RESUMO
This study evaluated pesticide exposure practices, and the potential health risks of drinking water and consuming fish from the cultivated wetlands of Ndop, Cameroon. Six hundred and twenty-six questionnaires were conveniently administered to farmers (≥ 26 years old) in a cross-sectional study to assess exposure practices and dietary risks. The Chi-square and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to establish relationships between variables. The PRIMET model was used to predict a worst-case dietary risk. The pesticide handling practices of 90% of farmers were inadequate. Chlorpyriphos, lambda-cyhalothrin, fipronil, and paraquat dichloride posed a possible dietary risk at recommended and applied doses, with chlorpyrifos having the highest exposure toxicity ratio (ETRdiet = 36.72). Paraquat dichloride, fipronil, and lambda-cyhalothrin posed a possible dietary risk at 26.3%, 58.3%, and 62.2% of their recommended concentrations, respectively. Remarkably, the dietary risk for cypermethrin was acceptable at 5.8 times its recommended dose (ETRdietR = 0.29). The significant positive correlation (p = 0.000) between PECfish and ETRdiet, suggests a possible health risk of consuming fish and drinking water harvested from the wetlands, thus the need for replacing pesticides posing possible risks at lower or recommended concentrations with less toxic alternatives and to train farmers on pesticide application practices.
Assuntos
Água Potável , Peixes , Praguicidas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Áreas Alagadas , Água Potável/análise , Água Potável/química , Animais , Medição de Risco , Humanos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Praguicidas/análise , Camarões , Estudos Transversais , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Dieta , Exposição Dietética/análise , Adulto , Agricultura , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Previous research on pesticides in green tea mainly focused on detection technology but lacked insights into pesticide use during cultivation. To address this gap, a survey was conducted among Rizhao green tea farmers. The survey results showed that most tea farmers were approximately 60 years old and managed small, scattered tea gardens (< 0.067 ha). Notably, tea farmers who had received agricultural training executed more standardized pesticide application practices. Matrine and thiazinone are the most used pesticides. A total of 16 types of pesticides were detected in the tested green tea samples, with 65% of the samples containing residues of at least one pesticide. Notably, higher levels of residues were observed for bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, and acetamiprid. The presence of pesticide residues varied significantly between seasons and regions. The risk assessment results indicated that the hazard quotient (HQ) values for all 16 pesticides detected in green tea were < 1, suggesting that these residue levels do not pose a significant public health concern.
Assuntos
Resíduos de Praguicidas , Praguicidas , Chá , Chá/química , Medição de Risco , Praguicidas/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Humanos , Fazendeiros , Agricultura , Camellia sinensis/química , Piretrinas/análise , China , Exposição Ocupacional/análiseRESUMO
The use of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for plant protection shows great potential as a sustainable alternative to traditional pesticides. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on using exogenous dsRNA in plant protection and includes the latest findings on the safety and efficiency of this strategy. The review also emphasizes the need for a cautious and comprehensive approach, considering safety considerations such as off-target effects and formulation challenges. The regulatory landscape in different regions is also discussed, underscoring the need for specific guidelines tailored to dsRNA-based pesticides. The review provides a crucial resource for researchers, regulators, and industry stakeholders, promoting a balanced approach incorporating innovation with thorough safety assessments. The continuous dialog emphasized in this review is essential for shaping the future of dsRNA-based plant protection. As the field advances, collaboration among scientists, regulators, and industry partners will play a vital role in establishing guidelines and ensuring the responsible, effective, and sustainable use of dsRNA in agriculture.
Assuntos
RNA de Cadeia Dupla , Medição de Risco/métodos , Produtos Agrícolas/genética , Proteção de Cultivos/métodos , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , Agricultura/métodosRESUMO
Future trajectories of agricultural productivity need to incorporate environmental targets, including the reduction of pesticides use. Landscape features supporting natural pest control (LF-NPC) offer a nature-based solution that can serve as a partial substitute for synthetic pesticides, thereby supporting future productivity levels. Here, we introduce a novel approach to quantify the contribution of LF-NPC to agricultural yields and its associated economic value to crop production in a broad-scale context. Using the European Union as case study, we combine granular farm-level data, a spatially explicit map of LF-NPC potential, and a regional agro-economic supply and market model. The results reveal that farms located in areas characterized by higher LF-NPC potential experience lower productivity losses in a context of reduced synthetic pesticides use. Our analysis suggests that LF-NPC reduces yield gaps on average by four percentage points, and increases income by a similar magnitude. These results highlight the significance of LF-NPC for agricultural production and income, and provide a valuable reference point for farmers and policymakers aiming to successfully invest in landscape features to achieve pesticides reduction targets.
Assuntos
Agricultura , Produtos Agrícolas , União Europeia , Fazendas , Praguicidas , Agricultura/economia , Agricultura/métodos , Produtos Agrícolas/economia , Renda , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Controle Biológico de Vetores/economia , Produção Agrícola/economia , Produção Agrícola/métodos , Controle de Pragas/economia , Controle de Pragas/métodosRESUMO
Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are the most extensively used pesticides' class worldwide; cause most selfpoisoning deaths especially in India. Thus, it is utmost important for early identification and aggressive management of OP poisoning from the clinical perspective to prevent serious complications by using sophisticated LC-MS/MS approach. This was a prospective study involving 103 patients of OP cases admitted to Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences from June 2022 to May 2023, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria patients were subjected to study. On admission, venous blood was collected from patient with Malathion and Profenofos OP poisoning history and subjected to serum biomarker and to LC-MS/MS analysis. Out of the 103 patients, 68 patients consumed Profenofos (66%) and 35 patients consumed Malathion (34%). Pseudocholinesterase levels among the of OP cases revealed that the 33 patients had mild toxicity, 40 patients had moderate toxicity and 30 patients had severe toxicity of OP poisoning. Subsequently LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the results obtained are not in correlation with indirect serum marker pseudocholinesterase levels. On the other side, LC-MS/MS results are in correlation with the clinical outcome of the patients with respect to morbidity and mortality. Thus, LC-MS/MS approach to assess the OP levels in patients could be used as potential diagnostic and prognostic marker for the absolute quantification of OP compounds compared to indirect OP levels estimation.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores , Intoxicação por Organofosfatos , Compostos Organofosforados , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Humanos , Intoxicação por Organofosfatos/sangue , Intoxicação por Organofosfatos/tratamento farmacológico , Intoxicação por Organofosfatos/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores/sangue , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Estudos Prospectivos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Compostos Organofosforados/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Malation/sangue , Adulto Jovem , Índia , Praguicidas/intoxicação , Praguicidas/sangue , Idoso , Butirilcolinesterase/sangue , AdolescenteRESUMO
This study assessed the effects of pollutants on Magallana gigas along a coastal zone with different levels of human activity: a highly impacted zone in the Bahía Blanca Estuary and a less impacted zone on the adjacent sandy beaches. Oysters collected in 2021 were analyzed for various factors, including metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides, microplastics, oxidative stress and histology. Oysters of both environments exhibited detectable concentrations of all these pollutants in their tissues. However, the estuarine oysters showed higher concentrations of Zn, Cu and As and total PAHs than the beach oysters. Banned organochlorine pesticides were detected only in beach oysters. Estuarine oysters displayed morphological changes in their digestive gland including a reduction in the mean epithelial thickness of the tubule and elevated lipid peroxidation levels, indicating cellular damage. This study underscores the widespread presence of pollutants in M. gigas, indicating the need for effective strategies to safeguard coastal ecosystem health.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Estuários , Ostreidae , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Argentina , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Microplásticos/análise , Praguicidas/análise , Metais/análise , PraiasRESUMO
Mariculture stands as a pivotal enterprise aimed at enhancing the quality of human existence. However, the utilization of antibiotics and pesticides in the mariculture process poses threats to both the environment and human well-being. Therefore, it is of great significance to investigate the occurrence, distribution and risk of antibiotics and pesticides in mariculture areas. In this study, 11 kinds of antibiotics and 12 kinds of pesticides were screened in four mariculture areas around Liaodong Peninsula in China. The pollution characteristics of pollutants were investigated in three different mariculture stages. The pollution in the reproduction stage was the most serious, indicating that mariculture may have a potential impact on the surrounding seawater. Health risk assessment results indicate that the pollutants have a significant risk to human health, therefore it is necessary to strengthen the control of chemicals used in mariculture in future.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Praguicidas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Medição de Risco , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , China , Praguicidas/análise , Antibacterianos/análise , Aquicultura , Água do Mar/química , HumanosRESUMO
This study introduced an innovative magnetic effervescence-assisted microextraction method, streamlining the preparation of effervescent tablets through a one-pot method that blends a CO2 donor (Na2CO3) and an H+ donor (NaH2PO4) with bare magnetic particles (Fe3O4) and an adsorbent (hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes), followed by pressing. During the extraction process, the bare magnetic particles and adsorbent undergo in-situ self-assembly to create a magnetic adsorbent. The effervescence generates bubbles that enhance effective extraction and magnetism facilitates the easy separation of the magnetic adsorbent from the sample solution, completing the process within 4 min. Applied to organochlorine pesticide analysis in fruit juices and herbal extracts, the method exhibits excellent linearity (R2 > 0.993), sensitivity (detection limits: 0.010-0.125 ng/mL), accuracy (recoveries: 85.8-99.9%), and precision (RSDs < 9.7%) with GC-ECD. Overall, this approach stands out for its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for on-site analysis, owing to its operational ease and independence from specialized equipment.
Assuntos
Hidrocarbonetos Clorados , Praguicidas , Microextração em Fase Sólida , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/isolamento & purificação , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/química , Adsorção , Praguicidas/isolamento & purificação , Praguicidas/análise , Praguicidas/química , Microextração em Fase Sólida/métodos , Microextração em Fase Sólida/instrumentação , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais/análise , Microextração em Fase Líquida/métodos , Microextração em Fase Líquida/instrumentação , Análise Custo-Benefício , Limite de DetecçãoRESUMO
The increasing concern over pesticide pollution in water bodies underscores the need for effective mitigation strategies to support the transition towards sustainable agriculture. This study assesses the effectiveness of landscape mitigation strategies, specifically vegetative buffer strips, in reducing glyphosate loads at the catchment scale under realistic conditions. Conducted over six years (2014-2019) in a small agricultural region in Belgium, our research involved the analysis of 732 water samples from two monitoring stations, differentiated by baseflow and event-driven sampling, and before (baseline) and after the implementation of mitigation measures. The results indicated a decline in both the number and intensity of point source losses over the years. Additionally, there was a general decrease in load intensity; however, the confluence of varying weather conditions (notably dry years during the mitigation period) and management practices (the introduction of buffer strips) posed challenges for a statistically robust evaluation of each contributing factor. A reduction of loads was measured when comparing mitigation with baseline, although this reduction is not statistically significant. Glyphosate loads during rainfall events correlated with a rainfall index and runoff ratio. Overall, focusing the mitigation strategy on runoff and erosion was a valid approach. Nevertheless, challenges remain, as evidenced by the continuous presence of glyphosate in baseflow conditions, highlighting the complex dynamics of pesticide transport. The study concludes that while progress has been made towards reducing pesticide pollution, the complexity of interacting factors necessitates further research. Future directions should focus on enhancing farmer engagement in mitigation programs and developing experiments with more intense data collection that help to assess underlying dynamics of pesticide pollution and the impact of mitigation strategies in more detail, contributing towards the goal of reducing pesticide pollution in water bodies.
Assuntos
Agricultura , Glifosato , Bélgica , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Glicina/análise , Praguicidas/análiseRESUMO
In Brazil, the favorable weather conditions and abundant land contribute to the thriving agricultural production. Brazilian crops extensively employ pesticides due to their high efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and permissive regulatory framework. However, pesticide use also endangers water resources, animal organisms, and human health. Due to the lack of data on pesticide use in the Amazonas forest-based Brazil, the present study aimed to assess the levels of twenty-one current-use pesticides (CUPs) from five different classes in river waters collected from urban and riverside areas in this region. Moreover, the non-carcinogenic risks associated with water consumption were also characterized. Thirteen CUPs were detected in concentrations above the limit of detection (LOD) in at least one of the water samples, and most pesticides were detected in riverside areas. In contrast, only 18% of the analyzed samples were considered "clean," with only one compound detected. Fenitrothion showed the highest concentration, with a mean value of 4.86 ng/mL (0.30-14.3 ng/mL). Up to 33% of the samples showed levels of fipronil above the LOD, an issue of environmental and human health concern, mainly because of the adverse effects observed in honeybees. Despite this, the human health risk assessment showed a target hazard quotient below one (HQ < 1) in adults for all substances, suggesting that pesticide exposure through water consumption should not mean risk for the riverside populations. Taking into account the large extension of Brazil, as well as its different agricultural practices throughout the country, it would be of great importance to conduct extensive research in other areas. It would help to gain knowledge in this field and to promote eco-friendly alternatives to mitigate pesticide use and, consequently, to reduce their potential adverse effects on human health and the ecosystems.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Praguicidas , Rios , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Brasil , Medição de Risco , Praguicidas/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Rios/química , Humanos , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , CidadesRESUMO
Plant protection measures are necessary to prevent pests and diseases from attacking and destroying crop plants and to meet consumer demands for agricultural produce. In the last decades the use of chemical pesticides has largely increased. Farmers are looking for alternatives. Biopesticides should be considered a sustainable solution. They may be less toxic than chemical pesticides, be very specific to the target pest, decompose quickly, and be less likely to cause resistance. On the other hand, lower efficacy and higher costs are two disadvantages of many biopesticides. Biopesticides include macroorganisms, natural compounds and microorganisms. Microbial pesticides are the most widely used and studied class of biopesticides. The greatest difference between microbial and chemical pesticides is the ability of the former to potentially multiply in the environment and on the crop plant after application. The data requirements for the European Union and the United States Environmental Protection Agency are highlighted, as these regulatory processes are the most followed in regions where local regulations for biopesticide products are not available or vague. New Approach Methods already proposed or harmonized for chemical pesticides are presented and discussed with respect to their use in evaluating microbial pesticide formulations. Evaluating the microbials themselves is not as simple as using the same validated New Approach Methods as for synthetic pesticides. Therefore, the authors suggest considering New Approach Method strategies specifically for microbials and global harmonization with acceptability with the advancements of such approaches. Further discussion is needed and greatly appreciated by the experts.
Assuntos
Praguicidas , Humanos , Medição de Risco/métodos , Estados Unidos , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodosRESUMO
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) poses a challenge in determining the optimal timing of pesticide sprays to ensure that pest populations remain below the Economic Injury Level (EIL), due to the long-term residual effects of many pesticides and the delayed responses of pest populations to pesticide sprays. To address this issue, a specific pesticide kill-rate function is incorporated into a deterministic exponential growth model and a subsequent stochastic model. The findings suggest the existence of an optimal pesticide spraying cycle that can periodically control pests below the EIL. The results regarding stochasticity indicate that random fluctuations promote pest extinction and ensure that the pest population, under the optimal cycle, does not exceed the EIL on average, even with a finite number of IPM strategies. All those confirm that the modeling approach can accurately reveal the intrinsic relationship between the two key indicators Economic Threshold and EIL in the IPM strategy, and further realize the precise characterization of the residual effect and delayed response of pesticide application.
Assuntos
Praguicidas , Praguicidas/economia , Controle de Pragas/economia , Controle de Pragas/métodos , Animais , Processos Estocásticos , Modelos Biológicos , Modelos TeóricosRESUMO
The soil comprising organic matter, nutrients, serve as substrate for plant growth and various organisms. In areas where there are large plantations, there is a huge leaf litter fall. The leaf litter upon decomposition releases nutrients and helps in nutrient recycling, for which the soil engineers such as earthworms, ants and termites are important key players. In this context, the present study was conducted to assess the characteristics of the vermicast obtained by vermicomposting neem leaf litter in terms of microbial flora, plant growth promoting properties and antagonistic activities of the vermicast against phytopathogens. Vermicomposting of neem leaf litter was done using two epigeic earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. The vermicast exhibited antagonistic potential against plant pathogens. Out of the four vermiwash infusions studied, the 75 % formulation reduced the disease incidence against mealybug by 82 % in the tree Neolamarkia cadamba. The result of the study suggests that vermicast made from neem leaf litter may be a potent combination of a biofertilizer and a pesticide.
Assuntos
Azadirachta , Fertilizantes , Oligoquetos , Praguicidas , Folhas de Planta , Azadirachta/química , Animais , Oligoquetos/microbiologia , Folhas de Planta/microbiologia , Praguicidas/farmacologia , Compostagem , Microbiologia do Solo , Solo/química , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologiaRESUMO
Peanuts, known for their nutritional value, health benefits, and delicious taste, are susceptible to agricultural chemical contamination, posing a challenge to the peanut industry in China. While tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (TSPEOs) have garnered attention for their widespread use in pesticide formulations, their dissipation and potential risks in peanuts remain a gap in knowledge. This study, unique in its focus on TSPEOs, investigates their dissipation and potential risks under two common application modes: spraying and root irrigation. The concentration of total TSPEOs in peanut plants was significantly higher when sprayed (435-37,693 µg/kg) than in root irrigation (24-1602 µg/kg). The dissipation of TSPEOs was faster in peanuts and soil when sprayed, with half-lives of 3.67-5.59 d (mean: 4.37 d) and 5.41-7.07 d (mean: 5.95 d), respectively. The residue of TSPEOs in peanut shells and soil were higher with root irrigation (8.9-65.2 and 25.4-305.1 µg/kg, respectively) than with spraying (5.4-30.6 and 8.8-146.5 µg/kg, respectively). These results indicated that the dissipation behavior of TSPEOs in peanuts was influenced by application modes. While the healthy and ecological risk assessments of TSPEOs in soil and peanut shells showed no risks, root irrigation might pose a higher potential risk than spraying. This research provides valuable data for the judicious application of pesticides during peanut cultivation to enhance pesticide utilization and reduce potential risks.
Assuntos
Irrigação Agrícola , Arachis , Raízes de Plantas , Poluentes do Solo , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Poluentes do Solo/química , Medição de Risco , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Praguicidas/química , Praguicidas/análise , Agricultura , ChinaRESUMO
Exposure assessment is a crucial component of environmental health research, providing essential information on the potential risks associated with various chemicals. A systematic scoping review was conducted to acquire an overview of accessible human exposure assessment methods and computational tools to support and ultimately improve risk assessment. The systematic scoping review was performed in Sysrev, a web platform that introduces machine learning techniques into the review process aiming for increased accuracy and efficiency. Included publications were restricted to a publication date after the year 2000, where exposure methods were properly described. Exposure assessments methods were found to be used for a broad range of environmental chemicals including pesticides, metals, persistent chemicals, volatile organic compounds, and other chemical classes. Our results show that after the year 2000, for all the types of exposure routes, probabilistic analysis, and computational methods to calculate human exposure have increased. Sixty-three mathematical models and toolboxes were identified that have been developed in Europe, North America, and globally. However, only twelve occur frequently and their usefulness were associated with exposure route, chemical classes and input parameters used to estimate exposure. The outcome of the combined associations can function as a basis and/or guide for decision making for the selection of most appropriate method and tool to be used for environmental chemical human exposure assessments in Ontology-driven and artificial intelligence-based repeated dose toxicity testing of chemicals for next generation risk assessment (ONTOX) project and elsewhere. Finally, the choice of input parameters used in each mathematical model and toolbox shown by our analysis can contribute to the harmonization process of the exposure models and tools increasing the prospect for comparison between studies and consistency in the regulatory process in the future.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais , Humanos , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Aprendizado de Máquina , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Medição de Risco/métodosRESUMO
Pesticides are critical for protecting agricultural crops, but the off-site transport of these materials via spray drift and runoff poses risks to surface waters and aquatic life. California's Central Coast region is a major agricultural hub in the United States characterized by year-round production and intensive use of pesticides and other chemical inputs. As a result, the quality of many waterbodies in the region has been degraded. A recent regulatory program enacted by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board set new pesticide limits for waterways and imposed enhanced enforcement mechanisms to help ensure that water quality targets are met by specific dates. This regulatory program, however, does not mandate specific changes to pest management programs. In this study, we evaluate the economic, environmental, and pest management impacts of adopting two alternative pest management programs with reduced risks to surface water: 1) replacing currently used insecticide active ingredients (AIs) that pose the greatest risk to surface water with lower-risk alternatives and 2) converting conventional arthropod pest management programs to organic ones. We utilize pesticide use and toxicity data from California's Department of Pesticide Regulation to develop our baseline and two alternative scenarios. We focus on three crop groups (cole crops, lettuce and strawberry) due to their economic importance to the Central Coast and use of high-risk AIs. For Scenario 1, we estimate that implementing the alternative program in the years 2017-2019 would have reduced annual net returns on average by $90.26 - $190.54/ha, depending on the crop. Increased material costs accounted for the greatest share of this effect (71.9%-95.6%). In contrast, Scenario 2 would have reduced annual net returns on average by $5,628.12 - $18,708.28/ha during the study period, with yield loss accounting for the greatest share (92.8-97.9%). Both alternative programs would have reduced the associated toxic units by at least 98.1% compared to the baseline scenario. Our analysis provides important guidance for policymakers and agricultural producers looking to achieve environmental protection goals while minimizing economic impacts.
Assuntos
Agricultura , Controle de Pragas , Praguicidas , California , Agricultura/economia , Controle de Pragas/economia , Produtos Agrícolas , Qualidade da ÁguaRESUMO
Breastfeeding provides numerous health benefits for both infants and mothers, promoting optimal growth and development while offering protection against various illnesses and diseases. This study investigated the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in human milk sampled in Zadar (Croatia). The primary objectives were twofold: firstly, to evaluate the individual impact of each compound on the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) value, and secondly, to assess associated health risks. Notably, this study presents pioneering and preliminary insights into PAH levels in Croatian human milk, contributing to the limited research on PAH in breast milk worldwide. PCB and OCP levels in Croatian human milk were found to be relatively lower compared to worldwide data. Conversely, PAH levels were comparatively higher, albeit with lower detection frequencies. A negative correlation was established between organic contaminant levels and antioxidative capacity, suggesting a potential link between higher antioxidative potential and lower organic contaminant levels. Diagnostic ratio pointed towards traffic emissions as the primary source of the detected PAH. The presence of PAH suggests potential health risk, underscoring the need for further in-depth investigation.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados , Leite Humano , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos , Leite Humano/química , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Medição de Risco , Croácia , Feminino , Poluentes Orgânicos Persistentes , Praguicidas/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Adulto , Poluentes Ambientais/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Respiratory diseases have been associated with the exposure of populations to some environmental pollutants such as pesticides. To assess effects of pesticides on farmers' respiratory health, this study aimed to evaluate the pulmonary function of cotton farmers exposed to synthetic and natural pesticides in the Central-West region of Burkina Faso. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2022 among 281 conventional and 189 organic cotton farmers. After collecting information on pesticide use conditions, pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were performed on each farmer according to the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society guidelines, in order to assess chronic respiratory effects among cotton producers. Binary logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with the occurrence of ventilatory changes. RESULTS: Both conventional and organic cotton farmers reported similar chronic respiratory symptoms in different proportions. The main reported were rhinitis (54.45% conventional vs. 34.92% organic), chest pains (41.28% conventional vs. 23.81% organic), cough (33.45% conventional, 24.34% organic), breathlessness (31.67% conventional, 4.23% organic) (p<0.05). 16.18% and 27.50% of conventional male and female cotton farmers, respectively, had a restrictive defect. Among organic cotton farmers, 15.85% and 18.69%, respectively, of males and females had a restrictive defect. Furthermore, a significant increase in the predicted average percentage of FEV1/FVC ratio was observed among organic cotton farmers after salbutamol's use (p = 0.039). The type of cultivated cotton was not associated with ventilatory changes neither in the univariate analysis, nor in the multivariate analysis. Other factors such as farmers' age, BMI and insecticides use frequency per year were also important. Farmers who used insecticides more than 6 times per season had an increased risk of developing an obstructive defect (OR = 1.603; 95%CI: 0.484-5.309) compared to those who used them 6 times or less. CONCLUSION: Chronic respiratory signs and ventilatory impairments were found among conventional and, to our knowledge, for the first time among organic cotton producers. However, these health effects were more prevalent among conventional cotton farmers than organic ones.
Assuntos
Fazendeiros , Exposição Ocupacional , Praguicidas , Testes de Função Respiratória , Humanos , Masculino , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Burkina Faso/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/induzido quimicamente , Agricultura , Fibra de Algodão/análise , Gossypium , Agricultura OrgânicaRESUMO
Xingkai Lake, located in Heilongjiang Province, is an important fishery and agricultural base and is seriously polluted by agricultural non-point sources. To clarify the residual status of many pesticides in the surface water of Xingkai Lake, 27 types of pesticides, herbicides, and their degradation products were analyzed in rice paddy, drainage, and surface water around Xingkai Lake (China) during the rice heading and maturity periods. The results showed that all 27 types of pesticides, herbicides, and their degradation products were detected during the rice heading period, and the total concentration ranged from 247.97 to 6 094.49 ng·L-1. Additionally, 25 species were detected during the rice maturity period, and the total concentration ranged from 485.36 to 796.23 ng·L-1. In comparison, more pesticides, herbicides, and derived degradation products were detected during the heading period, and their total concentration was higher as well. During the rice heading period, atrazine, simetryn, and paclobutrazol were the main detected pesticides, atrazine and isoprothiolane were the main pesticides detected during the maturity period. The distribution characteristics of pesticides and herbicides in the surface water around Xingkai Lake (China) was similar to that in drainage, so they were probably imported from the drainage and rice paddy. The average risk quotient (RQ) values of atrazine, simetryn, prometryn, butachlor, isoprothiolane, and oxadiazon were higher than 0.1 in drainage and Xingkai Lake (China), which showed a potential risk to aquatic organisms.
Assuntos
Atrazina , Herbicidas , Resíduos de Praguicidas , Praguicidas , Tiofenos , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Praguicidas/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Lagos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Água/química , China , Medição de Risco , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
The objectives of this study were to: (1) characterize the exposure of aquatic ecosystems in Southern Ontario, Canada to pesticides between 2002 and 2016 by constructing environmental exposure distributions (EEDs), including censored data; and (2) predict the probability of exceeding acute regulatory guidelines. Surface water samples were collected over a 15-year period by Environment and Climate Change Canada. The dataset contained 167 compounds, sampled across 114 sites, with a total of 2,213 samples. There were 67,920 total observations of which 55,058 were non-detects (81%), and 12,862 detects (19%). The most commonly detected compound was atrazine, with a maximum concentration of 18,600 ngL- 1 and ~ 4% chance of exceeding an acute guideline (1,000 ngL- 1) in rivers and streams. Using Southern Ontario as a case study, this study provides insight into the risk that pesticides pose to aquatic ecosystems and the utility of EEDs that include censored data for the purpose of risk assessment.