The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the PROGENSA® prostate cancer antigen 3 assay and the Prostate Health Index in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: a systematic review and economic evaluation.

BACKGROUND: There is no single definitive test to identify prostate cancer in men. Biopsies are commonly used to obtain samples of prostate tissue for histopathological examination. However, this approach frequently misses cases of cancer, meaning that repeat biopsies may be necessary to obtain a diagnosis. The PROGENSA(®) prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) assay (Hologic Gen-Probe, Marlborough, MA, USA) and the Prostate Health Index (phi; Beckman Coulter Inc., Brea, CA, USA) are two new tests (a urine test and a blood test, respectively) that are designed to be used to help clinicians decide whether or not to recommend a repeat biopsy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the PCA3 assay and the phi in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. DATA SOURCES: Multiple publication databases and trial registers were searched in May 2014 (from 2000 to May 2014), including MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Science, Medion, Aggressive Research Intelligence Facility database, ClinicalTrials.gov, International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Register and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. REVIEW METHODS: The assessment of clinical effectiveness involved three separate systematic reviews, namely reviews of the analytical validity, the clinical validity of these tests and the clinical utility of these tests. The assessment of cost-effectiveness comprised a systematic review of full economic evaluations and the development of a de novo economic model. SETTING: The perspective of the evaluation was the NHS in England and Wales. PARTICIPANTS: Men suspected of having prostate cancer for whom the results of an initial prostate biopsy were negative or equivocal. INTERVENTIONS: The use of the PCA3 score or phi in combination with existing tests (including histopathology results, prostate-specific antigen level and digital rectal examination), multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and clinical judgement. RESULTS: In addition to documents published by the manufacturers, six studies were identified for inclusion in the analytical validity review. The review identified issues concerning the precision of the PCA3 assay measurements. It also highlighted issues relating to the storage requirements and stability of samples intended for analysis using the phi assay. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria for the clinical validity review. These studies reported results for 10 different clinical comparisons. There was insufficient evidence to enable the identification of appropriate test threshold values for use in a clinical setting. In addition, the implications of adding either the PCA3 assay or the phi to clinical assessment were not clear. Furthermore, the addition of the PCA3 assay or the phi to clinical assessment plus magnetic resonance imaging was not found to improve discrimination. No published papers met the inclusion criteria for either the clinical utility review or the cost-effectiveness review. The results from the cost-effectiveness analyses indicated that using either the PCA3 assay or the phi in the NHS was not cost-effective. LIMITATIONS: The main limitations of the systematic review of clinical validity are that the review conclusions are over-reliant on findings from one study, the descriptions of clinical assessment vary widely within reviewed studies and many of the reported results for the clinical validity outcomes do not include either standard errors or confidence intervals. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical benefit of using the PCA3 assay or the phi in combination with existing tests, scans and clinical judgement has not yet been confirmed. The results from the cost-effectiveness analyses indicate that the use of these tests in the NHS would not be cost-effective. STUDY REGISTRATION: This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42014009595. FUNDING: The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

Câncer de próstata: quando a vergonha se torna um risco / Viva Legal

Explica o que é próstata e os sinais mais freqüentes que devem ser observados. Apresenta os dados estatísticos dessa doença no Brasil e que os sintomas geralmente demoram a aparecer dificultando o diagnóstico precoce, mas lembra que o aumento da próstata nem sempre significa um câncer. Mostra como é feito o diagnóstico através do toque retal e as terapias utilizadas no tratamento. Fala do preconceito por parte dos homens e ressalta a importância de que todo homem acima de 50 anos tem que fazer anualmente o exame a fim de diagnosticar a doença para tratá-la o quanto antes

Supervivencia de pacientes con cáncer de prostata en el I.P.S.S. 1970 a 1995

El estudio sobre la supervivencia con cáncer de próstata en el Instituto Peruano de Seguridad Social entre 1970 y 1995 corresponde a la revisión y seguimiento de 178 casos de los cuales 129 son sobrevivientes y 49 fallecidos. Se investiga la edad, el estadio o grado histopatológico(G1, G2 y G3), el estadio clínico del paciente(A, B, C y D) y la terapia recibida(grupos I de cirugía sola, II de cirugía y orquitectomía bilateral, III de cirugía, orquitectomía bilateral y radioterapia, y IV de cirugía y radioterapia). los análisis estadísticos se realizan mediante técnicas estadísticas de Regresión de Co por ciento(de riesgos proporcionales), encontrándose que la supervivencia está asociada con el estadio clínico de la enfermedad y el tratamiento recibido antes que las otras variables estudiadas(edad, estadio histopatológico)