institutions were still concentrated mainly in more socioeconomically developed regions. Policies have been implemented for access and enrollment in higher education from the perspective of promoting provision and professional retention in the region where the health course is located. The university's presence promotes regional development and has the potential to strengthen health regionalization.

Este artigo objetiva descrever o panorama de distribuição territorial da oferta de formação em saúde, bem como identificar as estratégias para o fortalecimento da regionalização adotadas pelas instituições de ensino que ofertam cursos de saúde e as mudanças verificadas no entorno regional em função dessas instituições. Trata-se de estudo descritivo-exploratório, do tipo estudo de casos múltiplos, desenvolvido em âmbito nacional no período de dezembro de 2015 a setembro de 2016. Foram analisados dados secundários de oferta de formação em saúde e foram entrevistados 68 gestores de ensino de cursos de graduação em saúde, cujos depoimentos foram submetidos a análise de conteúdo. Percebe-se um aumento de equipamentos para formação em saúde em regiões e municípios de menor porte, não obstante a concentração em locais com maior desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Políticas de acesso ao ensino superior de estudantes vêm sendo empreendidas, na perspectiva de promover a provisão e fixação profissional do entorno onde se localizam os cursos da saúde. Constata-se que a presença da universidade promove desenvolvimento regional e tem potencial para o fortalecimento da regionalização da saúde.

El objetivo de este artículo es describir el panorama de la distribución territorial, en cuanto a la oferta de formación en salud, e identificar estrategias para el fortalecimiento de la regionalización, adoptadas por las instituciones de enseñanza que ofrecen cursos de salud, además de analizar los cambios verificados en el entorno regional, en función de estas instituciones. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo-exploratorio, de casos múltiples, desarrollado en el ámbito nacional de Brasil durante el período de diciembre de 2015 a septiembre de 2016. Se analizaron datos secundarios de oferta de formación en salud, y se entrevistaron a 68 gestores de enseñanza de cursos de grado en salud, cuyas declaraciones fueron sometidas a análisis de contenido. Se percibe un aumento de equipamientos para la formación en salud en regiones y municipios de menor porte, pese a la concentración en lugares con mayor desarrollo socioeconómico. Se están emprendiendo políticas de acceso e ingreso en la enseñanza superior de estudiantes, desde la perspectiva de promover la provisión y emplazamiento del profesional en el entorno donde se localizan los cursos de salud. Se constata que la presencia de la universidad promueve el desarrollo regional y tiene potencial para el fortalecimiento de la regionalización de la salud.

Graduação em saúde: oferta e estratégias para o fortalecimento da regionalização do Sistema Único de Saúde / Undergraduate studies in health: supply and institutional strategies in the context of the Brazilian Unified National Health System regionalization / Grado en salud: oferta y estrategias institucionales contextualizadas respecto a la regionalización del Sistema Único de Salud brasileño

Resumo: Este artigo objetiva descrever o panorama de distribuição territorial da oferta de formação em saúde, bem como identificar as estratégias para o fortalecimento da regionalização adotadas pelas instituições de ensino que ofertam cursos de saúde e as mudanças verificadas no entorno regional em função dessas instituições. Trata-se de estudo descritivo-exploratório, do tipo estudo de casos múltiplos, desenvolvido em âmbito nacional no período de dezembro de 2015 a setembro de 2016. Foram analisados dados secundários de oferta de formação em saúde e foram entrevistados 68 gestores de ensino de cursos de graduação em saúde, cujos depoimentos foram submetidos a análise de conteúdo. Percebe-se um aumento de equipamentos para formação em saúde em regiões e municípios de menor porte, não obstante a concentração em locais com maior desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Políticas de acesso ao ensino superior de estudantes vêm sendo empreendidas, na perspectiva de promover a provisão e fixação profissional do entorno onde se localizam os cursos da saúde. Constata-se que a presença da universidade promove desenvolvimento regional e tem potencial para o fortalecimento da regionalização da saúde.

Abstract: This article aims to provide an overview of the territorial distribution of health training supply and to identify the strategies for strengthening regionalization adopted by teaching institutions that offer health courses and the changes in the regional surroundings as a function of these institutions. This is a descriptive-exploratory multiple-case study conducted at the national level in Brazil from December 2015 to September 2016. The study analyzed secondary data on health training supply and interviewed 68 administrators of undergraduate health courses, whose commentary was submitted to content analysis. There was an increase in health training institutions in smaller regions and municipalities (counties), although such institutions were still concentrated mainly in more socioeconomically developed regions. Policies have been implemented for access and enrollment in higher education from the perspective of promoting provision and professional retention in the region where the health course is located. The university's presence promotes regional development and has the potential to strengthen health regionalization.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es describir el panorama de la distribución territorial, en cuanto a la oferta de formación en salud, e identificar estrategias para el fortalecimiento de la regionalización, adoptadas por las instituciones de enseñanza que ofrecen cursos de salud, además de analizar los cambios verificados en el entorno regional, en función de estas instituciones. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo-exploratorio, de casos múltiples, desarrollado en el ámbito nacional de Brasil durante el período de diciembre de 2015 a septiembre de 2016. Se analizaron datos secundarios de oferta de formación en salud, y se entrevistaron a 68 gestores de enseñanza de cursos de grado en salud, cuyas declaraciones fueron sometidas a análisis de contenido. Se percibe un aumento de equipamientos para la formación en salud en regiones y municipios de menor porte, pese a la concentración en lugares con mayor desarrollo socioeconómico. Se están emprendiendo políticas de acceso e ingreso en la enseñanza superior de estudiantes, desde la perspectiva de promover la provisión y emplazamiento del profesional en el entorno donde se localizan los cursos de salud. Se constata que la presencia de la universidad promueve el desarrollo regional y tiene potencial para el fortalecimiento de la regionalización de la salud.

Health Sciences cultural safety education in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States: a literature review.

OBJECTIVES: To review the research literature on cultural safety education within post-secondary health science programs. METHODS: We conducted health and social science database searches from 1996-2016, using combined keywords: cultural competence or safety; teaching or curriculum; universities, polytechnics or professional programs; and Aboriginal or Indigenous. In dyads, authors selected, and reviewed studies independently followed by discussion and consensus to identify thematic linkages of major findings. RESULTS: A total of 1583 abstracts and 122 full-text articles were reviewed with 40 selected for final inclusion. Publications from Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States described curriculum development and delivery. A variety of evaluation approaches were used including anecdotal reports, focus groups, interviews, course evaluations, reflective journals, pre-post surveys, critical reflective papers, and exam questions. Duration and depth of curricular exposure ranged from one day to integration across a six-year program.  Changes in student knowledge, attitude, self-confidence, and behaviour when working with Indigenous populations were reported. Cultural safety education and application to practice were shown to be linked to improved relationships, healthier outcomes, and increased number of Indigenous people entering health education programs and graduates interested in working in diverse communities. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides a summary of multidisciplinary didactic and experiential instructional approaches to cultural safety education and the impact on students, educators and Indigenous people.  Institutional support, strategic planning and cultural safety curriculum policy within post-secondary settings and community engagement are imperative for positive student experiences, advocacy, and actions toward health equity and improved health for Indigenous people and communities.

[Comparative analysis of the social base of the medical and nursing professions in Brazil from 2000 to 2010]. / Análise comparativa da base social da Medicina e Enfermagem no Brasil entre os anos de 2000 e 2010.

The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in the 2000s in the social base of the medical and nursing professions in Brazil, as a result of the expansion of higher education in the country beginning in the late 1990s. The article begins with a descriptive analysis of the social base of recruitment, drawing on data from the socioeconomic questionnaire of the National Student Performance Exam in 2004 and 2010, for incoming and graduating students in medicine and nursing. Next, it analyzes the social base of certified physicians and nurses, using data from the 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses. The results show that there was an expansion in the social base of recruitment in both professions, especially an increase in students from low-income families and those self-identified as black or brown. The social base of certified physicians and nurses underwent a reconfiguration, characterized by rejuvenation and a decrease in work market remuneration. The two processes were experienced differently within and between the professions, highlighting the existence of differences in the respective professional groups' capacity to mobilize resources proper to the professional world and that can guarantee special positions in the work market and in social structure.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as alterações ocorridas durante os anos 2000 na base social das profissões da Medicina e Enfermagem no Brasil, como resultado da expansão do Ensino Superior iniciada na segunda metade dos anos 1990. De um lado, analisa descritivamente a base social de recrutamento valendo-se dos dados do questionário socioeconômico do Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes de 2004 e 2010, referentes aos ingressantes e concluintes dos cursos de Medicina e Enfermagem. De outro, analisa a base social dos habilitados nas profissões valendo-se dos dados do Censo Demográfico do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística de 2000 e 2010. Os resultados mostram que ocorreu ampliação da base social de recrutamento das duas profissões, sobretudo pelo crescimento do alunado proveniente de famílias de baixa renda e que se declararam negros/as, pardos/as e mulato/as. Já a base social dos habilitados passou por uma reconfiguração, caracterizada pelo rejuvenescimento da população e pela diminuição das recompensas no mercado de trabalho. Ambos os processos foram vivenciados de forma distinta entre e dentro das profissões, destacando a existência de diferenças na capacidade de cada grupo profissional em mobilizar recursos que são próprios do mundo profissional e que lhes podem garantir posições especiais no mercado de trabalho e na estrutura social.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las alteraciones ocurridas durante la primera década del año 2000, en lo que se refiere a la base social en las profesiones de medicina y enfermería en Brasil, como resultado de la expansión de la enseñanza superior, iniciada en la segunda mitad de la década de 1990. Por un lado, se analiza descriptivamente la base social en la selección de personal, valiéndose de los datos de la encuesta socioeconómica del Examen Nacional de Desempeño de los Estudiantes, desde 2004 hasta 2010, en cuanto a quienes accedían y concluían los cursos de medicina y enfermería. Por otro, se analiza la base social de los habilitados en esas profesiones, usando los datos del Censo Demográfico de 2000 y 2010. Los resultados muestran que se produjo una ampliación de la base social en el acceso a estas dos profesiones, sobre todo por el crecimiento del alumnado proveniente de familias de baja renta, y que se declararon negros/as, mestizo/as y mulato/as. Ya la base social de quienes fueron habilitados sufrió una reconfiguración, caracterizada por el rejuvenecimiento de la población, y por la disminución de los subsidios en el mercado de trabajo. Ambos procesos fueron vividos de forma distinta entre y dentro de las propias profesiones, destacando la existencia de diferencias en la capacidad de cada grupo profesional al movilizar recursos, que son propios del mundo profesional, y que les pueden garantizar posiciones especiales en el mercado de trabajo y en la estructura social.

Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal and non-musculoskeletal injuries in health care workers: the implications for work disability management.

To compare the prevalence of musculoskeletal and non-musculoskeletal injuries in a cohort of workers in Manitoba health care sector, who made injury claims between 2002 and 2012. A retrospective study, using secondary data from WCB Manitoba. Logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios for nature of work-related injuries among different groups of workers. Idiopathic work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) constituted 74.6% of all the injury claims. Injury risks varied between worker groups, and a significant difference was found within the female group, χ2 = 13.4, p = 0.0094, but not among the males. Compared to the married, single workers were more likely to experience traumatic than idiopathic injuries (OR = 1.72, CI, 1.28, 2.29), and much higher risk of traumatic injuries than non-WMSD (OR = 1.93, CI, 1.31, 2.84). Work-related injury risks vary significantly across occupations and worker groups, with idiopathic injuries being higher in high physical tasks. Practitioner Summary: To compare musculoskeletal and non-musculoskeletal injuries among workers in health care sector, and explore the implications for work disability management. Retrospective study, using workers' compensation claims data. The risk of idiopathic work-related musculoskeletal disorders continue to be high compared to traumatic and non-musculoskeletal disorders, particularly in tasks that involved high physical activities.

Análise comparativa da base social da Medicina e Enfermagem no Brasil entre os anos de 2000 e 2010 / Comparative analysis of the social base of the medical and nursing professions in Brazil from 2000 to 2010 / Análisis comparativo sobre la base social en Medicina y enfermería en Brasil entre los años 2000 y 2010

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as alterações ocorridas durante os anos 2000 na base social das profissões da Medicina e Enfermagem no Brasil, como resultado da expansão do Ensino Superior iniciada na segunda metade dos anos 1990. De um lado, analisa descritivamente a base social de recrutamento valendo-se dos dados do questionário socioeconômico do Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes de 2004 e 2010, referentes aos ingressantes e concluintes dos cursos de Medicina e Enfermagem. De outro, analisa a base social dos habilitados nas profissões valendo-se dos dados do Censo Demográfico do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística de 2000 e 2010. Os resultados mostram que ocorreu ampliação da base social de recrutamento das duas profissões, sobretudo pelo crescimento do alunado proveniente de famílias de baixa renda e que se declararam negros/as, pardos/as e mulato/as. Já a base social dos habilitados passou por uma reconfiguração, caracterizada pelo rejuvenescimento da população e pela diminuição das recompensas no mercado de trabalho. Ambos os processos foram vivenciados de forma distinta entre e dentro das profissões, destacando a existência de diferenças na capacidade de cada grupo profissional em mobilizar recursos que são próprios do mundo profissional e que lhes podem garantir posições especiais no mercado de trabalho e na estrutura social.

The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in the 2000s in the social base of the medical and nursing professions in Brazil, as a result of the expansion of higher education in the country beginning in the late 1990s. The article begins with a descriptive analysis of the social base of recruitment, drawing on data from the socioeconomic questionnaire of the National Student Performance Exam in 2004 and 2010, for incoming and graduating students in medicine and nursing. Next, it analyzes the social base of certified physicians and nurses, using data from the 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses. The results show that there was an expansion in the social base of recruitment in both professions, especially an increase in students from low-income families and those self-identified as black or brown. The social base of certified physicians and nurses underwent a reconfiguration, characterized by rejuvenation and a decrease in work market remuneration. The two processes were experienced differently within and between the professions, highlighting the existence of differences in the respective professional groups' capacity to mobilize resources proper to the professional world and that can guarantee special positions in the work market and in social structure.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las alteraciones ocurridas durante la primera década del año 2000, en lo que se refiere a la base social en las profesiones de medicina y enfermería en Brasil, como resultado de la expansión de la enseñanza superior, iniciada en la segunda mitad de la década de 1990. Por un lado, se analiza descriptivamente la base social en la selección de personal, valiéndose de los datos de la encuesta socioeconómica del Examen Nacional de Desempeño de los Estudiantes, desde 2004 hasta 2010, en cuanto a quienes accedían y concluían los cursos de medicina y enfermería. Por otro, se analiza la base social de los habilitados en esas profesiones, usando los datos del Censo Demográfico de 2000 y 2010. Los resultados muestran que se produjo una ampliación de la base social en el acceso a estas dos profesiones, sobre todo por el crecimiento del alumnado proveniente de familias de baja renta, y que se declararon negros/as, mestizo/as y mulato/as. Ya la base social de quienes fueron habilitados sufrió una reconfiguración, caracterizada por el rejuvenecimiento de la población, y por la disminución de los subsidios en el mercado de trabajo. Ambos procesos fueron vividos de forma distinta entre y dentro de las propias profesiones, destacando la existencia de diferencias en la capacidad de cada grupo profesional al movilizar recursos, que son propios del mundo profesional, y que les pueden garantizar posiciones especiales en el mercado de trabajo y en la estructura social.

[The emergence of patient safety issues in France]. / L'émergence de la question de la sécurité des patients en France.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to elucidate the conditions of emergence of patient safety issues in the public debate and the limits to implementation of patient safety in the current health system. METHOD: A narrative review of the international literature was conducted by searching PubMed, Cairn and Persée databases. RESULTS: The database search retrieved 2,206 documents, 48 of which were included in the study. The theme of patient safety has spread worldwide, but emerged late in France. The delayed emergence of patient safety in France is essentially related to the euphemistic approach to the problem of patient safety, the difficulty of adopting systematic reasoning, the lack of human resources management levers and the ambiguous position of patients in relation to patient safety.

Grasping At The Moon: Enhancing Access To Careers In The Health Professions.

A former HHS secretary reflects on what's needed to enable more minorities to become doctors and other health professionals.

Building a Value-Based Workforce in North Carolina.

Health care in the United States is likely to change more in the next 10 years than in any previous decade. However, changes in the workforce needed to support new care delivery and payment models will likely be slower and less dramatic. In this issue of the NCMJ, experts from education, practice, and policy reflect on the "state of the state" and what the future holds for multiple health professional groups. They write from a broad range of perspectives and disciplines, but all point toward the need for change-change in the way we educate, deploy, and recruit health professionals. The rapid pace of health system change in North Carolina means that the road map is being redrawn as we drive, but some general routes are evident. In this issue brief we suggest that, to make the workforce more effective, we need to broaden our definition of who is in the health workforce; focus on retooling and retraining the existing workforce; shift from training workers in acute settings to training them in community-based settings; and increase accountability in the system so that public funds spent on the health professions produce the workforce needed to meet the state's health care needs. North Carolina has arguably the best health workforce data system in the country; it has historically provided the data needed to inform policy change, but adequate and ongoing financial support for that system needs to be assured.

The Role of Intrinsic Motivation in the Pursuit of Health Science-Related Careers among Youth from Underrepresented Low Socioeconomic Populations.

A more diverse health science-related workforce including more underrepresented race/ethnic minorities, especially from low socioeconomic backgrounds, is needed to address health disparities in the USA. To increase such diversity, programs must facilitate youth interest in pursuing a health science-related career (HSRC). Minority youth from low socioeconomic families may focus on the secondary gains of careers, such as high income and status, given their low socioeconomic backgrounds. On the other hand, self-determination theory suggests that it is the intrinsic characteristics of careers which are most likely to sustain pursuit of an HSRC and lead to job satisfaction. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for pursuing an HSRC (defined in this study as health professional, health scientist, and medical doctor) was examined in a cohort of youth from the 10th to 12th grade from 2011 to 2013. The sample was from low-income area high schools, had a B- or above grade point average at baseline, and was predominantly: African American (65.7 %) or Hispanic (22.9 %), female (70.1 %), and children of foreign-born parents (64.7 %). In longitudinal general estimating equations, intrinsic motivation (but not extrinsic motivation) consistently predicted intention to pursue an HSRC. This finding provides guidance as to which youth and which qualities of HSRCs might deserve particular attention in efforts to increase diversity in the health science-related workforce.

Una mirada sobre la atención psicomotriz en los servicios de salud pública / A look at psychomotricity care in public health services / Um olhar sobre os cuidados psicomotrizes nos serviços de saúde pública

En las Instituciones de salud pública de la provincia de Córdoba se observa una participación asimétrica entre las profesiones médicas y otras profesiones como la psicomotricidad. Realidad que se detecta en los centros de atención pública de la ciudad de Río Cuarto. Se reflexiona críticamente acerca de la definición de los procesos de salud-enfermedad confrontando los actuales paradigmas vigentes y la teoría Psicomotríz e indagando las formas en que se concibe la inclusión de la disciplina en las políticas públicas y legislaciones vigentes provinciales. La investigación se desarrolló a través de un trabajo de campo para conocer las opiniones y valoraciones respecto de la atención de la salud, la psicomotricidad y su marco legal en un procedimiento de encuestas y entrevistas a los actores sociales de la salud, entre ellos, médicos y funcionarios locales. Se percibe que la conformación de los equipos de salud es incompleta, existiendo una parcialidad profesional que sigue prioritariamente constituida por las ciencias médicas. La intención de este análisis es poner en contraste el saber médico y el saber psicomotor para instalar espacios de reflexión que motiven posibles transformaciones necesarias para atender la recuperación, la prevención y la promoción de la salud.

At public health institutions in the province of Cordoba, we can observe an asymmetric participation between medical professions and other professions such as psychomotricity. This reality is observed in public health care centers in the city of Rio Cuarto. We critically think about the definition of the health-illness processes, comparing the current paradigms and Psychmotricity theory and asking about the ways in which the inclusion of this discipline is understood in the provincial public policies and in the legislation in force. The research was carried out through field work to get to know the opinion and assessment regarding health care and psychomotricity care and its legal framework by means of surveys and interviews to health social actors: doctors and local civil servants, among others. It is observed that the constitution of the health teams is incomplete; there exists professional bias which is still priorly constituted by the medical sciences. The intention of our analysis is to contrast medical knowledge and psychomotricity knowledge to set up reflection spaces which will allow the necessary transformations to take care of health recovery, prevention and promotion.

Percebe-se nas instituições de saúde pública da província de Córdoba uma participa- ção assimétrica entre as profissões médicas e outras profissões, como a psicomotricidade. Trata-se de uma realidade que é detectada em centros de saúde públicos da cidade de Rio Cuarto. Reflete-se criticamente sobre a definição dos processos de saúde- doença que confrontando os atuais paradigmas existentes e a teoria Psicomotriz e investigando as formas em que a inclusão da disciplina nas políticas públicas e legislações provinciais é concebida. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de um trabalho no local analisado para conhecer as opiniões e conceitos sobre cuidados de saúde, a psicomotricidade e seu quadro legal em um processo de enquêtes e entrevistas com as atores sociais da saúde, dentre eles, os médicos e autoridades locais da saúde. Percebe-se que a formação de equipes de saúde é incompleta, existindo um perfil profissional que ainda é essencialmente constituído por profissionais das ciências médicas. A intenção desta análise é contrastar o conhecimento médico e o saber psicomotor para instalar espaços de reflexão que incentivem as mudan- ças necessárias para enfrentar a possível recuperação, prevenção e promoção da saúde.

Education for eHealth--a status analysis.

eHealth is not only a growing market, but also an important factor for new healthcare systems. National and European initiatives implicitly demand a higher level of knowledge in the areas of healthcare, engineering and management. As part of the eLearning4eHealth project an initial web based study was performed concentrating on European and global eHealth related educational programs. The results show that eHealth related courses do not evenly exist for the identified professions. 43% of the offered programs are focused on the engineering sector, whereas only 21% are available for the management sector. In order to offer compatible and comparable state of knowledge in the identified fields of profession and knowledge, further educational programs may be necessary. Despite the found shortcomings, results have shown that international activities have started in order to close the gaps and improve the quality of knowledge in the interdisciplinary field of eHealth.