Impact of donors' financial fairness perception on donation intention in nonprofit organizations after COVID-19 outbreak.

Based on the investigation of financial fairness perception and donation intention of individual donors in non-profit organizations (NPOs), this paper uses structural equation model to analyze the impact of individual donors' financial fairness perception on donation intention. The results show that individual donors' perceptions on financial result fairness, financial procedure fairness and financial information fairness all have positive impact on donation intention; among which the perception on financial result fairness only has direct impact on individual donation intention, while the perceptions on financial procedure fairness and financial information fairness have direct and indirect impact on individual donation intention.

'If relevant, yes; if not, no': General practitioner (GP) users and GP perceptions about asking ethnicity questions in Irish general practice: A qualitative analysis using Normalization Process Theory.

CONTEXT: The use of ethnic identifiers in health systems is recommended in several European countries as a means to identify and address heath inequities. There are barriers to implementation that have not been researched. OBJECTIVE: This study examines whether and how ethnicity data can be collected in Irish general practices in a meaningful and acceptable way. METHODS: Qualitative case study data generation was informed by Normalization Process Theory (NPT) constructs about 'sense' making and 'engagement'. It consisted of individual interviews and focus group discussions based on visual participatory techniques. There were 70 informants, including 62 general practitioner (GP) users of diverse ethnic backgrounds recruited through community organisations and eight GPs identified through an inter-agency steering group. Data were analysed according to principles of thematic analysis using NPT. RESULTS: The link between ethnicity and health was often considered relevant because GP users grasped connections with genetic (skin colour, lactose intolerance), geographic (prevalence of disease, early years exposure), behavioural (culture/food) and social determinant (housing) factors. The link was less clear with religion. There was some scepticism and questions about how the collection of data would benefit GP consultations and concerns regarding confidentiality and the actual uses of these data (e.g. risk of discrimination, social control). For GPs, the main theme discussed was relevance: what added value would it bring to their consultations and was it was their role to collect these data? Their biggest concern was about data protection issues in light of the European Union (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The difficulty in explaining a complex concept such as 'ethnicity' in the limited time available in consultations was also worrying. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of an ethnicity identifier in Irish general practices will require a strong rationale that makes sense to GP users, and specific measures to ensure that its benefits outweigh any potential harm. This is in line with both our participants' views and the EU GDPR.

Strategies to reduce risk perception among grocery shoppers in the US: A survey study.

During the COVID-19 lockdown in the US, many businesses were shut down temporarily. Essential businesses, most prominently grocery stores, remained open to ensure access to food and household essentials. Grocery shopping presents increased potential for COVID-19 infection because customers and store employees are in proximity to each other. This study investigated shoppers' perceptions of COVID-19 infection risks and put them in context by comparing grocery shopping to other activities outside home, and examined whether a proactive preventive action by grocery stores influence shoppers' perceived risk of COVID-19 infection. Our data were obtained via an anonymous online survey distributed between April 2 and 10, 2020 to grocery shoppers in New York State (the most affected by the pandemic at the time of the study) and Washington State (the first affected by the pandemic). We found significant factors associated with high levels of risk perception on grocery shoppers. We identified some effective preventive actions that grocery stores implement to alleviate anxiety and risk perception. We found that people are generally more concerned about in-store grocery shopping relative to other out-of-home activities. Findings suggest that a strict policy requiring grocery store employees to use facemasks and gloves greatly reduced shoppers' perceived risk rating of infection of themselves by 37.5% and store employees by 51.2%. Preventive actions by customers and businesses are critical to reducing the unwitting transmission of COVID-19 as state governments prepare to reopen the economy and relax restrictions on activities outside home.

Percepção da equipe de enfermagem acerca da assistência à saúde no sistema prisional / Perception of Tthe nursing team about health care in the prison system / Percepción del equipo de enfermería acerca de la asistencia a la salud en el sistema prisional

Objetivo: Compreender como a equipe de enfermagem percebe a assistência da saúde no Sistema Prisional. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, referenciada pela análise de conteúdo proposto por Laurence Bardin e foram entrevistados 03 enfermeiras e 08 técnicos de enfermagem, sendo 03 do sexo masculino, atuantes no Sistema Prisional da região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte/MG. Resultados: Demonstrou-se pela fala da equipe de enfermagem que o pensamento centrado no modelo médico-curativista ainda é presente, e que, existem fragilidades nos processos de organização administrativa. Conclusão: O estudo esclareceu que é importante que haja um processo de organização administrativa básica, para melhorar os recursos organizacionais, capacitar os profissionais, logo trazer condições de saúde dignas ao indivíduo privado de liberdade

Objective: The research's purpose has been to understand how the nursing team perceives health care in the Prison System. Methods: This is a qualitative study, referenced by the content analysis proposed by Laurence Bardin. The investigation includes 03 nurses and 08 nursing technicians, being 03 male, working in the Prison System of the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte city, Minas Gerais State. Results: It was demonstrated by the speech of the nursing team that the thought centered on the medico-curativist model is still present and that there are weaknesses in the processes of administrative organization. Conclusions: The study clarified that it is important to exist a basic administrative organization process, to improve organizational resources, to empower professionals, and thus to bring dignified health conditions to the individual deprived of liberty

Objetivo: Comprender cómo el equipo de enfermería percibe la asistencia de la salud en el Sistema Penitenciario. Métodos: Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, referenciada por el análisis de contenido propuesto por Laurence Bardin y fueron entrevistados a tres enfermeras y 08 técnicos de enfermería, siendo 03 del sexo masculino, actuantes en el Sistema Prisional de la región Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte / MG. Resultados: Se demostró por el habla del equipo de enfermería que el pensamiento centrado en el modelo medico-curativista todavía está presente, y que, existen fragilidades en los procesos de organización administrativa. Conclusión: El estudio aclaró que es importante que haya un proceso de organización administrativa básica, para mejorar los recursos organizacionales, capacitar a los profesionales, luego traer condiciones de salud dignas al individuo privado de libertad

Ethnic disparities in the perception of ethical risks from psychiatric genetic studies.

To examine if ethnic differences in concerns about unfavorable consequences from psychiatric genetic studies, existing between non-Hispanic Black and White populations, persist among participants in an actual genetic study of bipolar disorder. Historically, minority subjects have been less willing to participate in such studies. Participants in the US Bipolar Genome Study (BIGS) were assessed on six items of concerns in the Questionnaire on Genetic Risk (QGR). Each item had five response categories, ranging from "not at all" concerned to "very concerned." Responses from Black (N = 188) and White participants (N = 1,065) formed the base for this analysis. Concerns about unfavorable consequences of conducting psychiatric genetic studies were prevalent in the whole sample. Concern for medical insurance was most prevalent (63.4%), followed by job concern (58.8%) and stigma (57.4%). Racial discrimination was less prevalent (28.1%). Blacks endorsed significantly stronger concerns for all consequences except the medical insurance item (P < 0.008). The most significant ethnic disparity in concerns was for racial discrimination (P < 0.0001). Associations between levels of concern and ethnicity remained significant after adjustments for other factors in multivariate models. Ethnic differences (Blacks vs. Whites) in perceived concerns about unfavorable consequences from participation persist among participants in an actual psychiatric genetic study. This suggests that other factors may play a more critical role in the decision not to participate. Future studies should investigate more comprehensive sources of barriers to consenting for ongoing psychiatric genetic studies in representative samples, incorporating assessments from non-participants as well as participants.

A integralidade na formação dos profissionais de saúde: tecendo valores / The integral health care in the training of health professionals: building values

A integralidade da assistência, um dos princípios doutrinários do sistema de saúde brasileiro, constitui uma das principais metas para se alcançar uma assistência de qualidade e humanizada. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a percepção dos professores dos cursos de graduação que formam profissionais de saúde na Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, sobre a formação orientada pela integralidade. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, na qual foi utilizada a técnica da entrevista semiestruturada com docentes dos referidos cursos. Como estratégia de análise dos dados, propõese a modalidade de análise temática. A categoria em torno da qual são trazidas as reflexões sobre a percepção dos docentes sobre o ensino voltado para o princípio da integralidade foi nomeada "os princípios do SUS orientando a formação". Os resultados do estudo apontam que os docentes expressam um envolvimento com os valores da Reforma Sanitária brasileira, no contexto das mudanças necessárias na formação em saúde.

Integral healthcare, one of the doctrinal principles of the Brazilian health care system, is one of the main ways to reach high-quality and humanized care. This work aims to analyze the perception of teachers of undergraduate courses who train health professionals at Juiz de Fora Federal University, Brazil, when it comes to integral care-oriented training. It is a qualitative research, employing the semi-structured interview technique with teachers of the studied courses. The thematic analysis is suggested as the data analysis method. The reflections on the perception of teachers about the principle of the integral healthcare have been centered on the category "trainingorienting principles of the Unified Health System". The study results show that teachers express involvement with the Brazilian Health Reform values, in the context of necessary changes in health training.

Gifts and corporate influence in doctor of pharmacy education.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the nature of corporate gifts directed at PharmD programs and pharmacy student activities and the perceptions of administrators about the potential influences of such gifts. METHODS: A verbally administered survey of administrative officials at 11 US colleges and schools of pharmacy was conducted and responses were analyzed. RESULTS: All respondents indicated accepting corporate gifts or sponsorships for student-related activities in the form of money, grants, scholarships, meals, trinkets, and support for special events, and cited many advantages to corporate partner relationships. Approximately half of the respondents believed that real or potential problems could occur from accepting corporate gifts. Forty-four percent of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that corporate contributions could influence college or school administration. Sixty-one percent agreed or strongly agreed that donations were likely to influence students. CONCLUSIONS: Corporate gifts do influence college and school of administration and students. Policies should be in place to manage this influence appropriately.

The costs and benefits of undoing egocentric responsibility assessments in groups.

Individuals working in groups often egocentrically believe they have contributed more of the total work than is logically possible. Actively considering others' contributions effectively reduces these egocentric assessments, but this research suggests that undoing egocentric biases in groups may have some unexpected costs. Four experiments demonstrate that members who contributed much to the group outcome are actually less satisfied and less interested in future collaborations after considering others' contributions compared with those who contributed little. This was especially true in cooperative groups. Egocentric biases in responsibility allocation can create conflict, but this research suggests that undoing these biases can have some unfortunate consequences. Some members who look beyond their own perspective may not like what they see.