Bath Salt-Induced Psychosis: Nursing Assessment, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcomes.

PURPOSE: To review what is known about the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of patients with bath salt-induced psychosis. DESIGN AND METHODS: Comprehensive review and synthesis of research, case reports, and state-level data. FINDINGS: Of the 42 case reports found, only 18 confirmed the presence of bath salts through laboratory testing. Twelve of the confirmed cases died. In most of the case reports, law enforcement was involved prior to hospitalization due to bizarre behaviors, delusions, and hallucinations. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Due to the severity of both physical and psychological symptoms in patients in bath salt-induced psychosis, nurses, other healthcare providers, police, and hospital security personnel must work collaboratively to provide safe care.

[Neurological appraisal of children and adolescents with psychotic symptoms]. / Valoracion neurologica de niños y adolescentes con sintomas psicoticos.

INTRODUCTION: Psychotic manifestations in childhood are not infrequent, yet the existing literature dealing with the neurological appraisal of children and adolescents with a clinical picture of psychosis is very scant. AIM: To conduct a non-systematic review of the literature that provides an answer to these three questions: When must a neurological appraisal be performed in a child with psychotic traits? What medical conditions can include signs and symptoms of psychosis in their development? And, what diagnostic procedure should be followed? DEVELOPMENT: The diseases that can present psychotic symptoms at onset or during their course are reviewed and grouped by pathologies: inborn errors of metabolism, genetic diseases, autoimmune and infectious diseases, malformations of the central nervous system, epilepsy, vascular pathology, rheumatologic processes, brain tumours, and psychoactive substances and drugs. A diagnostic regimen is proposed in which both the information obtained from the anamnesis and examination and the findings from each of the diagnostic tests are evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: A huge number of processes can display psychotic symptoms during their course and the key information offered by the anamnesis and examination must be taken into account. This review can help neuropaediatricians and other specialists perform a more systematised appraisal of children and adolescents with psychotic signs and symptoms.

TITLE: Valoracion neurologica de niños y adolescentes con sintomas psicoticos.Introduccion. Las manifestaciones psicoticas en la infancia no son infrecuentes; sin embargo, la bibliografia existente acerca de la valoracion neurologica de niños y adolescentes con cuadros psicoticos es muy escasa. Objetivo. Realizar una revision bibliografica no sistematica que permita responder a estas tres cuestiones: cuando debe llevarse a cabo una valoracion neurologica en un niño con rasgos psicoticos?, cuales son las condiciones medicas que pueden incluir un cuadro psicotico en su evolucion? y cual debe ser el procedimiento diagnostico? Desarrollo. Se revisan las enfermedades que pueden presentar sintomatologia psicotica al inicio o durante la evolucion, y se agrupan por patologias: errores congenitos del metabolismo, enfermedades geneticas, enfermedades autoinmunes e infecciosas, malformaciones del sistema nervioso central, epilepsia, patologia vascular, procesos reumatologicos, tumores cerebrales, y farmacos y sustancias psicoactivas. Se propone una pauta diagnostica en la que se valora la informacion obtenida a partir de la anamnesis y la exploracion y la aportacion de cada prueba diagnostica. Conclusiones. El numero de procesos que pueden manifestar sintomatologia psicotica a lo largo de su evolucion es muy elevado, y hay que considerar las claves que ofrecen la anamnesis y la exploracion. Esta revision puede ayudar a neuropediatras y otros especialistas a realizar una valoracion mas sistematizada de niños y adolescentes con cuadros psicoticos.

Methamphetamine psychosis: epidemiology and management.

Psychotic symptoms and syndromes are frequently experienced among individuals who use methamphetamine, with recent estimates of up to approximately 40 % of users affected. Although transient in a large proportion of users, acute symptoms can include agitation, violence, and delusions, and may require management in an inpatient psychiatric or other crisis intervention setting. In a subset of individuals, psychosis can recur and persist and may be difficult to distinguish from a primary psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia. Differential diagnosis of primary vs. substance-induced psychotic disorders among methamphetamine users is challenging; nevertheless, with careful assessment of the temporal relationship of symptoms to methamphetamine use, aided by state-of-the art psychodiagnostic assessment instruments and use of objective indicators of recent substance use (i.e., urine toxicology assays), coupled with collateral clinical data gathered from the family or others close to the individual, diagnostic accuracy can be optimized and the individual can be appropriately matched to a plan of treatment. The pharmacological treatment of acute methamphetamine-induced psychosis may include the use of antipsychotic medications as well as benzodiazepines, although symptoms may resolve without pharmacological treatment if the user is able to achieve a period of abstinence from methamphetamine. Importantly, psychosocial treatment for methamphetamine dependence has a strong evidence base and is the optimal first-line treatment approach to reducing rates of psychosis among individuals who use methamphetamines. Prevention of methamphetamine relapse is the most direct means of preventing recurrence of psychotic symptoms and syndromes. Long-term management of individuals presenting with recurrent and persistent psychosis, even in the absence of methamphetamine use, may include both behavioral treatment to prevent resumption of methamphetamine use and pharmacological treatment targeting psychotic symptoms. In addition, treatment of co-occurring psychiatric disorders including depression and anxiety is important as a means of preventing relapse to methamphetamine use, which is often triggered by associated symptoms.

Rating the severity and character of transient cocaine-induced delusions and hallucinations with a new instrument, the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms for Cocaine-Induced Psychosis (SAPS-CIP).

BACKGROUND: Cocaine can induce transient psychotic symptoms. We examined the phenomenology of such cocaine-induced psychosis (CIP) using a modified version of the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), a well-validated instrument for the assessment of schizophrenic psychosis. METHODS: We developed a new instrument, the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms for Cocaine-Induced Psychosis (SAPS-CIP), based on the well-validated SAPS. We interviewed 243 unrelated cocaine-dependent adults using both the SAPS-CIP and an instrument for the identification of cocaine-induced paranoia, the Cocaine Experience Questionnaire (CEQ). RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-one (75%) of the subjects endorsed CIP using the CEQ. With the SAPS-CIP, hallucination (HAL) and delusion (DEL) scores correlated strongly, and the DEL domain showed excellent concurrent validity with the CEQ. We observed significant positive correlations, respectively, between severity of HAL and DEL, and lifetime number of episodes of cocaine use, and negative correlations with age at onset of cocaine use. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that CIP consists of transient delusional and hallucinatory symptoms, which tend to occur together and co-vary in severity. It appears that rating cocaine-induced paranoia alone (e.g., with the CEQ) can identify most subjects experiencing CIP. However, the SAPS-CIP is useful for quantifying the severity of CIP according to operational criteria. Our data provide additional evidence that CIP is a sensitizing response.

Corticosteroid-induced adverse psychiatric effects: incidence, diagnosis and management.

Reports of corticosteroid-induced adverse psychiatric effects began to appear in the literature soon after the introduction of these medications in the 1950s. Unfortunately, early studies relied on informal classification and measurement procedures and tended to utilise nonspecific descriptive terminology (such as steroid psychosis'). A growing number of contemporary investigations have begun to address these problems. However, the literature remains surprisingly undeveloped from a pharmacoepidemiological perspective, consisting largely of case reports and case series. The objective of this review is to summarise published data concerning corticosteroid-induced adverse psychiatric effects. A clinical perspective will be adopted since opportunities to minimise the impact of corticosteroid-induced adverse effects tend to present themselves most readily within the sphere of clinical management. Some of the psychiatric adverse effects of corticosteroids are mild, and not necessarily clinically significant. However, several serious psychiatric syndromes can be caused by corticosteroids: substance-induced mood disorders (with depressive, manic and mixed features), substance-induced psychotic disorders and delirium. While certain clinical groups may be at greater risk of corticosteroid-induced adverse psychiatric effects, corticosteroid-induced psychiatric toxicity is remarkably unpredictable. The literature regarding prevention and treatment of corticosteroid-induced adverse psychiatric effects is poorly developed. As a result, the emphasis of this review is on clinical and epidemiological evidence linking specific adverse effects to corticosteroid medications. However, clinical reports do provide some practical guidance for prevention and treatment, and these are summarised as well. A variety of pharmacological strategies for treatment and prevention have been proposed. Education and support also appear to be important, and perhaps neglected.

Clinical observation of assessment using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). An analysis of the CIDI Field Trials--Wave II at the St Louis site.

Two clinicians scored the ICD-10 Research Criteria Checklist either while observing or after administering CIDI interviews to a sample of 20 subjects. Overall diagnostic concordance between clinical and CIDI assessments was found to be good (overall kappa = 0.77). Assessment of the specific diagnoses could be done only for the three most commonly represented in the studied sample: anxiety/phobic disorders (kappa = 0.73), depressive disorders (kappa = 0.78), and psychoactive substance use disorders (kappa = 0.83). While the lack of independence of the two assessments and the small, non-randomly selected sample might have exaggerated the concordance, this study shows that the CIDI provides all the data needed to score diagnoses in the ICD-10 nomenclature, as indicated by the small number of questions clinicians needed to ask following completion of the CIDI.

[Diagnostic criteria for psychiatric research: RDC (Research Diagnostic Criteria). French translation and adaptation by M. Ansseau]. / Critères de diagnostic pour la recherche en psychiatrie: RDC (Resarch Diagnostic Criteria). Traduction et adaptation française par M. Ansseau.

This article represents the French translation of the Research Diagnostic Criteria, a set of operational criteria for 24 psychiatric disorders developed by researchers at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University (New York) to permit the selection of homogeneous samples of patients presenting with a defined psychiatric illness. The Research Diagnostic Criteria are especially focussed on depressive disorders, defining the major depressive disorder, which comprises 10 non exclusive subtypes. These criteria currently represent the most widely used nosologic system for clinical research in psychiatry, allowing for comparison of results and facilitation of replication by different research teams.