Violência sexual e aborto legal: possibilidades e desafios da atuação psicológica / Sexual offence and legal abortion: opportunities and challenges from psychological working / Violencia sexual y aborto legal: posibilidades y desafíos de la atención psicológica

A violência sexual e o aborto legal são temas tabus em nossa sociedade. No campo da saúde, a(o) psicóloga(o) atua em fases distintas, seja na avaliação psicológica do pedido pelo aborto legal, que culminará ou não em sua aquiescência; seja no momento posterior à solicitação, no atendimento em enfermarias ou ambulatorial. Partindo de relato de experiência, este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre as possibilidades e desafios da atuação psicológica no atendimento em saúde para pessoas em situação de gestação decorrente de violência sexual e que buscam pelo aborto legal. Para tanto, dividimos o artigo em três momentos. No primeiro deles, será possível encontrar dados conceituais, estatísticos e históricos sobre ambos os temas, trazendo recortes nacionais e internacionais. No segundo, trazemos apontamentos sobre o que chamamos de "eixos norteadores", ou seja, dialogamos com aspectos fundamentais para o trabalho nesta seara, sendo eles gênero, família, sexualidade e trauma. Por fim, no terceiro, aprofundamos a reflexão sobre o atendimento psicológico atrelado aos conceitos já discutidos, analisando de forma crítica principalmente um dos pontos mais espinhosos da atuação: a avaliação para aprovação (ou recusa) do pedido pelo aborto. Apoiamo-nos no referencial psicanalítico e defendemos que esta atuação psicológica é primordialmente uma oferta de cuidado, comprometido com as demandas das pessoas atendidas e com a promoção de saúde mental, e consideramos que o papel da psicologia é essencial para o reconhecimento do sofrimento e dos efeitos do abandono socioinstitucional na vida do público atendido.(AU)

Sexual abuse and legal abortion are taboo subjects in our society. On the health area, the psychologist works on different fields, such as psychological evaluation from the request of legal abortion, that will end or not on its approval, and also in a further moment, either the care on wards or ambulatorial treatment. Relying on a case report, this article aims to contemplate the possibilities and challenges from psychological work on healthcare to pregnant women from sexual violence and seek legal abortion. For this purpose, we divide this article in three moments. On the first, it will find definitions, statistics, and historical data about both issues, including national and international information. On the second, we bring notes called 'guiding pillar,' that is, we interact with fundamental aspects from this area, such as gender, family, sexuality, and trauma. On the third one, in-depth discussions we dwell on psychological care tied to the concepts previously addressed, critically analyzing one of the hardest moments of working in this area: the evaluation to approve (or refuse) the request for abortion. We lean over psychoanalytic thoughts and argue that this psychological work is primarily an offer of care, committed to the needs from those who seek us and to promoting good mental health and, also, we consider that psychology is essential to acknowledge the suffering and the effects of social and institutional neglect on the lives of the people seen.(AU)

La violencia sexual y el aborto son temas tabús en nuestra sociedad. En el campo de la salud, el(la) psicólogo(a) actúa en diferentes fases: en la evaluación psicológica de la solicitud del aborto legal, que culminará o no en su obtención, y/o en el momento posterior a la solicitud en la atención en enfermería o ambulatorio. Desde un reporte de experiencia, este artículo pretende reflexionar sobre las posibilidades y los desafíos de la Psicología en la atención en salud para personas en estado de embarazo producto de violencia sexual y que buscan un aborto legal. Para ello, este artículo está dividido en tres momentos. En el primer, presenta datos conceptuales, estadísticos e históricos sobre los dos temas, trayendo recortes nacionales e internacionales. En el segundo, comenta los llamados "ejes temáticos", es decir, se establece un diálogo con aspectos fundamentales para el trabajo en este ámbito, como género, familia, sexualidad y trauma. Por último, en el tercer, profundiza en la reflexión sobre la atención psicológica asociada a los conceptos discutidos, analizando de forma crítica uno de los puntos más espinosos de la actuación: la evaluación para la aprobación (o negativa) de la solicitud de aborto. Se utilizó el referencial psicoanalítico y se argumenta que esta atención psicológica es sobre todo una forma de cuidado, comprometida con las demandas de las personas atendidas y la promoción de la salud mental, y el papel de la Psicología es esencial para reconocer el sufrimiento y los efectos del abandono socioinstitucional en la vida del público atendido.(AU)

Um capítulo esquecido na história da psicologia? sexualidades desviantes, psicopatologia e normalidade / A forgotten chapter in the history of psychology? deviant sexualities, psychopathology, and normality / ¿Un capítulo olvidado en la historia de la psicología? sexualidades desviadas, psicopatología y normalidad

Este artigo tem como objetivo produzir uma análise histórica sobre as intersecções entre Psicologia e sexualidade desviantes da norma no Brasil, de fins do século XIX a meados da década de 1980. Esta temporalidade foi escolhida por abarcar o surgimento das pesquisas científicas sobre sexualidade e desvios sexuais, a consolidação dos estudos psicológicos sobre a temática e o processo mais recente de despatologização da homossexualidade. Em termos teóricos e metodológicos, foram adotados os pressupostos da História Social da Psicologia e da historiografia das homossexualidades no Brasil. Desse modo, buscou-se compreender como as ideias, concepções e práticas psicológicas foram mudando ao longo do tempo, em conexão com as transformações socioculturais e políticas que ocorreram durante o século XX. Para isto, foram utilizadas fontes primárias e secundárias de pesquisa com vistas à produção de interpretações sobre as conexões entre as ideias, os atores e os eventos narrados. Argumenta-se, ao longo do artigo, que as ideias e práticas psicológicas estão intrinsecamente conectadas aos contextos socioculturais e políticos de seu tempo, sendo os movimentos dinâmicos e os conflitos presentes nesses contextos fatores determinantes para a sua constituição.(AU)

This article aims to produce a historical analysis of the intersections between Psychology and sexualities that deviate from the norm in Brazil, from the late 19th century to the mid-1980s. This period was chosen because it encompasses the emergence of scientific research on sexuality and sexual deviations, the consolidation of psychological studies on the subject and the most recent process of de-pathologization of homosexuality. Theoretically and methodologically, the assumptions of the Social History of Psychology and the historiography of homosexualities in Brazil were adopted. Therefore, we sought to understand how psychological ideas, conceptions and practices have changed over time, in connection with the sociocultural and political transformations that occurred throughout the 20th century. For this, primary and secondary sources of research were used to produce interpretations about the connections between the ideas, the actors and the narrated events. It is argued, throughout the article, that the psychological ideas and practices are intrinsically connected to the sociocultural and political contexts of their time, being the dynamic movements and conflicts present in these contexts determining factors for their constitution.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis histórico de las intersecciones entre la Psicología y las sexualidades desviadas de la norma en Brasil desde finales del siglo XIX hasta mediados de la década de 1980. Esta temporalidad fue elegida por abarcar el surgimiento de las investigaciones científicas sobre sexualidad y desvíos sexuales, la consolidación de los estudios psicológicos sobre el tema y el más reciente proceso de despatologización de la homosexualidad. En el marco teórico y metodológico, se adoptaron los presupuestos de la Historia Social de la Psicología y de la historiografía de las homosexualidades en Brasil. De esta manera, se pretende comprender cómo las ideas, concepciones y prácticas psicológicas han cambiado a lo largo del tiempo, en conexión con las transformaciones socioculturales y políticas ocurridas durante el siglo XX. Para ello, se utilizaron las fuentes de investigación primarias y secundarias con miras a generar interpretaciones sobre las conexiones entre las ideas, los actores y los eventos narrados. Se argumenta, a lo largo de este artículo, que las ideas y las prácticas psicológicas están intrínsecamente conectadas a los contextos socioculturales y políticos de su tiempo, y los movimientos dinámicos y los conflictos presentes en estos contextos fueron los factores determinantes para su constitución.(AU)

Value, pleasure and choice in the ventral prefrontal cortex.

Rapid advances have recently been made in understanding how value-based decision-making processes are implemented in the brain. We integrate neuroeconomic and computational approaches with evidence on the neural correlates of value and experienced pleasure to describe how systems for valuation and decision-making are organized in the prefrontal cortex of humans and other primates. We show that the orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal (VMPFC) cortices compute expected value, reward outcome and experienced pleasure for different stimuli on a common value scale. Attractor networks in VMPFC area 10 then implement categorical decision processes that transform value signals into a choice between the values, thereby guiding action. This synthesis of findings across fields provides a unifying perspective for the study of decision-making processes in the brain.

Thinking like a trader selectively reduces individuals' loss aversion.

Research on emotion regulation has focused upon observers' ability to regulate their emotional reaction to stimuli such as affective pictures, but many other aspects of our affective experience are also potentially amenable to intentional cognitive regulation. In the domain of decision-making, recent work has demonstrated a role for emotions in choice, although such work has generally remained agnostic about the specific role of emotion. Combining psychologically-derived cognitive strategies, physiological measurements of arousal, and an economic model of behavior, this study examined changes in choices (specifically, loss aversion) and physiological correlates of behavior as the result of an intentional cognitive regulation strategy. Participants were on average more aroused per dollar to losses relative to gains, as measured with skin conductance response, and the difference in arousal to losses versus gains correlated with behavioral loss aversion across subjects. These results suggest a specific role for arousal responses in loss aversion. Most importantly, the intentional cognitive regulation strategy, which emphasized "perspective-taking," uniquely reduced both behavioral loss aversion and arousal to losses relative to gains, largely by influencing arousal to losses. Our results confirm previous research demonstrating loss aversion while providing new evidence characterizing individual differences and arousal correlates and illustrating the effectiveness of intentional regulation strategies in reducing loss aversion both behaviorally and physiologically.

Manda quem pode, obedece quem tem juízo: prazer e sofrimento psíquico em cargos de gerência / Those who are aloud order, those who are smart obey: pleasure and psychic suffering in management positions

Este artigo objetiva abordar o tema do prazer e do sofrimento psíquico presentes no trabalho dos gerentes, dando-lhes voz para falar sobre o conteúdo do seu trabalho, as relações que atravessam sua rotina profissional e o papel que o trabalho desempenha em suas vidas. Assim, primeiramente encontra-se um referencial teórico sobre o tema e após isso são apresentados os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 20 gerentes. Os resultados foram tratados segundo o método da análise de conteúdo e apontam uma grande demanda por autonomia e reconhecimento, o ressentimento pelo tempo em demasia dedicado ao trabalho, o desequilíbrio entre vida pessoal e profissional e chamam a atenção para a importância das relações interpessoais no trabalho como algo capaz de fazê-los pender para uma vivência positiva ou negativa. Concluiu-se, então, que é bastante sutil a fronteira entre o prazer e o sofrimento no trabalho e que encontrar esse ajuste deve ser o grande desafio para os cientistas da administração e do trabalho, para os indivíduos que trabalham e para as organizações, que precisam assumir que os efeitos de suas ações passam pela saúde física e mental dos trabalhadores e influenciam a própria forma como a sociedade está organizada.

This article aims to approach the theme of psychic pleasure and suffering present in the managers work, allowing them to talk about their work contents, about the relations involved in their professional routine and about the role work represents in their lives. Thus, first is provided a theory basis and then are presented the results of a research developed through semi-structured interviews with 20 managers. Its results were treated according to the content analysis method and indicate a great demand for autonomy and recognition, the resentment for the too much time dedicated to work, the unbalance between personal and professional life and call the attention for the importance of the interpersonal relations at work as a factor that can make it tend to a negative or a positive experience. As a conclusion, it was founded out that the frontier between pleasure and suffering at work is a very thin one and that finding its adjustment should/might be the big challenge for management and work scientists, for working individuals and for organizations, that must admit that the effects of its actions affect workers physical and mental health and have influence on the way society is organized.

Pleasure, power, and inequality: incorporating sexuality into research on contraceptive use.

We know surprisingly little about how contraception affects sexual enjoyment and functioning (and vice versa), particularly for women. What do people seek from sex, and how do sexual experiences shape contraceptive use? We draw on qualitative data to make 3 points. First, pleasure varies. Both women and men reported multiple aspects of enjoyment, of which physical pleasure was only one. Second, pleasure matters. Clear links exist between the forms of pleasure respondents seek and their contraceptive practices. Third, pleasure intersects with power and social inequality. Both gender and social class shape sexual preferences and contraceptive use patterns. These findings call for a reframing of behavioral models that explain why people use (or do not use) contraception.

On this side of language, pain.

Pain and pleasure, when profound, totalizing, leave one without voice. Under the violence of pure suffering, language is annihilated and therefore the protective falseness of its game vanishes. The impenetrable nakedness of our life, as pain and as pleasure, forces the thought, without protection, to the redde rationem and makes it free of the irreparable unrest due to philosophizing. We can say with Hegel that: "Pain is the privilege of living natures (...). One can say that the contradiction is not thinkable, but the living organisms, while suffering, effectively live". The relationship between pain and language assumes a link between death and pain. There would be no anxiety towards our own death if we did not have an idea of its occurrence, and no idea is possible without language. The soul is the human on the move, the continuous flow of symbolic communication, it is history, it is our acting community. Thought, love and joy are faces of this movement and are in a relation of reciprocity. I, you, we have a dialog; I, you, we love each other; I, you and we have delight in each other. Therefore anyone of us has pleasure since the others have pleasure. Physical pain breaks this essential reciprocity.

The psychological pleasure and pain of choosing: when people prefer choosing at the cost of subsequent outcome satisfaction.

This empirical investigation tested the hypothesis that the benefits of personal choosing are restricted to choices made from among attractive alternatives. Findings from vignette and laboratory studies show that contrary to people's self-predictions prior to actually choosing, choosers only proved more satisfied than nonchoosers when selecting from among more preferred alternatives. When selecting from among less preferred alternatives, nonchoosers proved more satisfied with the decision outcome than choosers. Subsequent analyses revealed that differences in outcome satisfaction between choosers and nonchoosers emerge even before the decision outcome is experienced and that interventions during the decision-making process can serve to attenuate these differences. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Rationalising rationing: economic and other considerations in the debate about funding of Viagra.

Although the cost-effectiveness of Viagra for the treatment of patients with erectile dysfunction is favourable, both public and political opinions seem to be inclined not to fund, or merely to partially fund (i.e. by reimbursing only specific patient groups) this medicine. This shows that in funding discussions, cost-effectiveness information is not solely decisive. In a theoretical framework for choices in health care that was developed in The Netherlands (the Dunning report, 1991), two other criteria besides cost-effectiveness were put forward as being important for rationing decisions: "necessary care" and "individual responsibility". Overlooking the Viagra discussion, many of the arguments put forward seemed to be related to these two criteria. However, a clear operationalisation of the criteria necessary care and individual responsibility is lacking, which makes it difficult to use the arguments in funding decisions. In this paper, we try to demonstrate how these criteria were presented in the Viagra discussion and we will indicate how these criteria can be operationalised in relation to the outcomes of a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Psicodinâmica do trabalho como instrumento de gerência na enfermagem / Work psychodynamics as a management tool in nursing

Este estudo aborda princípios da psicodinâmica do trabalho como elementos que servem para nortear o trabalho da enfermeira. O objetivo é pontuar, por meio de conceitos, a dinâmica sofrimento, prazer e trabalho. Dejours é o autor escolhido para apoiar a fundamentaçäo teórica. A conclusäo evidenciou que a forma como o trabalho é organizado, e dependendo do modo como a pessoa convive com seu cotidiano de trabalho, suscita sentimento de sofrimento ou de prazer na vida desse trabalhador.

Psychophysical assessment of the affective components of non-painful touch.

A novel psychophysical procedure for the evaluation of the affective components of touch was developed. A fabric material was stroked across the test site at a controlled direction and velocity, after which the subject provided a numerical estimate of pleasantness. Significant differences were detected for the sites tested (FACE vs ARM), the fabric materials used (VELVET, COTTON and PLASTIC MESH), and the velocity of motion (0.5, 5 and 50 cm/s). Attesting to their validity, estimates of pleasantness correlated negatively with estimates of unpleasantness obtained for the same stimuli. Moreover, subjects were reasonably consistent in their ratings upon stimulus replication. These findings demonstrate that the hedonic qualities of touch can be psychophysically evaluated, and that valid and reliable estimates are obtained.

Organizaçäo do trabalho e vivências de prazer-sofrimento do trabalhador: abordagem psicodinâmica / Work organization and worker's pleasure-suffering experiences: psychodynamic approach

Investiga o processo de construçäo da intersubjetividade nas situaçöes de trabalho, a partir da análise da relaçäo dinâmica entre a organizaçäo do trabalho e o prazer-sofrimento do trabalhador qualificado. Realiza o estudo em uma empresa pública de telecomunicaçöes, usando o método da psicodinâmica com três engenheiros eletricistas. Faz entrevistas coletivas, analisando-as qualitativamente com base na interpretaçäo da fala dos trabalhadores. A análise das verbalizaçöes aponta para uma relaçäo entre o sofrimento e a situaçäo em que o trabalhador percebe seu trabalho dividido e a falta de conteúdo significativo de suas tarefas. O sofrimento também relaciona-se com o surgimento de dificuldades nas relaçöes com pares e hierarquia no nível afetivo, político e social. Indica que esta situaçäo leva à utilizaçäo de estratégias defensivas e uma imobilizaçäo para se engajar em processos de transformaçäo do trabalho. Aponta que as vivências de prazer säo observadas quando o discurso reflete o contexto em que a organizaçäo do trabalho é flexivel, e os participantes podem utilizar sua criatividade e se sentirem úteis, produtivos e valorizados