[An analysis of national projects of scientific research in Japanese acupuncture-moxibustion academia during recent 40 years].

Adopting bibliometrics research methods to categorize and analyze the acupuncture scientific research findings which has been published by the KAKEN Database of Grants-In-Aid for Scientific Research, and moreover compared results from some of the winning national research projects published by the Internet-based Science Information System of China in 2011. Upon evaluation, it is found that the applied logic of Japanese acupuncture academia is clearer and the fixed position is more accurate. The achivments and academic thought of Japan acup-mox cirde will in some way inspire the acupuncture researchers in China regarding project selection and help them to avoid invalid or duplicate research. Furthermore, it is concluded that Chinese acupuncture academia is focusing on basic research and is showing the spirit for the scientific research as the cradle of acupuncture and moxibustion. In comparison, Japanese acupuncture academia is re nowned for their focus on the subtle interplay of basic and clinical research, as well as attention to detail, serves as a testament to their straightforward, absence of pretense as a country of practical scientific research.

The psychologization of humanitarian aid: skimming the battlefield and the disaster zone.

Humanitarian aid's psycho-therapeutic turn in the 1990s was mirrored by the increasing emotionalization and subjectivation of fund-raising campaigns. In order to grasp the depth of this interconnectedness, this article argues that in both cases what we see is the post-Fordist production paradigm at work; namely, as Hardt and Negri put it, the direct production of subjectivity and social relations. To explore this, the therapeutic and mental health approach in humanitarian aid is juxtaposed with the more general phenomenon of psychologization. This allows us to see that the psychologized production of subjectivity has a problematic waste-product as it reduces the human to 'Homo sacer', to use Giorgi Agamben's term. Drawing out a double matrix of a de-psychologizing psychologization connected to a politicizing de-politicization, it will further become possible to understand psycho-therapeutic humanitarianism as a case of how, in these times of globalization, psychology, subjectivity and money are all interrelated.

The traumatic brain injury model systems: history and contributions to clinical service and research.

The model systems (MSs) of care for traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a demonstration program started by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research in 1987 to improve care and outcomes for individuals with TBI, from emergency services through life-long follow-up. Over the next 20 years, the program increased in size, and the emphasis shifted from demonstration to research. The focal point of that research is the National Data Base, a longitudinal database including nearly 9000 individuals who were admitted for inpatient acute TBI rehabilitation. In addition to preinjury, injury, acute care, and rehabilitation information, the database includes reports of outcomes at 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, etc, years postinjury. The National Data Base criteria, main contents, and mechanisms used to improve data quantity and quality are described. The MSs' other research is described: local (site-specific), module, and collaborative, with illustrative glimpses of the content. The impact of the TBI MSs program, through dissemination, knowledge translation, training of clinicians and researchers, as well as consulting with policy makers, administrators, clinicians, and researchers is discussed.

A global subsidy: key to affordable drugs for malaria?

The global fight against malaria has been continually challenged by poor access to affordable, effective medicine. Growing resistance to chloroquine, the traditional treatment, has worsened the situation. Artemisinins, the successor therapy to chloroquine, are at least ten times more costly than the older drug. In developing countries, most malaria medicines are purchased in the private sector, where traditional aid mechanisms do not reach. So a new aid approach was needed. The Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria (AMFm) will efficiently supply publicly subsidized drugs to meet public- and private-sector demand in malaria-endemic countries. If artemisinins are priced more competitively, resistance to them will be delayed.

Cancer coverage: the public face of childhood leukaemia in 1960s Britain.

In the 1960s, stories of children fighting cancer, previously absent from the British news, started to feature ever more prominently in the national press. Conventional treatments could not keep children alive for many months, so the promise of a cure through the use of an alternative anti-cancer 'serum' was not easily dismissed as quackery. The Ministry of Health and cancer research organisations struggled to find a fair and honest way to inform the public and affected families about childhood leukaemia without raising or crushing hope.

The World Health Organization and the transition from "international" to "global" public health.

The term "global health" is rapidly replacing the older terminology of "international health." We describe the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in both international and global health and in the transition from one to the other. We suggest that the term "global health" emerged as part of larger political and historical processes, in which WHO found its dominant role challenged and began to reposition itself within a shifting set of power alliances. Between 1948 and 1998, WHO moved from being the unquestioned leader of international health to being an organization in crisis, facing budget shortfalls and diminished status, especially given the growing influence of new and powerful players. We argue that WHO began to refashion itself as the coordinator, strategic planner, and leader of global health initiatives as a strategy of survival in response to this transformed international political context.

Disease control in primary health care: a historical perspective.

The effectiveness of disease control by mobile teams decreased when countries became independent. Early case-finding and continuity of care require permanently accessible health care facilities where rationalization by professionals and participation of the users are well balanced. The Primary Health Care concept, a plea for this equilibrium, has been discredited by different types of misapplication. Correctly functioning and accessible first line health services, completed by a referral level, are a precondition for effective participation of the users. Where 'ideal health districts' cannot be realized, a form of steady exchanges between generalists and the specialists of the referral level has lead to diverse 'functional districts'.

Profitable gifts: a history of the Merck Mectizan donation program and its implications for international health.

A unique public/private partnership situated around a pharmaceutical, Merck's Mectizan donation program stands out as an example of corporate philanthropy in the history of the pharmaceutical industry and provides insight into future public/private partnerships in public health. This paper considers the issues Merck faced in the decision to donate Mectizan (ivermectin) and in the subsequent development of the Mectizan donation program, delineating the moral and financial debates that arose within the company. Coming after almost 15 years of donation, this assessment of the program's strengths and shortcomings suggests how the pharmaceutical industry can better serve as a viable partner in improving international health.

The production of criminological experiments.

This article examines the production of crime and justice field experiments during the 1990s. Data were collected on the characteristics of criminological experiments funded by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the principal research agency of the U.S. Department of Justice, during the 10-year period from 1991 through 2000. The analyses find that, whereas the funds available for research and evaluation at the NIJ increased during this period, the number of projects and the amount of funds awarded supporting field experiments declined. The article describes the characteristics of the experiments funded and assesses the extent to which the reduced support can be attributed to the characteristics of NIJ research funding, research topics, researchers, or criminal justice operational agencies.