Religious affiliation and debt among U.S. households.

Religion has been shown to have both a direct and indirect role in shaping personal values, especially pertaining to money and wealth accumulation. Existing research establishes a strong relationship between religious affiliation and wealth attainment. However, previous scholarship has largely ignored the link between religious affiliation and debt, an important yet overlooked indicator of total net worth. To address this gap, we utilize data from the 2017 wave of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and examine how religious affiliation is associated with two forms of household debt: credit card and mortgage debt. Findings from a series of logistic regression models indicate that Black Protestants have the lowest rates of both credit card and mortgage debt and Hispanic/Latinx Catholics have comparably low rates of credit card debt relative to Conservative Protestants. KHB decomposition analyses reveal that race/ethnicity explain some of the relationship between a Black Protestant or Hispanic/Latinx Catholic religious affiliation and household debt. While our study is the first to document the link between religious affiliation and debt profiles of Americans, we would encourage future research to explore how other elements of religiosity-long acknowledged by sociologists to affect wealth and social status-influence different types of debt accumulation in nuanced and meaningful ways.

Developing the Baptist Health Injury Risk Assessment Phase 1: Exploring Risk Factors.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore risk factors for developing hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs) among critically ill adult inpatients. BACKGROUND: Hospital-acquired pressure injuries remain a priority quality focus for Magnet ® organizations. Recent studies cite medical devices as a primary cause, yet published risk assessments lack inclusion of those threats. METHODS: Nurses at a 434-bed, 4-time Magnet ® -designated hospital led a retrospective study acros 9 American Nurses Credentialing Center-designated facilities. Using a chart review tool, data were collected within 48 hours of a confirmed HAPI. RESULTS: Of 207 HAPIs reported, 54% (n = 113) involved deep tissue pressure injuries and 50.2% (n = 104) involved 19 medical devices. Individuals with a HAPI also used 1 or more of 7 distinct types of mobility-limiting medical equipment. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings support the development of a critical care risk assessment with inclusion of a medical device and mobility-limiting medical equipment as risk factors. A secondary study is underway for specificity and sensitivity testing of this assessment.

Intergroup resource allocation among children from minority and majority groups in three settings of former conflict.

Intergroup resource allocation was examined among 333 children aged 7-11 (51.9% female) within three settings of former intergroup conflict (January-June 2021). Children represented both ethno-religious minority and majority groups (Republic of North Macedonia: Albanians, Macedonians; Croatia: Serbs, Croats; Northern Ireland: Catholics, Protestants), from predominantly White and middle-class families. Ingroup bias in average resource allocation amounts was demonstrated by both minority and majority children, across settings, in the context of novel targets (historic conflict rivals). Majority children were also more likely to give equally (which maintains the status quo) than minority children. Giving equally increased with age for both minority and majority children, despite being in "zero-sum," conflict settings. Equitable intergroup resource allocation in such settings has implications for conflict transformation.

Adolescent mental well-being, religion and family activities: a cross-sectional study (Northern Ireland Schools and Wellbeing Study).

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we seek to explore the relationship between adolescent mental well-being, religion and family activities among a school-based adolescent sample from Northern Ireland. SETTING: The Northern Ireland Schools and Wellbeing Study is a cross-sectional study (2014-2016) of pupils in Northern Ireland aged 13-18 years. PARTICIPANTS: 1618 adolescents from eight schools participated in this study. OUTCOMES MEASURES: Our primary outcome measure was derived using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale. We used hierarchical linear regression to explore the independent effects of a range of personal/social factors, including religious affiliation, importance of religion and family activities. RESULTS: In fully adjusted models, older adolescents and females reported lower mental well-being scores-for the year-on-year increase in age ß=-0.45 (95% CI=-0.84, -0.06), and for females (compared with males) ß=-5.25 (95% CI=-6.16, -4.33). More affluent adolescents reported better mental well-being. No significant differences in mental well-being scores across religious groups was found: compared with Catholics, Protestant adolescents recorded ß=-0.83 (95% CI=-2.17, 0.51), other religious groups ß=-2.44 (95% CI=-5.49, 0.62) and atheist adolescents ß=-1.01 (95% CI=-2.60, 0.58). The importance of religion in the adolescents' lives was also tested: (compared with those for whom it was not important) those for whom it was very important had better mental well-being (ß=1.63: 95% CI=0.32, 2.95). Higher levels of family activities were associated with higher mental well-being: each unit increase in family activity produced a 1.45% increase in the mental well-being score (ß=0.78: 95% CI=0.67, 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that non-religious adolescents may have lower mental well-being scores when compared with their more religious peers, irrespective of religious denomination. This may relate to both a sense of lack of firm identity and perceived marginalisation. Additionally, adolescents with poor family cohesion are more vulnerable to poor mental well-being.

Escola sem partido e conservadorismo moral: instrumentalização da religião, sexualidade e gênero / School without party and moral conservatism: the instrumentalization of religion, sexuality and gender / Escuela sin partido y conservadurismo moral: la instrumentalización de la religión, sexualidad y género

Este artigo tem por objetivo identificar e discutir alguns estratagemas psicológicos utilizados por movimentos conservadores e autoritários recentemente difundidos no Brasil - em especial, pelo Movimento Escola sem Partido -, em relação a temas como sexualidade e gênero, que atualmente foram incluídos como essenciais à formação escolar. Com esse propósito, empenhamo-nos em compreender a perspectiva cultural em que se apoiam e o modo como a articulam, ideologicamente, para inviabilizar o debate sobre eles. A partir da análise dos Projetos de Lei 246/2019 e 1859/2015, identificamos estratégias conservadoras que, autoritariamente, deslegitimam sua inclusão na formação escolar. Dentre elas, pareceu-nos urgente investigar a instrumentalização da religião, pois favorece a subordinação da crença religiosa, sobretudo associada ao conservadorismo moral imbricado na tradição cristã brasileira, ao discurso político autoritário. Assim como os movimentos fascistas que, nos Estados Unidos da década de 1930, reivindicavam um ordenamento autoritário e opressor da sociedade por meio do apelo a conteúdos religiosos instrumentalizados para esse fim, atualmente, o discurso religioso também é utilizado como forma de suscitar adesão ao conservadorismo social e político e de justificar preconceitos arraigados. Constatamos que a instrumentalização da religião é uma forma de justificar a permanência de valores conservadores na escola e na sociedade, bem como de reiterar o modelo de família heterossexual monogâmica e a ordem patriarcal. Por meio de estratagemas como esses, os movimentos conservadores e autoritários, articulados em função da negação da diversidade sexual e de gênero, impedem que a escola se constitua como espaço democrático e diverso.(AU)

This paper identifies and discusses the psychological ploys employed by recent conservative and authoritarian movements in Brazil, particularly the School without Party movement, against topics like sexuality and gender, which are currently included as essential to school education. To do so, we sought to understand their cultural basis and how they are ideologically articulated to prevent school debate around these topics. By analyzing Bills 246/2019 and 1859/2015, we identified some conservative strategies that authoritatively delegitimize their inclusion in school education. Chief among them is the instrumentalization of religion, since it favors subordinating religious belief, mainly associated with traditional Christian moral conservatism, to authoritarian political discourse. Similar to the fascist movements in the 1930s United States that claimed an authoritarian and oppressive ordering of society by appealing to religious content, religious speech is currently instrumentalized to encourage social and political conservatism adherence and to justify deep-seated prejudices. Religion instrumentalization is used to justify upholding conservative values at school and in society, as well as to reiterate the monogamous heterosexual family model and patriarchy. Through such ploys, authoritarian and conservative movements, articulated around denying sexual and gender diversity, prevent the school from becoming a democratic and diverse environment.(AU)

Este artículo tiene por objetivo identificar y discutir algunas de las estratagemas psicológicas que utilizan los movimientos conservadores y autoritarios, difundidas recientemente en Brasil, en particular por el Movimiento Escuela sin Partido, con relación a temas como sexualidad y género, que actualmente se incluyeron en la formación escolar. Con este propósito, se pretende comprender la base cultural en la que se han apoyado y cómo la articulan ideológicamente para hacer inviable el debate sobre ellas. A partir de análisis de los Proyectos de Ley 246/2019 y 1859/2015, se identificaron estrategias conservadoras que, autoritariamente, deslegitiman la inclusión de estos temas en la formación escolar. Entre ellas, parece urgente analizar la instrumentalización de la religión, porque favorece la subordinación de la creencia religiosa al discurso político autoritario, sobre todo asociada al conservadurismo moral presente en las vertientes del cristianismo brasileño. Al igual que los movimientos fascistas en los Estados Unidos en los años 1930 que reivindicaban una planificación autoritaria de la sociedad mediante un llamado a contenidos religiosos instrumentalizados, actualmente se utiliza el discurso religioso como forma de promover la adhesión al conservadurismo social y político y de justificar los prejuicios. Se constata que la instrumentalización de la religión es un modo de justificar la permanencia de valores conservadores en la escuela, así como de confirmar el modelo de familia heterosexual monógama y el orden patriarcal. Estos estratagemas que son utilizados por los movimientos conservadores y autoritarios, articulados en función de la negación de la diversidad sexual y de género, impiden que la escuela sea democrática y diversa.(AU)

Facilitators and Challenges to Health Promotion in Black and Latino Churches.

BACKGROUND: Churches are important assets for the African American and Latino communities. They can play a critical role in health promotion, especially in areas that are under-resourced and in which residents have limited access to health care. A better understanding of health promotion in churches is needed to support and maintain church collaborations and health initiatives that are integrated, data-driven, and culturally appropriate. The purpose of this study is to identify churches' facilitators and challenges to health promotion and to contrast and compare Black and Latino churches of different sizes (< 200 members versus > 200 members). METHODS: We interviewed leaders of 100 Black and 42 Latino churches in South Los Angeles to assess their history of wellness activities, resources, facilitators, and challenges to conduct health promotion activities. RESULTS: Eighty-three percent of African American and 86% of Latino church leaders reported at least one health activity in the last 12 months. Black and Latino churches of different sizes have similar interests in implementing specific health promotion strategies and face similar challenges. However, we found significant differences in the composition of their congregations, number of paid staff, and the proportions of churches that have a health or wellness ministry and that implement specific wellness strategies. Fifty-seven percent of African American and 43% of Latino church leaders stated that they needed both financial support and professional expertise for health promotion. DISCUSSION: Our findings highlight the importance of conducting a readiness assessment for identifying intervention content and strategies that fit the intervention context of a church.

The Economic Rationality of Religious-Based Medical Abstinence in the Early Twentieth Century: The Case of Philadelphia's Faith Tabernacle Congregation.

At the turn of the twentieth century, Faith Tabernacle Congregation's commitment to medical abstinence was an economically rational practice. To the working poor of Philadelphia, who constituted the earliest members, Faith Tabernacle's therapy was financially attainable, psychologically supportive, and physically rejuvenating. Orthodox medicine was deficient in these three areas based on the patient narratives (i.e., testimonies) published in the church's monthly periodical Sword of the Spirit and testimony book Words of Healing. First, some early members spent all their money on orthodox medical care without relief causing significant financial hardship, while others found medical care prohibitive. Second, many early members experienced a great loss of hope because orthodox physicians ended treatment due to chronic or critical illness, both of which were interpreted as psychologically harmful. Third, early members of the church perceived getting physically worse by physicians because of low quality care, which was compounded by low access to orthodox medicine. Faith Tabernacle alternatively provided care that - in the patient narratives of the earliest members - helped them improve and get back to work faster.

Attitudes, behavior, and institutional inversion: The case of debt.

Psychologists often posit relatively straightforward attitude-behavior links. They also often study cultural arrangements as manifestations of attitudes and values writ large. However, we illustrate some difficulties with scaling up attitude-behavior principles from the individual-level to the cultural-level: Historical attitudes and values can lead to the creation of intermediating institutions, whose value-expressive functions may be at odds with the behavioral outcomes they produce. Through "institutional inversion," institutions may facilitate rather than inhibit stigmatized behavior. Here we examine attitudes and behavior related to debt, contrast historically Protestant versus Catholic places, and show how cultural attitudes against debt may lead to the creation of institutions that increase-rather than decrease-borrowing. Historical antidebt attitudes in Protestant places have led to contemporary households in Protestant cultures now carrying the highest debt loads. We discuss the importance of supply side factors, attitude → institutions → behavior causal chains, and some blind spots that lead to unintended consequences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Coping with Racism: a Perspective of COVID-19 Church Closures on the Mental Health of African Americans.

Academic medical literature and news outlets extensively document how older individuals in communities of color, especially African American communities, are dying disproportionately of COVID-19 due to ongoing societal, racial, and healthcare disparities. Fear of death and suffering are acutely elevated in Black communities; yet, African Americans have been facing, coping with, and overcoming American societal racism and subsequent detriments to our mental health for centuries. Predominately African American churches (hereafter referred to as the "Black Church") have always served a historical, cultural, contextual, and scientifically validated role in the mental health well-being of African American communities coping with American racism. Nonetheless, buildings of worship closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in mid-March 2020. This article is a first-hand perspective of five Black internists/psychiatrists who are deeply involved in both academic medicine and leadership positions within the Black Church. It will explore how the physical closure of Black Churches during this period of increased mental stress, as caused by healthcare inequities revealed by the COVID-19 epidemic, is likely to be uniquely taxing to the mental health of African Americans, particularly older African Americans, who must cope with American racism without physical access to the Black Church for the first time in history.

Is investing in religious institutions a viable pathway to reduce mortality in the population?

There is established and consistent findings from epidemiologic studies, among individuals, that religion- broadly assessed through frequency of attending worship services-is associated with lower all-cause and cause-specific mortality attributed to suicide, alcohol, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Religious norms, social support, character, virtue, compassion, love, generosity, and religious community are among some mechanisms purported to explain lower mortality, on aggregate. The religious ecology or characteristics of religion within an area or geographic level (e.g., county, ZIP-code, country), has been linked with overall and cause-specific mortality, but directions of findings are mixed. Mechanisms to explain the links between the religious ecology and mortality included social integration, civic engagement, and social control. The study by Clark 2020 a fresh and timely perspective by investigating another mechanism: investment in local healthcare spending. The study found some support of an indirect association from county-level religious denominational composition, through investments in health spending, on Black and White all-cause mortality rates. Should society or government invest finances in religious institutions to indirectly improve population health? This work adds evidence to debate that question. Future work on the topic will need to address several conceptual and methodological challenges. Conceptually, is investigating the market share of religious denominations (i.e., % Catholics vs % Protestants) relevant today given diversity in population and declining trends of worship attendance? Is mortality the most relevant for moving policy or should the focus be on well-being? Methodologically, are there alternate observable measures religious investments/spending in the local economy? Mechanisms, challenges, and opportunities for social epidemiology research on this topic are discussed.

'When the walls come tumbling down': The role of intergroup proximity, threat, and contact in shaping attitudes towards the removal of Northern Ireland's peace walls.

Institutional structures of segregation typically entrench social inequality and sustain wider patterns of intergroup conflict and discrimination. However, initiatives to dismantle such structures may provoke resistance. Executive proposals to dismantle Northern Ireland's peace walls by 2023 provide a compelling case study of the nature of such resistance and may thus provide important clues about how it might be overcome. Drawing on a field survey conducted in north Belfast (n = 488), this research explored the role of physical proximity, realistic and symbolic threat, and past experiences of positive and negative cross-community contact on Catholic and Protestant residents' support for removing the walls. Structural equation modelling suggested that both forms of contact and proximity were significantly related to such support and that these relationships were partially mediated by realistic threat. It also suggested that positive contact moderated the effects of proximity. That is, for residents who had more frequent positive interactions with members of the other community, proximity to a peace wall had a weaker relationship with resistance to their removal than residents who had less frequent contact.

Institutional inversion and the connection between collective attitudes and behavior.

Most psychologists assume a harmonious correspondence between attitudes, behavior, and cultural institutions. However, institutions often act as intermediating forces between collective attitudes and behavior, and institutions' value-expressive function may be at-odds with the actual behavioral outcomes they produce. We illustrate this with the paradox-of-debt: Protestant cultures have traditionally been relatively less sympathetic to debtors than Catholic cultures have been. Consequently, Protestant cultures set up more pro-creditor institutions. With lending being safer and more profitable in Protestant cultures, creditors increased the amount they were willing to lend. With more credit available, people now borrow more in Protestant (versus Catholic) cultures. Intermediating institutions may thus invert the usual attitude-behavior relationship, facilitating rather than inhibiting traditionally stigmatized behavior.

An Examination of Denomination-Level Efforts in Congregation Health Programming.

Large denominational faith-based organizations (FBOs, e.g., conferences, dioceses) have potential to impact population health, though current activities are largely unknown. This study examined how large denominational FBOs approach health promotion programming and relevant barriers and issues related to capacity. A self-report survey via email and mail collected responses from representatives of FBOs about their health programming. The sample (n = 154) was diverse and included Catholic, Presbyterian, and Lutheran traditions. The most common activities were inclusion of health-related topics at organizational events and the provision of educational resources. Working with FBOs at a macro-level has potential implications for population-level health improvements.

Fósseis do campo psi: sobre conversão de orientação sexual e gênero / Psy fossils: on sexual orientation conversion and gender / Fósiles del campo psi: sobre conversión de la orientación sexual y del género

Neste escrito analisamos a atualidade das discussões sociais e políticas em torno das práticas de conversão de orientação sexual e de gênero. Propomos pensar os riscos que teorias e técnicas estruturantes do campo psi - Psicanálise, Psicologia e Psiquiatria - têm de serem capturadas por grupos sociais, políticos e religiosos que podem utilizá-las para legitimar e ampliar o poder e o alcance de suas proposições no tocante ao exercício da sexualidade e à identidade de gênero. Construímos a hipótese de que certos fósseis morais, religiosos e conceituais, que pertencem aos registros lógicos e históricos das teorias e discursividades constituintes do campo psi, acabam sendo registros privilegiados para tal captura de práticas e de sentido conceitual. Dentre estes fósseis, citamos as discussões sobre a natureza psicopatológica da homossexualidade e mesmo sobre a formação de psicanalistas homossexuais, o que provocou debates intensos até tempos bastante recentes.(AU)

In this paper we analyze the current social and political discussions around the practices of conversion of sexual orientation and gender. We propose to think about the risks that the theories and structuring techniques of the field of psychoanalysis, psychology and psychiatry involve if captured by social, political and religious groups that can use them to legitimize and broaden the power and scope of their propositions regarding exercise of sexuality and gender identity. We construct the hypothesis that certain moral, religious, and conceptual fossils, which belong to the logical and historical records of the constituent theories and discursivities of the psy field, end up being privileged records for such capture of practices and conceptual sense. Among these fossils, we cite the discussions about the psychopathological nature of homosexuality and even about the formation of homosexual psychoanalysts, which provoked intense debates until quite recent times.(AU)

En este artículo analizamos las discusiones sociales y políticas actuales sobre las prácticas de conversión de orientación sexual y de género. Proponemos pensar en los riesgos que tienen que capturar las teorías y técnicas de estructuración en el campo psi - psicoanálisis, psicología y psiquiatría por parte de grupos sociales, políticos y religiosos que pueden usarlas para legitimar y extender el poder y el alcance de sus proposiciones con respecto al ejercicio de sexualidad e identidad de género. Presumimos que ciertos fósiles morales, religiosos y conceptuales, que pertenecen a los registros lógicos e históricos de las teorías y discursividades que constituyen el campo psi, terminan siendo registros privilegiados para tal captura de prácticas y de significado conceptual. Entre estos fósiles, citamos discusiones sobre la naturaleza psicopatológica de la homosexualidad e incluso sobre la formación de psicoanalistas homosexuales, lo que ha provocado un intenso debate hasta tiempos muy recientes.(AU)

Breastfeeding and the Role of Maternal Religion: Results From a National Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Recent research on religion and breastfeeding from a low-income, urban sample in the USA found that religious affiliation and religious attendance were associated with breastfeeding initiation. Purpose: We assessed the relationship between religion (religious affiliation and religious attendance) and breastfeeding (initiation and duration) in a nationally representative prospective cohort study. We examined whether education and other sociodemographic characteristics mediated or moderated relationships. Methods: Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (n = 3,719), we regressed breastfeeding initiation and breastfeeding duration for first births on religious affiliation and religious attendance, comparing conservative Protestants with other religious groups. Sociodemographic characteristics were explored as potential mediators or moderators of relationships. Results: Other than black Protestants, all religious groups reported higher odds of breastfeeding initiation compared to conservative Protestants (odds ratios = 1.43-3.01; p < .01 for all). All groups also breastfed longer than conservative Protestants, with the exception of black Protestants and Catholics. Educational attainment explained breastfeeding initiation differences with the exception of nonaffiliates and "other" religious affiliates. Educational attainment also explained religious group breastfeeding duration differences with the exception of nonaffiliates. In our final models, regular religious attendance was not directly associated with breastfeeding, but it magnified the breastfeeding duration advantage seen among mothers who had a later age at first birth. Conclusions: The role of educational attainment in explaining breastfeeding differences between conservative Protestants and other groups suggests that educational interventions may be beneficial within this population.

Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Types of Projects Implemented by Volunteer Lay Health Educators in Their Congregations.

This study focused on the association between type of community health interventions and lay health educator variables. Lay health educators are volunteers from local faith communities who complete a healthcare training program, taught by physicians in-training. Lay health educators are instructed to implement health-related initiatives in their respective communities after graduation. Of the 72 graduates since 2011, we surveyed 55 lay health educators to gain insight into their involvement with their congregation and the type of health projects they have implemented. We dichotomized the health projects into "raising awareness" and "teaching new health skills." Using adjusted logistic regression models, variables associated with implementing health projects aimed at teaching health skills included length of time as a member of their congregation, current employment, and age. These results may help future programs prepare lay health community educators for the type of health interventions they intend to implement in their respective communities.

The association between self-rated health and social environments, health behaviors and health outcomes: a structural equation analysis.

BACKGROUND: The factors shaping the health of the current generation of adolescents are multi-dimensional and complex. The purpose of this study was to explore the determinants of self-rated health (SRH) of adolescents attending a faith-based school system in Australia. METHODS: A total of 788 students attending 21 Seventh-day Adventist schools in Australia responded to a health and lifestyle survey that assessed SRH as well as potential determinants of SRH including the health outcomes mental health, vitality, body mass index (BMI), select health behaviors, social factors and personal demographics. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data and examine the direct and indirect effects of these factors on SRH. RESULTS: The structural model developed was a good fit with the data. The health outcome mental health had the strongest association with SRH (ß = 0.17). Several upstream variables were also associated with higher SRH ratings. The health behavior sleep hours had the strongest association with SRH (ßtotal = 0.178) followed by fruit/vegetable consumption (ßtotal = 0.144), physical activity (ßtotal = 0.135) and a vegetarian diet (ßtotal = 0.103). Of the demographic and social variables measured, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) had the strongest association with SRH (ßtotal = - 0.125), negatively influencing SRH, and gender also associated with an increase in SRH (ßtotal = 0.092), with the influence of these factors being mediated through other variables in the model. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a conceptual model that illustrates the complex network of factors concomitantly associated with SRH in adolescents. The outcomes of the study provide insights into the determinants of adolescent SRH which may inform priority areas for improving this construct.

Drugs and Mental Health Problems among the Roma: Protective Factors Promoted by the Iglesia Evangélica Filadelfia.

Background: High incidences of drug consumption and mental health problems are found among the Roma population in Spain, a reality that remains understudied. Past studies have indicated the positive role played by the Iglesia Evangélica Filadelfia (IEF) in promoting rehabilitation and prevention of these practices. Objective: In this article, authors analyze in which ways the IEF favors processes of drug rehabilitation and mental health recovery as well as the prevention of these problems among its Roma members. Methods: A communicative qualitative approach was developed. It was communicative because new knowledge was created by dialogically contrasting the existing state of the art with study participants. It was qualitative because everyday life stories were collected, gathering the experiences, perceptions and interpretations of Roma people who are actively involved in three different IEF churches based in Barcelona. Results: This article identifies these protective factors: anti-drug discourse, a supportive environment, new social relations, role model status, the promotion of interactions, the revaluation of oneself, spiritual activities and the improvement of the feeling of belonging and the creation of meaning. Conclusion: The present research contributes new evidence to the current understanding of the role played by the IEF in improving Roma health status and how the identified protective factors can contribute to rehabilitation and recovery from such problems in other contexts.