Promoção do álcool: por que a regulamentação do marketing é importante?

A implementação do controle de marketing de álcool cai, pelo menos em parte, fora do setor de saúde. Sua implementação é importante, no entanto, para reduzir a acessibilidade do álcool, levando a um atraso na iniciação do consumo de álcool pelos jovens, atraso em sua escalada para ocasiões de consumo pesado e uma redução no apelo à bebida por bebedores pesados ​​e aqueles que optaram por se abster. As medidas de autorregulação existentes são insuficientes e não conduziram a qualquer redução do consumo de álcool. É importante aumentar a compreensão do público e dos formuladores de políticas sobre a necessidade de controle de marketing, seu valor, para que as leis relacionadas possam ser apoiadas, adotadas e aplicadas em todos os países. Proibir ou regulamentar o marketing de álcool é uma das principais políticas de álcool disponíveis para reduzir o uso nocivo de álcool. Esta ficha informativa descreve as várias formas de marketing de álcool, como elas afetam o consumo e o consumo pesado, como podem ser regulamentadas e aplicadas com eficácia e por que precisam ser implementadas.

A medicalização do sofrimento psíquico na cultura do hiperconsumo / Medicalization of psychic suffering in a culture of hyperconsumption

Na atual fase em que se encontra a sociedade de consumo, estão presentes de forma bastante acentuada os valores do hedonismo, da busca incessante pela felicidade através da aquisição de bens materiais, da negação do sofrimento, dos lazeres, da leveza e do hiperindividualismo. O processo crescente de destradicionalização da sociedade tornou o sujeito ao mesmo tempo livre e instável. Com o enfraquecimento da capacidade ordenadora de instituições como igreja e escola, o sujeito tende a buscar no consumo de bens e serviços uma fonte de segurança, além do uso de medicamentos que aliviam o sofrimento psíquico gerado por esse desamparo. Considerando que a medicalização do sofrimento psíquico atinge largas escalas nessa fase da sociedade contemporânea, o presente trabalho propõe-se a investigar os fatores da cultura do hiperconsumo que funcionam como dispositivos que favorecem o processo da medicalização generalizada. Partiu-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica na qual foram observados alguns atores que difundem o discurso medicalizante, como a publicidade, a psiquiatria hegemônica e a indústria farmacêutica. As informações apresentadas e organizadas na pesquisa resultam na constatação de que a medicalização é produto tanto de interesses da indústria farmacêutica como da demanda do hiperconsumidor por felicidade, bem-estar e ausência de sofrimento.(AU)

In the current phase in which the consumer society is present, the values of hedonism, the incessant search for happiness through the acquisition of material goods, the denial of suffering, leisure, lightness and hyperindividualism are quite marked. The growing process of detraditionalization of society has made the subject at the same time free and unstable. With the weakening of the ordering capacity of institutions such as church and school, the subject tends to seek in the consumption of goods and services a source of security, in addition to the use of medications that relieve the psychic suffering generated by this helplessness. Considering that the medicalization of psychic suffering reaches large scales in this phase of contemporary society, the present work proposes to investigate the factors of the culture of hyperconsumption that function as devices that favor the process of generalized medicalization. It was based on a bibliographical research in which some actors were observed that spread the medicalizing discourse, such as advertising, hegemonic psychiatry and the pharmaceutical industry. The information presented and organized in the research results in the finding that medicalization is the product of both the interests of the pharmaceutical industry and the demand of the hyperconsumer for happiness, well-being and absence of suffering.(AU)

En la fase actual en la que está presente la sociedad de consumo, los valores del hedonismo, la búsqueda incesante de la felicidad a través de la adquisición de bienes materiales, la negación del sufrimiento, el ocio, la ligereza y el hiperindividualismo son bastante marcados. El creciente proceso de destradicionalización de la sociedad ha hecho que el sujeto sea al mismo tiempo libre e inestable. Con el debilitamiento de la capacidad de ordenamiento de instituciones como la iglesia y la escuela, el sujeto tiende a buscar en el consumo de bienes y servicios una fuente de seguridad, además del uso de medicamentos que alivian el sufrimiento psíquico generado por esta indefensión. Considerando que la medicalización del sufrimiento psíquico alcanza grandes escalas en esta fase de la sociedad contemporánea, el presente trabajo propone investigar los factores de la cultura del hiperconsumo que funcionan como dispositivos que favorecen el proceso de medicalización generalizada. Se basó en una investigación bibliográfica en la que se observaron algunos actores que difundieron el discurso medicalizador, como la publicidad, la psiquiatría hegemónica y la industria farmacéutica. La información presentada y organizada en la investigación resulta en el hallazgo de que la medicalización es el producto tanto de los intereses de la industria farmacéutica como de la demanda del hiperconsumidor de felicidad, bienestar y ausencia de sufrimiento.(AU)

Is bad news on TV tickers good news? The effects of voiceover and visual elements in video on viewers' assessment.

In our experiment, we tested how exposure to a mock televised news segment, with a systematically manipulated emotional valence of voiceover, images and TV tickers (in the updating format) impacts viewers' perception. Subjects (N = 603) watched specially prepared professional video material which portrayed the story of a candidate for local mayor. Following exposure to the video, subjects assessed the politician in terms of competence, sociability, and morality. Results showed that positive images improved the assessment of the politician, whereas negative images lowered it. In addition, unexpectedly, positive tickers led to a negative assessment, and negative ones led to more beneficial assessments. However, in a situation of inconsistency between the voiceover and information provided on visual add-ons, additional elements are apparently ignored, especially when they are negative and the narrative is positive. We then discuss the implications of these findings.

'Pro-tobacco propaganda': a case study of tobacco industry-sponsored elementary schools in China.

BACKGROUND: China is the largest producer and consumer of tobacco products worldwide. While direct marketing and advertisement of tobacco products is restricted, indirect marketing still exists under the guise of sponsorship and corporate social responsibility (CSR). This case study is focused on tobacco industry-sponsored elementary schools in Chinese rural areas. METHODS: Field visits were conducted in Yunnan province to interview students, teachers, school principals and parents to understand their perceptions of the tobacco industry and its sponsorship of schools. Interviews with tobacco control activists were conducted in Beijing to discuss national tobacco control efforts targeting tobacco industry sponsorship. Interview data were transcribed and coded, with key themes developed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: While health consequences of smoking are generally known, attitudes towards the tobacco industry and its CSR activities remain positive among the general public. Educators and parents do not perceive any impacts on schoolchildren from exposure to 'pro-tobacco propaganda' created by the industry's CSR activities. Attitudes among tobacco control activists were drastically different, with consensus that CSR activities constitute indirect marketing attempts that should be banned. CONCLUSION: National tobacco control legislation banning all forms of indirect marketing including CSR is needed in order to protect the health of future generations.

The Right to Know? The Politics of Information about Contraception in France (1950s-80s).

In 1920 in France, a law was passed prohibiting abortion, the sale of contraceptives and 'anti-conception propaganda'. While contraception was legalised in 1967 and abortion in 1975, 'anti-natalist propaganda' remained forbidden. This article takes seriously the aim of the French state to prevent the circulation of information for demographic reasons. Drawing from government archives, social movement archives and media coverage, the article focuses on the way the propaganda ban contributed to shaping the public debate on contraception as well as lastingly impacting the ability of the state to communicate on the subject. It first shows how birth control activists challenged the legal interdiction against communicating about contraception (1956-67) without questioning the natalist obligation. It then shows how, after 1968, communication on contraception became a power struggle carried out by various actors (sexologists and feminist and leftist activists) and how the dissemination of information about contraception was thought of as a way to challenge moral and social values. Finally, the article describes the change of state communication policies in the mid-1970s, leading to the first national campaign on contraception launched in 1981, which defined information as a task that women should take on.

[Study on press coverage about the exodus of Spanish nurses to the United Kingdom]. / Estudio de las noticias publicadas en prensa del éxodo de enfermeras españolas al Reino Unido.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the media representation of the exodus of Spanish nurses to the United Kingdom through general information newspapers. METHODS: Content analysis, quantitative and qualitative. Documents published in the newspapers ABC, El País, El Mundo and La Razón, about "emigrants," "nurses" and "migrant health workers," were located from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2016, with Boolean operators. This selected period corresponds to the beginning of the economic crisis and concludes in the year of the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom. After applying the descriptors, 9559 texts were obtained. Once the noise of the documents was eliminated, 484 textual units were found. To carry out a more exhaustive analysis, the specific documents on "migrant nurses", which were 77, were selected and analysed qualitatively. RESULTS: a) 2013 was the year in which the most stories about emigration in general were published, and also about nurses in particular; b) the ABC newspaper published the most stories about the exodus of nurses to the United Kingdom (31); c) El País published the most texts on Spanish emigration, with a total of 397 documents; d) 98% of the headlines analysed (n = 77) had a negative tone; and e) social discourse had greater relevance than political discourse. CONCLUSIONS: The press promoted the push factor for nurses to migrate to the United Kingdom.

Análise da propaganda de medicamentos dirigida a profissionais de saúde / Analysis of drug adversiting targeted to health professionals

A propaganda de medicamentos consiste na divulgação do produto pela indústria farmacêutica, com ênfase na marca, visando a promover sua prescrição e/ou aquisição. Essa prática deve cumprir os preceitos legais vigentes determinados pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. O presente trabalho objetivou analisar peças publicitárias de medicamentos disponibilizadas pela indústria dirigidas aos profissionais de saúde. A captação de peças publicitárias ocorreu em consultórios médicos de diversas especialidades, hospitais públicos e privados e revistas direcionadas a profissionais de saúde. A análise das peças coletadas envolveu a verificação da legibilidade e visualização de informações obrigatórias, bem como o atendimento da legislação sanitária que regulamenta a promoção e publicidade de medicamentos no Brasil ­ Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada n. 96/2008. Os resultados demonstraram que nenhuma peça cumpre a legislação sanitária na íntegra. A maioria das indústrias emprega estratégias que dificultam o acesso a informações de restrição de uso do medicamento, como contraindicações, por exemplo, constituindo um obstáculo ao uso racional. Também foi observada a presença de indicações outras que não as aprovadas pela agência, bem como indicação de uso para faixas etárias diferentes das especificadas no registro do produto. É evidente a necessidade de um novo modelo fiscalizador e regulador mais rígido, que priorize, acima de todos os interesses particulares, um interesse maior, que é o da sociedade. Esta deve ser protegida da propaganda enganosa e abusiva, sendo conscientizada sobre o uso racional do medicamento.(AU)

The advertising of medicines is the dissemination of the product by the pharmaceutical industry, with emphasis on brand, aiming to promote their prescription and/or purchase. This practice must comply with the legal provisions in effect determined by Brazilian National Surveillance Agency. The present work aimed to analyze advertisements of medicines offered by the industry to health professionals. The capture of advertisements covered physician offices of various specialties, public and private hospitals and magazines directed at health professionals. The analysis of the collected parts involved the verification of legibility and viewing of information required, as well as the compliance with the health legislation that regulates the promotion and advertising of medicines in Brazil ­ agency's resolution n. 96/2008. The results showed that no piece meets the health legislation in full. Most industries employs strategies that hinder access to restricted information of use of the medicine, as contra-indications, for example, constituting an obstacle to rational use. It was also observed the presence of indications other than those approved by the agency and use indication for different age groups in the specified product registration. It is obvious the need for a new model controller and more rigid regulator that prioritize above all particular interests, a major importance, that is the society. This must be protected from false advertising and abusive, promoting the rational use of medicines.(AU)

Propaganda and Philanthropy: The Institute Bento da Rocha Cabral, the Lisbon Site of Biochemistry (1925-1953).

This paper focuses on the internal organization and dynamics of the Institute Bento da Rocha Cabral (IRC) in Lisbon, a privately-funded institution devoted to biomedical research, from the particular vantage point of its laboratory of biochemistry; in particular, the process through which the institution turned from medically-related to chemically-related research in the period spanning from 1925 to 1953. The history of the IRC raises interesting questions regarding the social politics of science as it materialized the desire of leading physicians of the Faculty of Medicine of Lisbon to create proper physical facilities for medically-related scientific research. We argue that the process which led to the creation of the IRC coincided with the gradual professional and political ascendance of physicians in Portuguese society initiated in the late nineteenth century, and is closely associated with Portuguese republicanism and the process of Lisbon becoming the scientific capital.

The football business in Brazil: Connections between the economy, market and media / O negócio futebol no Brasil: Conexões entre a economia, o mercado e a mídia / El negocio fútbol en Brasil: Las conexiones entre la economía, el mercado y los medios de comunicación

The Brazilian "Série A" Championship has demonstrated economic stability, especially after the implementation of the consecutive point system in 2003 and the changes made to the operational management of this competition. In face of the variables economy, market and media, we attempted to investigate how the Brazilian Football Championship is structured from a business standpoint. Our goal was to analyze the Brazilian Football Championship from an economic and financial perspective. From a methodological standpoint, we used bibliographical and documentary research. Results have shown that, together, the economy, market and media have helped to improve the business of football by increasing its value and generating revenues. They have also have developed new opportunities. Moreover, based on the football diversified entertainment system, media is the main cathaliser in the commercial feedback process system between producers and consumers...

O Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol da Série A tem demonstrado estabilidade econômica, sobretudo, a partir de 2003 após a inserção do sistema de pontos corridos e mudanças na gestão operacional da competição. Diante das variáveis: economia, mercado e mídia, buscamos investigar como está estruturado o negócio campeonato brasileiro de futebol. O objetivo geral foi compor um panorama econômico-financeiro sobre o campeonato brasileiro de futebol. Utilizou-se os métodos da pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa documental que possibilitaram apresentar e analisar os dados encontrados. Os resultados apontam que a economia, o mercado e a mídia em todas as suas formas criam uma tríade que sustenta e potencializa o negócio futebol, proporcionando valorização de preços, geração de receitas, negócios e oportunidades. Sendo a mídia com seu diversificado sistema de entretenimento, o principal responsável pela retroalimentação do processo comercial entre produtores e consumidores...

El campeonato brasileño de fútbol de "Série A" ha demostrado estabilidad, sobretodo, a partir de 2003 después la inserción de puntos corridos y cambios en la gestión operacional de la competición. A partir de esa nueva configuración y delante de las variables: economía, mercado y medios, buscamos investigar cómo está estructurado el negocio campeonato brasileño de fútbol. El objetivo general fue componer un panorama económico-financiero a respecto del campeonato brasileño de fútbol. Se utilizó los métodos de pesquisa bibliográfica y pesquisa documental que posibilitaron presentar y analizar los datos encontrados. Los resultados apuntan que la economía, el mercado y los medios y la TV forman una tríade que potencializa el negocio fútbol, proporcionando valorización de precios, generación de recetas, negocios y oportunidades. Siendo los medios, con su diversificado sistema de entretenimiento, el principal responsable por la retroalimentación del proceso comercial entre productores y consumidores...

Academics and competing interests in H1N1 influenza media reporting.

BACKGROUND: Concerns have been raised over competing interests (CoI) among academics during the 2009 to 2010 A/H1N1 pandemic. Media reporting can influence public anxiety and demand for pharmaceutical products. We assessed CoI of academics providing media commentary during the early stages of the pandemic. METHODS: We performed a retrospective content analysis of UK newspaper articles on A/H1N1 influenza, examining quoted sources. We noted when academics made a risk assessment of the pandemic and compared this with official estimations. We also looked for promotion or rejection of the use of neuraminidase inhibitors or H1N1-specific vaccine. We independently searched for CoI for each academic. RESULTS: Academics were the second most frequently quoted source after Ministers of Health. Where both academics and official agencies estimated the risk of H1N1, one in two academics assessed the risk as higher than official predictions. For academics with CoI, the odds of a higher risk assessment were 5.8 times greater than those made by academics without CoI (Wald p value=0.009). One in two academics commenting on the use of neuraminidase inhibitors or vaccine had CoI. The odds of CoI in academics promoting the use of neuraminidase inhibitors were 8.4 times greater than for academics not commenting on their use (Fisher's exact p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence of CoI among academics providing media commentary during the early H1N1 pandemic. Heightened risk assessments, combined with advocacy for pharmaceutical products to counter this risk, may lead to increased public anxiety and demand. Academics should declare, and journalists report, relevant CoI for media interviews.

AJ Cronin and The Citadel: did a work of fiction contribute to the foundation of the NHS?

AJ Cronin (1896-1981) was a Scottish-born doctor-turned-novelist whose most famous novel is The Citadel, published in 1937. The book describes the struggles of an idealistic young doctor working in Wales and London in the 1920s and 30s. The novel was a global bestseller and its portrayal of a largely ineffective, corruption-ridden system of healthcare is thought to have directly influenced the foundation of the National Health Service in 1948. The Citadel anticipates such phenomena as evidence-based medicine and continuing medical education. This paper argues that the novel was never intended as propaganda for a state-controlled national health service. On the contrary, Cronin was against state control. Analysis of the novel is informed by recent biographical revelations about Cronin and the blurring of the margin between fact and fiction in Cronin's life and work is examined.

Propaganda de medicamentos: das estratégias persuasivas ao embate discursivo / Drug advertising: persuasive strategies of discursive struggle to health

Segurança, eficácia, inovação e modernidade são alguns dos valores agregados ao medicamento no universo contemporâneo. Essa associação é decorrência de uma complexa gama de fatores. No entanto, pode-se dizer que um dos meios que valida tais atributos e impõe novas estratégias de significação é a publicidade. Afinal, é por meio dela que a indústria farmacêutica divulga seus produtos. Dessa maneira, fica praticamente impossível delimitar fronteiras entre a propaganda e o consumo de medicamentos. Não é difícil notar, assim, que a propaganda de medicamentos pode representar risco à saúde, caso não se comprometa com a divulgação de informação isenta, correta e segura. O problema é que, sem uma política efetiva no controle da promoção comercial de produtos farmacêuticos, as estratégias persuasivas encontram meios de driblar o que a legislação preconiza e as diferentes interpretações levam a controvérsias e dilemas, que passam a configurar o campo. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho objetiva compreender os embates discursivos entre a indústria farmacêutica e o órgão fiscalizador da Vigilância Sanitária – a ANVISA.

Medical rules of engagement negative patients: the dilemma of forward surgical teams in counterinsurgency operations.

By definition, Forward Surgical Teams (FSTs) are located far forward in the battlespace to allow for emergent treatment of life and limb threatening trauma sustained by United States and coalition forces as well as those injured according to the medical rules of engagement (MROE). While official doctrine dictates that MROE negative patients are not entitled to care by American military medical assets, experience has shown that some FSTs do not always adhere to that doctrine during counterinsurgency (COIN) operations. Medical civic action programs (MEDCAPS) have been used in modern COIN conflicts in an attempt to gain favor with and influence the host nations? local population. However, the results have frequently been counterproductive to the intended mission. The FST, by doctrine, is not equipped to take part in traditional MEDCAPS. The focus of this paper is to explore the potential role of the FST in COIN operations. Possible roles for the FST in COIN include improving the host nation medical capabilities through education and training. Further, surgery can be a useful commodity to gain positive influence with or to trade for intelligence from key local national leaders.