Association of Neurosurgical Work Relative Value Units with Objective Markers of Operative Complexity.

OBJECTIVE: Relative value units (RVUs) form the backbone of health care service reimbursement calculation in the United States. However, it remains unclear how well RVUs align with objective measures of procedural complexity within neurosurgery. METHODS: The 2018 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for neurosurgical procedures with >50 patients, using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Length of stay (LOS), operative time, mortality, and readmission and reoperation rates were collected for each code and a univariate correlation analysis was performed, with significant predictors entered into a multivariate logistic regression model, which generated predicted work RVUs, which were compared with actual RVUs to identify undervalued and overvalued procedures. RESULTS: Among 64 CPT codes, LOS, operative time, mortality, readmission, and reoperation were significant independent predictors of work RVUs and together explained 76% of RVU variance in a multivariate model (R2 = 0.76). Using a difference of >1.5 standard deviations from the mean, procedures associated with greater than predicted RVU included surgery for intracranial carotid circulation aneurysms (CPTs 61697 and 61700; residual RVU = 12.94 and 15.07, respectively), and infratemporal preauricular approaches to middle cranial fossa (CPT 61590; residual RVU = 15.39). Conversely, laminectomy/foraminotomy for decompression of additional spinal cord, cauda equina, and/or nerve root segments (CPT 63048; residual RVU = -21.30), transtemporal craniotomy for cerebellopontine angle tumor resection (CPT 61526; residual RVU = -9.95), and brachial plexus neuroplasty (CPT 64713; residual RVU = -11.29) were associated with lower than predicted RVU. CONCLUSIONS: Work RVUs for neurosurgical procedures are largely predictive of objective measures of surgical complexity, with few notable exceptions.

Neurosurgical Randomized Trials in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

BACKGROUND: The setting of a randomized trial can determine whether its findings are generalizable and can therefore apply to different settings. The contribution of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to neurosurgical randomized trials has not been systematically described before. OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic analysis of design characteristics and methodology, funding source, and interventions studied between trials led by and/or conducted in high-income countries (HICs) vs LMICs. METHODS: From January 2003 to July 2016, English-language trials with >5 patients assessing any one neurosurgical procedure against another procedure, nonsurgical treatment, or no treatment were retrieved from MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Income classification for each country was assessed using the World Bank Atlas method. RESULTS: A total of 73.3% of the 397 studies that met inclusion criteria were led by HICs, whereas 26.7% were led by LMICs. Of the 106 LMIC-led studies, 71 were led by China. If China is excluded, only 8.8% were led by LMICs. HIC-led trials enrolled a median of 92 patients vs a median of 65 patients in LMIC-led trials. HIC-led trials enrolled from 7.6 sites vs 1.8 sites in LMIC-led studies. Over half of LMIC-led trials were institutionally funded (54.7%). The majority of both HIC- and LMIC-led trials evaluated spinal neurosurgery, 68% and 71.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: We have established that there is a substantial disparity between HICs and LMICs in the number of published neurosurgical trials. A concerted effort to invest in research capacity building in LMICs is an essential step towards ensuring context- and resource-specific high-quality evidence is generated.

Comparative preoperative characteristics and postoperative outcomes at a private versus a safety-net hospital following endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal resection of pituitary adenomas.

OBJECTIVE: Sociodemographic disparities in health outcomes are well documented, but the effects of such disparities on preoperative presentation of pituitary adenomas (PA) and surgical outcomes following resection are not completely understood. In this study the authors sought to compare the preoperative clinical characteristics and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing PA resection at a private hospital (PH) versus a safety-net hospital (SNH). METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective review over a 36-month period of patients with PAs who underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery performed by the same attending neurosurgeon at either a PH or an SNH at a single academic medical institution. RESULTS: A total of 92 PH patients and 69 SNH patients were included. SNH patients were more likely to be uninsured or have Medicaid (88.4% vs 10.9%, p < 0.0001). A larger percentage of SNH patients were Hispanic (98.7% vs 32.6% p < 0.0001), while PH patients were more likely to be non-Hispanic white (39.1% vs 4.3%, p < 0.0001). SNH patients had a larger mean PA diameter (26.2 vs 22.4 mm, p = 0.0347) and a higher rate of bilateral cavernous sinus invasion (13% vs 4.3%, p = 0.0451). SNH patients were more likely to present with headache (68.1% vs 45.7%, p = 0.0048), vision loss (63.8% vs 35.9%, p < 0.0005), panhypopituitarism (18.8% vs 4.3%, p = 0.0031), and pituitary apoplexy (18.8% vs 7.6%, p = 0.0334). Compared to PH patients, SNH patients were as likely to undergo gross-total resection (73.9% vs 76.1%, p = 0.7499) and had similar rates of postoperative improvement in headache (80% vs 89%, p = 0.14) and vision (82% vs 84%, p = 0.74), but had higher rates of postoperative panhypopituitarism (23% vs 10%, p = 0.04) driven by preoperative endocrinopathies. Although there were no differences in tumor recurrence or progression, loss to follow-up was seen in 7.6% of PH versus 18.6% (p = 0.04) of SNH patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients presenting to the SNH were more often uninsured or on Medicaid and presented with larger, more advanced pituitary tumors. SNH patients were more likely to present with headaches, vision loss, and apoplexy, likely translating to greater improvements in headache and vision observed after surgery. These findings highlight the association between medically underserved populations and more advanced disease states at presentation, and underscore the likely role of academic tertiary multidisciplinary care teams and endoscopic PA resection in somewhat mitigating sociodemographic factors known to portend poorer outcomes, though longer-term follow-up is needed to confirm these findings.

Implementation of an Opioid Reduction Protocol for Simple Outpatient Neurosurgical Procedures: A Single-Center Experience.

STUDY DESIGN: Quality improvement with before and after evaluation of the intervention. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate postoperative opioid utilization at a high-volume tertiary referral center following implementation of an opioid reduction protocol for simple outpatient neurosurgical procedures. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The opioid epidemic has been well-publicized both in the scientific and lay press over the last few years. As a response to this crisis many state-wide and national medical groups have sought to develop opioid prescribing guidelines for both acute and chronic pain states. Some guidelines have studied opioid prescribing in orthopedic procedures but have primarily limited their recommendations to simple outpatient orthopedic joint procedures. Although, it is not clear that these opioid prescribing reductions are directly translatable to neurosurgical procedures. METHODS: We implemented an opioid reduction protocol geared towards the postoperative management for simple outpatient neurosurgical procedures and measured the effect on number of pills and total morphine equivalent dose (MED) prescribed, postoperative readmissions, refill requests, and conversion to long-term opiate use. RESULTS: Our study population was 246 patients, with 109 patients in the pre-intervention (PRE) group and 137 patients in the post-intervention (POST) group. The vast majority of patients in both groups were discharged with an opioid prescription (93% PRE, 91% POST, P = 0.87). The POST group had significantly lower total discharge opioid medication quantity (52 tabs PRE, 27 tabs POST, P < 0.001), discharge day MED (51.3 PRE, 45.3 POST, P = 0.01), and total discharge MED (287 PRE, 149 POST, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: A standardized discharge protocol for postoperative neurosurgery can lead to significant reductions in opioid discharge quantity without compromising patient safety or increasing the utilization of hospital resources through readmissions, refill requests, or clinic phone calls. This study provides an example of a feasible and effective discharge prescription regimen that may be generalizable to some of the most common outpatient neurosurgical procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

Snapshot: Socioeconomic Competence in US Neurosurgery Residents.

INTRODUCTION: Socioeconomic topics such as federal mandates/regulations, conflict of interest, and practice management have become increasingly important for all neurosurgeons. Graduating residents immediately need a host of skills to successfully navigate neurosurgical practice. Surgical and medical skills are closely evaluated through the American Board of Neurological Surgery, and a formal socioeconomic curriculum has been developed with defined milestones. Nevertheless, little has been done to evaluate neurosurgery resident competence in socioeconomic and medicolegal principles. The purpose of this study was to assess the competence of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education neurosurgical residents in socioeconomic knowledge. METHODS: Neurosurgery resident members of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (N = 1385) were sent a Survey Monkey of 10 questions. The survey covered the most basic of socioeconomic principles. Initial survey responses were collected across a 1-month period from April to May 2018. RESULTS: The response rate was 14% (194/1385). Overall, neurosurgery residents would have received a grade of D, with an average score of 67% on the survey. For 7 of the 10 questions, the majority (>50%) of neurosurgery residents answered correctly. Furthermore, for 3 questions, more than 90% of residents selected the correct answer. However, for one-half of all questions, residents averaged a score of less than 65%. Residents tended to answer questions correctly for physician compensation and compensation models, but incorrectly for topics of informed consent, Controlled Substances Act, and conflicts of interest. CONCLUSION: With the increasing complexity of neurosurgery practice, solid knowledge of socioeconomic topics is essential. The study confirms suspected deficiencies in socioeconomic proficiency among neurosurgery residents, despite the availability of a validated curriculum. This knowledge gap will likely affect career success and satisfaction. Nevertheless, this survey had a significantly low response rate, and it may be an incomplete representation of the neurosurgical resident mind. Focused educational initiatives through the neurosurgical Residency Review Committee and individual training programs must facilitate an action plan that ensures the effective implementation of socioeconomic curricula.

Enhanced Perioperative Care for Major Spine Surgery.

STUDY DESIGN: The enhanced perioperative care (EPOC) program is an institutional quality improvement initiative. We used a historically controlled study design to evaluate patients who underwent major spine surgery before and after the implementation of the EPOC program. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether multidisciplinary EPOC program was associated with an improvement in clinical and financial outcomes for elective adult major spine surgery patients. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs successfully implemented in hip and knee replacement surgeries, and improved clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. METHODS: We compared 183 subjects in traditional care (TRDC) group to 267 intervention period (EPOC) in a single academic quaternary spine surgery referral center. One hundred eight subjects in no pathway (NOPW) care group was also examined to exclude if the observed changes between the EPOC and TRDC groups might be due to concurrent changes in practice or population over the same time period. Our primary outcome variables were hospital and intensive care unit lengths of stay and the secondary outcomes were postoperative complications, 30-day hospital readmission and cost. RESULTS: In this highly complex patient population, we observed a reduction in mean hospital length of stay (HLOS) between TRDC versus EPOC groups (8.2 vs. 6.1 d, standard deviation [SD] = 6.3 vs. 3.6, P < 0.001) and intensive care unit length of stay (ILOS) (3.1 vs. 1.9 d, SD = 4.7 vs. 1.4, P = 0.01). The number (rate) of postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) admissions was higher for the TRDC n = 109 (60%) than the EPOC n = 129 (48%) (P = 0.02). There was no difference in postoperative complications and 30-day hospital readmissions. The EPOC spine program was associated with significant average cost reduction-$62,429 to $53,355 (P < 0.00). CONCLUSION: The EPOC program has made a clinically relevant contribution to institutional efforts to improve patient outcomes and value. We observed a reduction in HLOS, ILOS, costs, and variability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

Changes in healthcare delivery following spinal fracture in Medicare Accountable Care Organizations.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) were designed to reduce healthcare costs while simultaneously improving quality. Given that the success of ACOs is predicated on controlling costs, concerns have been expressed that patients could be adversely affected through restricted access to surgery, including in the context of spine fracture care. PURPOSE: Evaluate the impact of Medicare ACO formation on the utilization of surgery and outcomes following spinal fractures. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of Medicare claims (2009-2014). PATIENT SAMPLE: Patients treated for spinal fractures in an ACO or non-ACO. OUTCOME MEASURES: The utilization of surgery as treatment for spinal fractures, in-hospital mortality, 90-day complications, or hospital readmission within 90-days injury. METHODS: We used a pre-post study design to compare outcomes for patients treated in ACOs versus non-ACOs. Receipt of surgery for treatment of a spinal fracture was the primary outcome, with mortality, complications and readmissions treated secondarily. We used multivariable logistic regression adjusting for confounders to determine the association between environment of care (ACO vs. non-ACO) and the outcomes of interest. In all testing, beneficiaries treated in non-ACOs during 2009 to 2011 were used as the referent. RESULTS: During 2009 to 2011, 9% (n=10,866) of patients treated in non-ACOs received surgery, whereas a similar percentage (9%; n=210) underwent surgery in ACOs. This figure decreased to 8% (n=9,857) for individuals treated in non-ACOs over 2012 to 2014, although the surgical rate remained unchanged for those receiving care in an ACO (9%; n=227). There was no difference in the use of surgery among patients treated in ACOs (OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.79, 1.18) over 2012 to 2014. Similar increases in the odds of mortality were observed for both ACOs and non-ACOs during this period. A marginal, yet significant increase in complications was observed among ACOs, although there was no change in the odds of readmission. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that the formation of ACOs did not result in alterations in the use of surgery for spinal fractures or substantive changes in outcomes. As ACOs continue to evolve, more emphasis should be placed on the incorporation of measures directly related to surgical and trauma care in the determinants of risk-based reimbursements.

Will cost transparency in the operating theatre cause surgeons to change their practice?

Surgeons may not have a thorough knowledge about the costs of devices or surgical equipment. The main reason for this in many systems is price insensitivity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether spine surgical procedural expenses change once physicians are aware of the costs for surgical implants and the total associated costs with the procedure. A thorough bottom up case costing methodology was used to capture the costs of admission for three comparable spine surgical procedures at a large tertiary care center. Costs were collected for an initial 5-month period where surgeons were not aware of costs, followed by another 5-month period with detailed cost information. Instrumental costs, procedural costs and costs of admission were captured as well as health related quality of life (HRQOL) measures at 3 months. Statistical analysis was undertaken with STATA software. Costs decreased by $478 for instrumentation once actual prices were known (p = 0.069). Only ACDF procedures demonstrated statistically significant instrumental cost savings of $754 (p = 0.009). Total procedural costs were also less ($297, p = 0.194) but the total overall costs of admission increased ($401, p = 0.228). There were no differences in VAS, EQ-5D, or SF-12 scores. Although costs decrease for implants in surgery when prices are known, this appears to have little or no effect on overall costs of care. Length of stay and operating room time have greater effects on global costs. Future efforts to encourage efficient cost savings should focus on practice patterns/pathways for similar conditions rather than limiting the use of certain implants.

Development and Implementation of an Inexpensive, Easily Producible, Time Efficient External Ventricular Drain Simulator Using 3-Dimensional Printing and Image Registration.

BACKGROUND: External ventricular drain (EVD) placement is one of the most commonly performed procedures in neurosurgery, frequently by the junior neurosurgery resident. Simulators for EVD placement are often costly, time-intensive to create, and complicated to set up. OBJECTIVE: To describe creation of a simulator that is inexpensive, time-efficient, and simple to set up. METHODS: This simulator involves printing a hollow head using a desktop 3-dimensional (3D) printer. This head is registered to a commercially available image-guidance system. A total of 11 participants volunteered for this simulation module. EVD placement was assessed at baseline, after verbal teaching, and after live 3D view instruction. RESULTS: Accurate placement of an EVD on the right side at the foramen of Monro or the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle increased from 44% to 98% with training. Similarly, accurate placement on the left increased from 42% to 85% with training. CONCLUSION: During participation in the simulation, accurate placement of EVDs increased significantly. All participants believed that they had a better understanding of ventricular anatomy and that this module would be useful as a teaching tool for neurosurgery interns.

Alterations in 90-day morbidity, mortality, and readmission rates following spine surgery in Medicare Accountable Care Organizations (2009-2014).

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The impact of Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) on healthcare quality and outcomes, including morbidity, mortality, and readmissions, has not been substantially investigated, especially following spine surgery. PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of ACO formation on postoperative outcomes in the 90-day period following spine surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of national Medicare claims data (2009-2014). PATIENT SAMPLE: Patients who underwent one of four lumbar spine surgical procedures in an ACO or non-ACO. OUTCOME MEASURES: The development of in-hospital mortality, complications or hospital readmission within 90 days of the surgical procedure. METHODS: The primary outcome measures included postsurgical complications and readmissions at 90 days following surgery. In-hospital mortality and 30-day outcomes were considered secondarily. The primary predictor variable consisted of ACO enrollment designation. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was utilized to adjust for confounders and determine the independent effect of ACO enrollment on postsurgical outcomes. The multivariable model included a propensity score adjustment that accounted for factors associated with the preferential enrollment of patients in ACOs, namely, sociodemographic characteristics, medical co-morbidities, hospital teaching status, bed size, and location. RESULTS: In all, there were 344,813 patients identified for inclusion in this analysis with 97% (n = 332,890) treated in non-ACOs and 3% (n = 11,923) in an ACO. Although modest changes were apparent across both ACOs and non-ACOs over the time-period studied, improvements were slightly more dramatic in non-ACOs leading to statistically significant differences in both 90-day complications and readmissions. Specifically, in the period 2012-2014, ACOs demonstrated an 18% increase in the odds of 90-day complications and a 14% elevation in the odds of 90-day readmissions when compared to non-ACOs. There was no difference in hospital mortality between ACOs and non-ACOs. CONCLUSIONS: Our study of Medicare data from 2009 to 2014 failed to demonstrate superior reductions in postoperative morbidity, mortality, and readmissions for beneficiaries treated in ACOs as compared to non-ACOs. These results indicate that meaningful changes in postoperative outcomes should not be anticipated based on organizational participation in ACOs at present.

A low cost dural closure simulation model for tomorrow's spinal neurosurgeons.

Introduction: We present a low cost model that can be used to improve a trainee's skills in spinal dural closure. Development of microsurgical skills in a simulated environment provides a safe environment in which patients are protected. We argue that this is likely to improve the quality of dural closure, especially for surgeons early in their training and may lead to a commensurate reduction in post-operative CSF leak. Method: In our model, two consultant spine surgeons assessed the ability of participants to close the spinal dura. Participants were scored both quantitatively (time taken to complete the task) and qualitatively under the category of "surgical performance"- assessed by video and inspection of the closed dural substitute. Results: The cohort under assessment included senior and newly appointed consultants, clinical fellows and thirteen specialty trainees. 10 trainees were assessed a second time and a significant majority improved on both domains: 8 (80%) were faster on their second attempt; surgical performance scores also improved in the majority of trainees (90%). Conclusion: Our results, albeit with small numbers, show that a large proportion of trainees improve with practice with a reduction in overall task time and an improvement in surgical performance. Our model is cost-effective and easy to reproduce: simulation need not be an expensive exercise. This study further validates the use of simulation in modern neurosurgical training.

Clinical Experience of Autologous Blood Transfusion in Neurosurgery: Prospective Study in Central India.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the benefits of intraoperative autologous blood transfusion in intracranial procedures and to conserve precious homologous blood due to shortage of donor and associated complications. METHODS: This was a prospective study performed at Bansal Hospital, Bhopal. Predetermined autologous blood was collected in a well-labeled bag containing citrate phosphate dextrose adenine solution after induction of general anesthesia. Then appropriate amount of crystalloid solution was transfused in to the body. All collected autologous blood was transfused back to the patient at the end of the surgery or during the surgery if excessive blood loss occurred. Demographic data, hemodynamic changes (mean arterial pressure, heart rate) before and after donation, complications, and any additional homologous blood requirement were noted. Pre- and postoperative hemoglobin and hematocrit values were compared. RESULTS: In total, 32 patients were included in this study. In our study, mean age was 48.87 years; male-to-female ratio was 1:1.4. The mean amount of autologous blood collected was 461 mL, and the mean amount of blood loss during surgery was 1048 mL. In our study, there was no statistically significant difference was found in mean arterial pressure and heart rate before and after autologous blood collection (P > 0.05). When we compared pre- and postoperative mean hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, there was a statistically significant difference present (P < 0.05); this was due to the fact that many patients had meningiomas (15 of 32). Additional homologous blood was required only in 25% of cases (8/32). Of 8 patients, 5 were again cases of deep-seated meningiomas. No complications were observed during or after autologous blood collection. CONCLUSIONS: Autologous blood transfusion is a safe, effective, and affordable method of blood transfusion in patients undergoing intracranial surgery. Complications associated with homologous blood transfusion can be avoided with autologous blood transfusion.

Spine Trauma as a Component of Essential Neurosurgery: An Outcomes Analysis from Cambodia.

OBJECTIVE: In recent years, delivery of cost-effective "essential neurosurgery" in resource-limited communities has been recognized as an indispensable part of health care and a global health priority. The aim of this study was to review outcomes from operative management of spine trauma at a resource-limited government hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and to provide an epidemiologic report to guide prevention programs. METHODS: A retrospective review of a prospective neurosurgical database was performed to identify risk factors for spine trauma and severe spinal cord injury (American Spinal Injury Association A or American Spinal Injury Association B) and to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of surgery for patients treated at Preah Kossamak Hospital for subaxial and thoracolumbar spine trauma from 2013 to 2016. RESULTS: Surgical treatment was provided to 277 patients with cervical or thoracolumbar spine trauma, including 36 facet dislocations and 135 thoracolumbar burst fractures at a cost of $100-$280 per surgery. Six patients (2.2%) required treatment for postoperative wound infection. Reoperation was performed in 8 patients (2.9%) for wrong-level surgery. Failure of short-segment pedicle screw fixation was discovered in 4 patients (7.0%). Neurologic improvement was reported by 64 patients (65.3%) with incomplete spinal cord injury and available long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Affordable neurosurgical care can be provided in a safe and sustainable manner to patients with traumatic spine and spinal cord injuries in resource-limited communities. This supports the call for essential neurosurgery to be made available around the world to individuals from all socioeconomic strata.

Neuroendovascular Fellowship Training: Self-Assessment of a Program Accredited by the Committee on Advanced Subspecialty Training.

The University at Buffalo's neuroendovascular fellowship is one of the longest running fellowship programs in North America. The burgeoning neurointerventional workforce and the rapid growth in the neurointerventional space on the heels of groundbreaking clinical trials prompted us to assess the fellowship's academic impact and its graduates' perceptions and productivity. An anonymized web-based survey was sent to all former neuroendovascular fellows with specific questions pertaining to current practice, research and funding, and perceptions about the fellowship's impact on their skills, competitiveness, and compensation. Additionally, the h-index was calculated to assess the academic productivity of each graduated fellow. Among 50 former fellows, 42 (84%) completed the survey. The fellows came from various countries, ethnic backgrounds, and specialties including neurosurgery (n = 39, 93%), neurology (n = 2, 5%), and neuroradiology (n = 1, 2%). Twenty (48%) respondents were currently chairs or directors of their practice. Most (n = 30, 71%) spent at least 10% of their time on research activities, with 27 (64%) receiving research funding. The median h-index of all 50 former fellows was 14. The biggest gains from the fellowship were reported to be improvement in endovascular skills (median = 10 on a scale of 0-10 [highest]) and increase in competitiveness for jobs in vascular neurosurgery (median = 10), followed by increase in academic productivity (median = 8), and knowledge of vascular disease (median = 8). In an era with open calls for moratoriums on endovascular fellowships, concerns over market saturation, and pleas to improve training, fellowship programs perhaps merit a more objective assessment. The effectiveness of a fellowship program may best be measured by the academic impact and leadership roles of former fellows.

Training Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology Residents in Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Assessment Gathered from Participants in AANS and ASTRO Training Course.

OBJECTIVE: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) represents an expanding approach for neurosurgeons and radiation oncologists. We evaluate educational gaps of senior residents drawn from each specialty as part of a focused SRS course. We also evaluate the strengths and limitations of SRS training in current residency programs of the course residents and faculty. METHODS: The American Association of Neurological Surgeons and American Society of Radiation Oncology jointly held a senior resident course in SRS. Residents were nominated by program directors from across the United States. Thirty residents were chosen to participate in the course. The residents were surveyed before and after the course. Faculty (n = 14) were also surveyed to ascertain their perspectives on current training in SRS. RESULTS: Most (96.7%) of the residents planned to perform SRS when finished, and 94% anticipated SRS indications to expand. Regarding SRS technique, 47% reported average/above average understanding of intracranial SRS; only 17% expressed similar understanding of spinal SRS. Before the course, 76.6% noted below average/average ability to recognize and manage SRS complications. Twenty-three percent of the faculty indicated that graduating residents from their programs were unprepared to perform radiosurgery. Residents' self-assessed understanding of brain SRS indication (P = 0.000693), SRS techniques (P = 0.000021), spinal SRS indications (P = 0.000050), spinal SRS techniques (P = 0.000019), and complication recognition and management (P = 0.00033) significantly improved following the course. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge and training gaps in SRS appear evident to the senior residents and faculty of both specialties. We believe that other educational opportunities for SRS experience are necessary to optimize clinical competency, as well as meet future clinical staffing needs for this expanding, multidisciplinary approach. Further evaluation of gaps in SRS is necessary through a larger, nationwide survey of U.S. neurosurgeons, program directors, and residents.

Evaluation of surgical decision making and resulting outcome in patients with highly eloquent glioblastoma: Results of a multicenter assessment.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment of glioblastoma(GB) patients amenable only for a subtotal resection(STR) is controversial. Since outcome of patients is affected by surgical management, our aim was to assess surgical decision making and resulting outcome in patients with highly eloquent GBs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively assessed GB patients with intended sub-total resection (STR) or stereotactic biopsy (STX) of 3 neurooncological centers operated between 2008 and 2013. A volumetric assessment of overall extent of resection(oEoR), presence of complications, new permanent neurological deficits(nPNDs) was performed. A central reviewer reassessed all cases blinded and gave recommendation on surgical management and on a potential EoR(pEoR) based on imaging data. We compared outcome data using Mann-Whitney-U-test and Sign-Rank-Test. Survival was assessed based on Kaplan-Meier-estimates. RESULTS: 97 patients were included. In 17 patients received STX, 70 patients a STR and 10 patients a near total resection (NTR, EoR>95%). Median OS was significantly different from STX patients only if NTR was reached (16 vs. 7 months, p=0.042). The central reviewer recommended a more aggressive strategy(NTR or STR resp.) in 41 patients and a less aggressive strategy in 13 patients. Overall, management recommendation was significantly different to clinical treatment (p<0.001). Mean pEoR was significantly higher than oEoR (85.7% vs. 71.3%, p=0.001). Regarding the different OR subgroups, no significant differences were found in the NTR group(12/13 ties, p=1) and in STX group (14/17 ties, p=0.125). In STR group, a significant difference was found (p=0.001). In 38/69 patients a NTR and in 13/77 patients a STX was recommended. CONCLUSION: Surgery in GB patients with intended STR requires precise preoperative planning since potential EoR is mainly underestimated. Especially, patients with lesions amenable for a NTR should not be missed.

Changing Operating Room Culture: Implementation of a Postoperative Debrief and Improved Safety Culture.

BACKGROUND: Patient safety is foundational to neurosurgical care. Postprocedural "debrief" checklists have been proposed to improve patient safety, but data about their use in neurosurgery are limited. Here, we implemented an initiative to routinely perform postoperative debriefs and evaluated the impact of debriefing on operating room (OR) safety culture. METHODS: A 10-question safety attitude questionnaire (SAQ) was sent to neurosurgical OR staff at a major academic medical center before and 18 months after the implementation of a postoperative debriefing initiative. Rates of debrief compliance and changes in attitudes before and after the survey were evaluated. The survey used a Likert scale and analyzed with standard statistical methods. RESULTS: After the debrief initiative, the rate of debriefing increased from 51% to 86% of cases for the neurosurgery service. Baseline SAQ responses found that neurosurgeons had a more favorable perception of OR safety than did anesthesiologists and nurses. After implementation of the postoperative debriefing process, perceptions of OR safety significantly improved for neurosurgeons, anesthesiologists, and nurses. Furthermore, the disparity between nurses and surgeons was no longer significant. After debrief implementation, neurosurgical OR staff had improved perceptions of patient safety compared with surgical services that did not commonly perform debriefing. Debriefing identified OR efficiency concerns in 26.9% of cases, and prevention of potential adverse events/near misses was reported in 8% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative debriefing can be effectively introduced into the OR and improves the safety culture after implementation. Debriefing is an effective tool to identify OR inefficiencies and potential adverse events.

Results of the 2015 Scoliosis Research Society Survey on Single Versus Dual Attending Surgeon Approach for Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery.

STUDY DESIGN: An electronic survey administered to Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) membership. OBJECTIVE: To characterize surgeon practices and views regarding the use of two attending surgeons for adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The use of two experienced attending surgeons can decrease the operative time, estimated blood loss, and perioperative complication rates. However, the current practice patterns for the use of two attending surgeons remains unknown. METHODS: An electronic, 27-question survey regarding single/dual attending surgeons was administered to the SRS membership. Determinants included: surgeon/practice demographics, assistant type/level of training, and questions regarding use of two attending surgeons. Overall reporting and comparisons between groups were made: US versus international, academic versus private practice, and experience <15 years versus >15 years. RESULTS: A total of 199 surgeons responded from 27 different countries. Overall and between the groups, the respondents significantly reported believing that two attending spine surgeons improves safety, decreases complications, and improves outcomes (P < 0.01). Approximately, 67.3% reported using a second attending ≤25% of the time (33.2% do not), and 24.1% use one ≥51% of the time (similar between groups); 51.1% that have a second attending feel it's limited by reimbursement and access concerns and 71.9% have difficulty getting the second attending reimbursed. 72.3% use a second attending for ALL of the following reasons (no difference between groups): "it's safer/reduces complications," "it decreases operative time," "it decreases blood loss," "it results in improved outcomes," "it's less work and stress for me." If reimbursement was equal/assured for a second attending, 67.5% would use one "more often" or "always." CONCLUSION: The respondents feel that having a second attending surgeon improves patient care, however most do not use one often. Reasons include reimbursement/access concerns and the majority would use one if reimbursement was equal and assured. Based on the current literature and these results, there is a need for working with third party payers to improve dual surgeon reimbursement rates in complex cases. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5.

Improving language mapping in clinical fMRI through assessment of grammar.

INTRODUCTION: Brain surgery in the language dominant hemisphere remains challenging due to unintended post-surgical language deficits, despite using pre-surgical functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) and intraoperative cortical stimulation. Moreover, patients are often recommended not to undergo surgery if the accompanying risk to language appears to be too high. While standard fMRI language mapping protocols may have relatively good predictive value at the group level, they remain sub-optimal on an individual level. The standard tests used typically assess lexico-semantic aspects of language, and they do not accurately reflect the complexity of language either in comprehension or production at the sentence level. Among patients who had left hemisphere language dominance we assessed which tests are best at activating language areas in the brain. METHOD: We compared grammar tests (items testing word order in actives and passives, wh-subject and object questions, relativized subject and object clauses and past tense marking) with standard tests (object naming, auditory and visual responsive naming), using pre-operative fMRI. Twenty-five surgical candidates (13 females) participated in this study. Sixteen patients presented with a brain tumor, and nine with epilepsy. All participants underwent two pre-operative fMRI protocols: one including CYCLE-N grammar tests (items testing word order in actives and passives, wh-subject and object questions, relativized subject and object clauses and past tense marking); and a second one with standard fMRI tests (object naming, auditory and visual responsive naming). fMRI activations during performance in both protocols were compared at the group level, as well as in individual candidates. RESULTS: The grammar tests generated more volume of activation in the left hemisphere (left/right angular gyrus, right anterior/posterior superior temporal gyrus) and identified additional language regions not shown by the standard tests (e.g., left anterior/posterior supramarginal gyrus). The standard tests produced more activation in left BA 47. Ten participants had more robust activations in the left hemisphere in the grammar tests and two in the standard tests. The grammar tests also elicited substantial activations in the right hemisphere and thus turned out to be superior at identifying both right and left hemisphere contribution to language processing. CONCLUSION: The grammar tests may be an important addition to the standard pre-operative fMRI testing.

Survey on current cognitive practices within the European Low-Grade Glioma Network: towards a European assessment protocol.

BACKGROUND: The European Low-Grade Glioma network indicated a need to better understand common practices regarding the managing of diffuse low-grade gliomas. This area has experienced great advances in recent years. METHOD: A general survey on the managing of diffuse low-grade gliomas was answered by 21 centres in 11 European countries. Here we focused on specific questions regarding perioperative and intraoperative cognitive assessments. RESULTS: More centres referred to the same speech and language therapist and/or neuropsychologist across all assessments; a core of assessment tools was routinely used across centres; fluency tasks were commonly used in the perioperative stages, and object naming during surgery; tasks that tapped on attention, executive functions, visuospatial awareness, calculation and emotions were sparsely administered; preoperative assessments were performed 1 month or 1 week before surgery; timing for postoperative assessments varied; finally, more centres recommended early rehabilitation, whenever needed. CONCLUSIONS: There is an emerging trend towards following similar practices for the management of low-grade gliomas in Europe. Our results are descriptive and formalise current discussions in our group. Also, they contribute towards the development of a European assessment protocol.