Assessment of variability in Turkish spine surgeons' trauma practices.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyse the variability among Turkish spinal surgeons in the management of thoracolumbar fractures by carrying out a web survey. METHODS: An invitation text and web-link of the survey were sent to the members of the Turkish Spine Society mail group. A fictitious spine trauma vignette, a 23 year-old male with a L1 burst fracture, was presented and 25 questions were asked to participants. Variability of answers in a given question was assessed with the Index of Qualitative Variation (IQV). Questions with high IQV values (>%80) were selected to evaluate the relation between participant factors (speciality, age, degree and experience level of the surgeon, type of the work centre and volume of the trauma patients). RESULTS: Sixty-four (88%) among the 73 participating surgeons completed the survey. 45 (70%) of them were orthopaedic surgeons and 19 (30%) were neurosurgeons. 11 questions had very high variability (IQV ≥ 0.80), 5 had high variability (0.58-0.75) and 2 had low variability (IQV≤0.20). The question with the highest variability was related to the use of brace after surgery (IQV = 0.93). Following one was about the selection of fixation levels (IQV = 0.91). Neurosurgeons were more likely to use brace postoperatively and professors were less likely to perform decompression. CONCLUSION: This survey shows that thoracolumbar spine trauma practice significantly varies among Turkish spine surgeons. Surgeons' characteristics affected some specific answers. Lack of enough knowledge about spine trauma care, fracture classifications and surgical techniques and/or ethical factors may be other reasons for this variability.

A multidisciplinary approach to vascular surgery procedure coding improves coding accuracy, work relative value unit assignment, and reimbursement.

BACKGROUND: Vascular surgery procedural reimbursement depends on accurate procedural coding and documentation. Despite the critical importance of correct coding, there has been a paucity of research focused on the effect of direct physician involvement. We hypothesize that direct physician involvement in procedural coding will lead to improved coding accuracy, increased work relative value unit (wRVU) assignment, and increased physician reimbursement. METHODS: This prospective observational cohort study evaluated procedural coding accuracy of fistulograms at an academic medical institution (January-June 2014). All fistulograms were coded by institutional coders (traditional coding) and by a single vascular surgeon whose codes were verified by two institution coders (multidisciplinary coding). The coding methods were compared, and differences were translated into revenue and wRVUs using the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule. Comparison between traditional and multidisciplinary coding was performed for three discrete study periods: baseline (period 1), after a coding education session for physicians and coders (period 2), and after a coding education session with implementation of an operative dictation template (period 3). The accuracy of surgeon operative dictations during each study period was also assessed. An external validation at a second academic institution was performed during period 1 to assess and compare coding accuracy. RESULTS: During period 1, traditional coding resulted in a 4.4% (P = .004) loss in reimbursement and a 5.4% (P = .01) loss in wRVUs compared with multidisciplinary coding. During period 2, no significant difference was found between traditional and multidisciplinary coding in reimbursement (1.3% loss; P = .24) or wRVUs (1.8% loss; P = .20). During period 3, traditional coding yielded a higher overall reimbursement (1.3% gain; P = .26) than multidisciplinary coding. This increase, however, was due to errors by institution coders, with six inappropriately used codes resulting in a higher overall reimbursement that was subsequently corrected. Assessment of physician documentation showed improvement, with decreased documentation errors at each period (11% vs 3.1% vs 0.6%; P = .02). Overall, between period 1 and period 3, multidisciplinary coding resulted in a significant increase in additional reimbursement ($17.63 per procedure; P = .004) and wRVUs (0.50 per procedure; P = .01). External validation at a second academic institution was performed to assess coding accuracy during period 1. Similar to institution 1, traditional coding revealed an 11% loss in reimbursement ($13,178 vs $14,630; P = .007) and a 12% loss in wRVU (293 vs 329; P = .01) compared with multidisciplinary coding. CONCLUSIONS: Physician involvement in the coding of endovascular procedures leads to improved procedural coding accuracy, increased wRVU assignments, and increased physician reimbursement.

Bridges to Excellence--recognizing high-quality care: analysis of physician quality and resource use.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether physicians who sought and received Bridges to Excellence (BTE) recognition performed better than similar physicians on a standardized set of population-based performance measures. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional comparison of performance data. METHODS: Using a claims dataset of all commercially insured members from 6 health plans in Massachusetts, we examined population-based measures of quality and resource use for physicians recognized by the BTE programs Physician Office Link and Diabetes Care Link, compared with nonrecognized physicians in the same specialties. Differences in performance were tested using generalized linear models. RESULTS: Physician Office Link-recognized physicians performed significantly better than their nonrecognized peers on measures of cervical cancer screening, mammography, and glycosylated hemoglobin testing. Diabetes Care Link-recognized physicians performed significantly better on all 4 diabetes process measures of quality, with the largest differences observed in microalbumin screening (17.7%). Patients of Physician Office Link-recognized physicians had a significantly greater percentage of their resource use accounted for by evaluation and management services (3.4%), and a smaller percentage accounted for by facility (-1.6%), inpatient ancillary (-0.1%), and nonmanagement outpatient services (-1.0%). After adjustment for patient age and sex, and case mix, Physician Office Link-recognized physicians had significantly fewer episodes per patient (0.13) and lower resource use per episode (dollars 130), but findings were mixed for Diabetes Care Link-recognized physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the BTE approach to ascertaining physician quality identifies physicians who perform better on claims-based quality measures and primary care physicians who use a less resource-intensive practice style.

The feasibility and value of new measures showing patterns of quality for patients with 3 chronic conditions.

The aim of this study was to create new measures of quality that combine individual service measures. Using an all-or-none approach, we identify 5 levels of care reflecting the extent to which optimal patterns of service were obtained by patients with asthma, diabetes, and heart failure. We also assess the feasibility of these levels-of-care measures and their potential value in quality improvement efforts. The study was designed to analyze claims data to reflect patterns of services used in a single metropolitan market of about 1 million residents in the northeastern United States. More than 80,000 patients insured over 4 years (1994-1997) had claims with 1 or more of 3 chronic conditions. The analysis showed that the measures discriminated effectively among groups of patients with the 3 chronic conditions and highlighted areas to target quality improvement efforts. Although the numbers vary by year, for two of the diagnoses, most patients were in the lowest categories (59%-75%), and for the third, 40% were in these categories. Few were in the highest category. Most patients were in the same category from one year to the next. The levels-of-care approach to quality measurement can help caregivers and policy makers find methods for avoiding unnecessary utilization and expenditures while raising--not lowering--the probability that utilization patterns will conform to condition-specific recommended care.

Comparison of ICHI and CCAM basic coding system.

While diagnoses are coded by ICD across the world, there is no universally accepted coding system for procedures. In many countries there exists not even a local classification for medical procedures. As a possible solution the International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI) has been proposed as a common denominator for an international procedure classification. We alternatively postulate a multiaxial framework for procedure classification following the French Classification Commune des Actes Médicaux (CCAM) for the generation of a procedure shortlist. We compared ICHI and CCAM Basic Coding System focusing on the appropriateness of both systems for supporting the comparability of procedure data. Considering the ongoing standardization of health terminologies and classifications, we strongly recommend to improve the ICHI structure, capitalizing on the benefits of the CCAM architecture.

Explaining variation in physician practice patterns and their propensities to recommend services.

Variations in physician practice patterns have important implications for quality and cost. The purpose of this article is to explain variation in physicians' practice patterns in terms of physician personal characteristics, practice setting, patient population, and managed care involvement. Data on 2,455 primary care physicians were derived from the Community Tracking Study Physician Survey (1996-1997). Factor scores were determined based on responses to three clinical scenarios that represent discretionary medical decisions. These scenarios include a specialist referral for benign prostatic hyperplasia, prescription drugs for elevated cholesterol, and an office visit for vaginal discharge. Physician age, being a foreign medical school graduate, being a solo practitioner, and having a larger proportion of Medicaid patients were all associated with higher factor scores, a greater likelihood of ordering a service. Being board certified was associated with lower factor scores. Managed care involvement was not a significant predictor of factor scores.

Profiling gaining acceptance as key strategy under capitation.

Physician profiling is one of the top management strategies for capitated groups. Read about a new survey suggesting that physicians are learning to accept profiling as a necessary means to higher quality and lower costs.

Use this report card to profile physicians on pharmacy use.

With the emphasis on reducing pharmacy costs and utilization, here's a simple profiling tool that can reveal prescribing patterns at a glance. The objective is to accomplish those goals while keeping quality measures foremost.

Modelling strategies for reducing pharmaceutical costs in hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To describe drug utilization and cost in a large hospital and to compare the impact of different strategies on cost associated with drug prescribing. DESIGN: Retrospective data on drug utilization and cost, linked to patient clinical data and prescriber data from November 1998 were analyzed and modelled. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Impact of different strategies for cost control. SETTING: A large hospital in Sydney, Australia. RESULTS: The mean cost of drugs per episode of care was 28 Australian dollars. Of all drug costs, 79% was incurred by medical units and 14% by surgical units. Oncology accounted for 42% and inpatients for 91% of drug costs. Although section-100 (S-100) drugs incurred a high cost (640 dollars) per episode of care, there were only 41 episodes where S-100 drugs (expensive, restricted drugs) were used, and the total cost of S-100 drugs was only 3.7% of the total cost to the hospital. Antibiotics were the most commonly prescribed drug category, prescribed in 14% of all hospital episodes, and accounting for 14% of total drug costs. Anti-ulcer drugs were the next most costly group, accounting for 7% of total drug costs. A 20% reduction in use of antibiotics would save four times that (233,832 dollars pa) of a 20% reduction in use of S-100 drugs (61,392 dollars pa). DISCUSSION: Our study suggests that reducing inappropriate use of high volume drugs such as antibiotics could be more effective in optimising health facility drug budgets than attempts concentrating solely on reducing use of high cost drugs alone. Moreover our study suggests that systematic measurement of drug utilisation patterns is a key element of drug cost control strategies.

The theory and methodology of provider profiling.

Physician profiling is the comparison of physician practice patterns to determine the existence and effects of significant differences in outcomes. To optimize care quality, these comparisons can be used to influence provider behavior through awareness when outcomes are poor or do not warrant provider expenditures. To maximize the value of such a technique, the underlying bases for comparison and the uses of derived data must be understood. Several factors must be considered or controlled for when determining comparable providers. Additionally, the worth or significance of findings must also be understood. This paper seeks to provide information in these two areas for the benefit of those responsible for managing care at all levels.

Change comes easier when you speak physicians' language.

A Boston managed care organization is using a new profiling system that analyzes actual and expected utilization, and ties it back to costs in easy-to-read reports. One of the key features: using all claims generated by a patient for risk-adjustment analyses, thus addressing physicians' concerns about caring for sicker patients.

A methodology for choosing a physician profiling system: the case of First Option Health Plan.

The public continues to demand improved health care at affordable costs. It appears that this public pressure will force health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and other health care providers to face their toughest days in the years to come. They will need to find solutions to resolve this "quality and cost" problem. One method that is likely to have the ability to improve quality of care and control costs is physician profiling. That is, data related to a physician's care or outcomes can be collected and compared with profiles of various populations, for example, other similar providers in a relatively close geographical proximity. This article examines the issues involved in physician profiling, including the characteristics of profiling systems and the direct and indirect benefits of having such a system. Further, the article uses an actual HMO example to discuss considerations that administrators should make when choosing a physician profiling system.