Effect of household culinary processes on organochlorine pesticide residues (OCPs) in the seafood (Penaeus vannamei) and its associated human health risk assessment: Our vision and future scope.

Food safety is crucial in today's competitive trading market, as it directly affects human health and promotes seafood exports. The effects of thermal processing (boiling, frying, grilling, and microwave cooking) on pesticide residues (PR) in P. vannamei were assessed. The PR in raw and processed shrimp ranged from 0.007 to 0.703 µg/kg for uncooked/raw, not detected (ND) to 0.917 µg/kg for boiled, ND to 0.506 µg/kg for fried, ND to 0.573 µg/kg for grilled and ND to 0.514 µg/kg for microwave cooked shrimps. The Endrin, endosulfan sulfate, and heptachlor were predominant PR found in the raw and processed shrimp. The PR content in raw and cooked shrimps were below the maximum residue limits (MRL) set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (2021) and the European Commission (86/363/1986 and 57/2007). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of PR from raw and processed shrimps were below the ADI prescribed by CAC. The hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard ratio (HR) values were <1, indicating no non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic health implications through shrimp consumption. The estimated maximum allowable shrimp consumption rate (CRlim) suggests an adult can eat >100 shrimp meals/month, which is over the USEPA's (2000)recommendation of >16 meals/month without health issues. The Effect of thermal processing was detected in the following order: boiling < grilling < frying < microwave cooking. The processing factor (PF < 0.7), paired t-test (t < 0.05), Tukey post hoc (p < 0.05) test, Bray-Curtis similarity index, and matrix plot exhibited that all the four thermal processing methods have a considerable impact on pesticides in the processed shrimps. But frying (59.4%) and microwave cooking (60.3%) reduced PR far beyond boiling (48.8%) and grilling (51.3%). Hence, we recommend frying and microwave processing are better methods for minimizing PR in seafood than boiling or grilling.

Allergenicity assessment of the edible cricket Acheta domesticus in terms of thermal and gastrointestinal processing and IgE cross-reactivity with shrimp.

The allergenic potency of the cricket Acheta domesticus, a promising edible insect, has never been assessed. This work aims to study the immunoreactivity of Acheta domesticus, and its cross-reactivity with the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, assessing the effect of cooking and gastrointestinal digestion on their allergenic properties. Different cricket proteins were detected by immunoblotting with shrimp-allergic patients' sera. Tropomyosin was identified as the most relevant IgE-binding protein, and its cross-reactivity with shrimp tropomyosin was demonstrated by ELISA. While shrimp tropomyosin showed scarce stability to gastric digestion, cricket tropomyosin withstood the whole digestion process. The sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein, specifically detected in shrimp, showed exceptional stability to gastrointestinal digestion. IgE-binding proteins in a model of enriched baked products were partially protected from proteolysis. In conclusion, the ingestion of A. domesticus proteins poses serious concerns to the Crustacean-allergic population. The high stability of tropomyosin may represent a risk of primary sensitization and clinical cross-reactivity.

Multiple signal amplification chemiluminescence immunoassay for chloramphenicol using functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles as probes and resin beads as carriers.

A novel, rapid and convenient competitive immunoassay for ultrasensitive detection of chloramphenicol residues in shrimp and honey was established combined with flow injection chemiluminescence. The carboxylic resin beads were used as solid phase carriers to load with more coating antigen due to their larger specific surface area and good biocompatibility. The surface of the silica dioxide nanoparticles was modified with aldehyde group to combine with more horseradish peroxidase and the chloramphenicol antibody. There was a competitive process between the chloramphenicol in solution and the immobilized coating antigen to combine with the limited binding site of antibody to form the immunocomplex. Silica dioxide nanoparticles played an important role in enhancing chemiluminescence signal, because the horseradish peroxidase on SiO2 effectively catalyzed the system of luminol-PIP-H2O2. Under optimal conditions, the chemiluminescence intensity decreased linearly with the logarithm of the chloramphenicol concentration in the range of 0.0001 to 100 ng mL-1 and the detection limit (3σ) was 0.033 pg mL-1. This immunosensor demonstrated acceptable stability, high specificity and reproducibility. The horseradish peroxidase-silica dioxide nanoparticle-chloramphenicol antibody complex successfully prepared in this article was firstly applied to the detection of chloramphenicol, and had extremely important meanings for the application of nanoparticles and enzymatic catalysis in the field of chemiluminescence.

Phthalates and organophosphorus insecticide residues in shrimp determined by liquid/gas chromatography-Tandem mass spectrometry and a health risk assessment.

Shrimps are the most widely and increasingly cultured crustaceans in land-based ponds in Taiwan. However, few studies have investigated the phthalate contamination of and insecticide residues in shrimp. In this study, we applied a validated method to analyze the phthalate and 18 insecticides residues in shrimp. A total of 46 samples of whiteleg, grass, or giant river shrimp were collected from aquafarms and production areas in Taiwan. We detected 0.02-0.70 mg/kg of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in three shrimps; 0.02-0.03 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos in three shrimps, and 0.03 mg/kg of trichlorfon in one shrimp, indicating that 6.52% and 8.70% of the samples contained phthalate and insecticide residues, respectively. Furthermore, the assessed risk was negligible and indicated no immediate health risk associated with shrimp consumption. Continual monitoring of the residues in shrimps is critical for further assessment of possible effects on human health.

Assessment of environmental loads of Cu and Zn from intensive inland shrimp aquaculture.

An experiment was developed to simulate inland shrimp farming using diluted seawater (1.9 g L-1) containing 75 shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) per square meter during a growth cycle of 120 days. In this study, the environmental loads of copper and zinc were estimated and compared to anthropogenic sources and shrimp aquacultures in other locations. Both metals resulted primarily from feeding, which accounted for 91.8% of Cu and 97.0% of Zn. Concentrations of Cu (110.8 ± 11.8 µg g-1) and Zn (69.0 ± 0.7 µg g-1) measured in the harvested shrimp had higher Cu and lower Zn concentrations compared to those reported for farmed shrimp from Brazil and Mexico. Clearly, organic sludge was the main route of removal for both metals (Cu 46.2%; Zn 92.6%). The annual environmental loads estimated for inland shrimp aquaculture were 598 ± 74 g Cu ha-1 and 5080 ± 328 g Zn ha-1.

Assessment of trace element contamination and bioaccumulation in algae (Ulva lactuca), mussels (Perna perna), shrimp (Penaeus kerathurus), and fish (Mugil cephalus, Saratherondon melanotheron) along the Senegalese coast.

Concentrations of 11 elements were quantified in five marine species from different trophic levels of a food web (algae, mussel, shrimp and fish), representative for shallow Senegalese coastal waters, and including species of commercial importance. Significant differences in element concentrations and bioaccumulation were demonstrated, revealing the utility of employing a suite of organisms as bioindicators to monitor metal contamination in coastal areas. There was no clear seasonal pattern in concentration of elements, however inter-site differences were observed. Calculations of transfer factors for all the studied elements showed that transfer factors from water were greater than those from sediments. For shrimp and mussel, the concentrations of Pb and Cd were below the EU's maximum level for human consumption, however high concentrations of arsenic in shrimp were recorded at all sites.

The Maillard reaction of a shrimp by-product protein hydrolysate: chemical changes and inhibiting effects of reactive oxygen species in human HepG2 cells.

Recently, much attention has been given to improving the antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates via the Maillard reaction, but little is known about the cellular antioxidant activity of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) from protein hydrolysates. We first investigated chemical characterization and the cellular antioxidant activity of MRPs in a shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) by-product protein hydrolysate (SBH)-glucose system at 110 °C for up to 10 h of heating. Solutions of SBH and glucose were also heated alone as controls. The Maillard reaction greatly resulted in the increase of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and browning intensity, high molecular weight fraction, and reduction of the total amino acid in SBH with the heating time, which correlated well with the free radical scavenging activity of MRPs. MRPs had stronger inhibiting effects on oxidative stress of human HepG2 cells than the original SBH, and its cellular antioxidant activity strongly correlated with free radical scavenging activity, but less affected by the browning intensity and HMF level. The caramelization of glucose partially affected the HMF level and free radical scavenging activity of MRPs, but it was not related to the cellular antioxidant activity. The cellular antioxidant activity of MRPs for 5 h of heating time appeared to reach a maximum level, which was mainly due to carbonyl ammonia condensation reaction. In conclusion, the Maillard reaction is a potential method to increase the cellular antioxidant activity of a shrimp by-product protein hydrolysate, but the higher HMF levels and the lower amino acid content in MRPs should also be considered.

Application of response surface methodology to optimise microbial inactivation of shrimp and conch by supercritical carbon dioxide.

BACKGROUND: Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2 ) has been shown to have a good pasteurising effect on food. However, very few research papers have investigated the possibility to exploit this treatment for solid foods, particularly for seafood. Considering the microbial safety of raw seafood consumption, the study aimed to explore the feasibility of microbial inactivation of shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis) and conch (Rapana venosa) by SC-CO2 treatment. RESULTS: Response surface methodology (RSM) models were established to predict and analyse the SC-CO2 process. A 3.69-log reduction in the total aerobic plate count (TPC) of shrimp was observed by SC-CO2 treatment at 53°C, 15 MPa for 40 min, and the logarithmic reduction in TPC of conch was 3.31 at 55°C, 14 MPa for 42 min. Sensory scores of the products achieved approximately 8 (desirable). The optimal parameters for microbial inactivation of shrimp and conch by SC-CO2 might be 55°C, 15 MPa and 40 min. CONCLUSION: SC-CO2 exerted a strong bactericidal effect on the TPC of shrimp and conch, and the products maintained good organoleptic properties. This study verified the feasibility of microbial inactivation of shrimp and conch by SC-CO2 treatment.

A targeted health risk assessment following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in Vietnamese-American shrimp consumers.

BACKGROUND: The Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010 prompted concern about health risks among seafood consumers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via consumption of contaminated seafood. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to conduct population-specific probabilistic health risk assessments based on consumption of locally harvested white shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus) among Vietnamese Americans in southeast Louisiana. METHODS: We conducted a survey of Vietnamese Americans in southeast Louisiana to evaluate shrimp consumption, preparation methods, and body weight among shrimp consumers in the disaster-impacted region. We also collected and chemically analyzed locally harvested white shrimp for 81 individual PAHs. We combined the PAH levels (with accepted reference doses) found in the shrimp with the survey data to conduct Monte Carlo simulations for probabilistic noncancer health risk assessments. We also conducted probabilistic cancer risk assessments using relative potency factors (RPFs) to estimate cancer risks from the intake of PAHs from white shrimp. RESULTS: Monte Carlo simulations were used to generate hazard quotient distributions for noncancer health risks, reported as mean ± SD, for naphthalene (1.8 × 10-4 ± 3.3 × 10-4), fluorene (2.4 × 10-5 ± 3.3 × 10-5), anthracene (3.9 × 10-6 ± 5.4 × 10-6), pyrene (3.2 × 10-5 ± 4.3 × 10-5), and fluoranthene (1.8 × 10-4 ± 3.3 × 10-4). A cancer risk distribution, based on RPF-adjusted PAH intake, was also generated (2.4 × 10-7 ± 3.9 × 10-7). CONCLUSIONS: The risk assessment results show no acute health risks or excess cancer risk associated with consumption of shrimp containing the levels of PAHs detected in our study, even among frequent shrimp consumers.

A risk assessment of heavy metal concentrations in fish and an invertebrate from the Gulf of Antalya.

This study was conducted to determine the levels of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb in the Red mullet (Mullus barbatus), Grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) and Green tiger prawn (Panaeus semisulcatus) species caught in the Gulf of Antalya and to assess the health risks associated with their consumption. The average values (mg/kg d.w.) were calculated to be Pb (0.29 ± 0.14), Cd (0.02 ± 0.03), Zn (5.64 ± 1.58) and Cu (1.64 ± 1.02) in M. barbatus; Pb (0.22 ± 0.12), Cd (0.02 ± 0.01), Zn (7.66 ± 2.29) and Cu (1.33 ± 0.82) in M. cephalus; Pb (0.25 ± 0.16), Cd (0.04 ± 0.05), Zn (13.33 ± 3.34) and Cu (5.15 ± 2.09) in P. semisulcatus. The detected levels of the studied metals were below the legal and daily intake limits according to national and international standards, although the mean Pb level in M. barbatus was close to the legal limit (0.30 mg/kg). Target hazard quotient values were also all below 1, meaning that there is no health risk.

Trace organic contamination in biota collected from the Pearl River Estuary, China: a preliminary risk assessment.

The marine ecosystem of the Pearl River Delta, located on the southern coast of China, has been heavily exploited following the rapid economic growth that has occurred since the 1980s. This investigation aimed to elucidate trace organic contamination in marine biota inhabiting the Pearl River Delta area. Biota samples, including green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis), oysters (Crassostrea rivularis) and shrimp (Penaeus orientalis) were sampled from 16 stations fringing the Estuary. Elevated concentrations (on a dry weight basis) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (27.8-1041.0 ng/g), petroleum hydrocarbons (1.7-2345.4 microg/g), polychlorinated biphenyls (2.1-108.8 ng/g), DDTs (1.9-79.0 ng/g), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (n.d.-38.4 ng/g) were recorded. A human health risk assessment was conducted to estimate the risk to local residents associated with the consumption of biota collected from the Pearl River Estuary. The results indicated that PCBs were at levels that may cause deleterious health effects in populations that consume large amounts of seafood. However, it would be instructive to establish health criteria for trace organic contaminants that are specific to the local populations, in order to derive a more accurate and relevant health risk assessment.