Eficacia y seguridad de teduglutida para el tratamiento de niños de 1-18 años con síndrome de intestino corto dependientes de nutrición parenteral / Efficacy and safety of teduglutide for the treatment of children aged 1-18 years with syndrome short intestine dependent on parenteral nutrition

INTRODUCCIÓN: Este documento técnico se realizó en el marco de la Guía de Práctica Clínica para pacientes pediátricos con falla intestinal; la pregunta PICO fue la siguiente: P: pacientes de 1-18 años con síndrome de intestino corto (SIC) dependientes de nutrición parenteral (NP); I: teduglutida; C: placebo, cuidado estándar o cualquier comparador activo; O: cambio en requerimientos de NP, independencia de la NP, eventos adversos. a) Cuadro clínico El SIC es un trastorno producido por una pérdida anatómica o funcional de una parte del intestino delgado que puede conducir a falla intestinal crónica. Su incidencia global es de aproximadamente 24,5 por 100.000 nacidos vivos por año. El objetivo del tratamiento del SIC es lograr la adaptación intestinal, reduciendo el riesgo asociado al mantenimiento de la NP por periodos prolongados. Se han propuesto tratamientos dirigidos a estimular la adaptación intestinal, y reducir la frecuencia y volumen de la NP, incluyendo el uso de hormona de crecimiento con o sin glutamina y análogos de GLP-2 como teduglutida. Sin embargo, el beneficio neto del uso de estos tratamientos permanece en controversia. b) Tecnología sanitaria: El péptido similar al glucagón tipo 2 (GLP-2) es una hormona de vida media muy corta considerada como principal estímulo hormonal para la adaptación intestinal. Teduglutida es un análogo del GLP-2 con una vida media significativamente más larga que GLP-2 endógeno. Cuenta con aprobación de la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) para el tratamiento de mayores de un año con SIC dependientes de NP. La dosis recomendada es de 0.05 mg/kg una vez al día. Las reacciones adversas más comunes son dolor abdominal, náuseas, infección del tracto respiratorio superior, distensión abdominal, reacción en el lugar de la inyección, vómitos, sobrecarga de líquidos e hipersensibilidad. Teduglutida cuenta en Perú con un registro sanitario vigente. No se encontró información sobre el costo de teduglutida en el Observatorio de Precios de DIGEMID. Sin embargo, este medicamento suele ser considerado de alto costo, y aunque eficaz a largo plazo, su discontinuación se asocia con un incremento o rebote de los requerimientos de NP, por lo que la terapia con teduglutida suele continua y de largo plazo. OBJETIVO: Describir la evidencia científica disponible sobre la eficacia y seguridad de teduglutida para el tratamiento de niños de 1-18 años con síndrome de intestino corto dependientes de nutrición parenteral. METODOLOGÍA: La búsqueda de evidencia se desarrolló en Medline, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library y LILACS hasta el 04 de octubre de 2021, limitado a estudios en español o inglés. La búsqueda de guías de práctica clínica (GPC) y evaluaciones de tecnología sanitaria (ETS) se desarrolló en repositorios digitales de agencias elaboradoras de estos documentos. Adicionalmente, se realizó una búsqueda de GPC en PubMed. Se valoró el riesgo de sesgo empleado la herramienta de la Colaboración Cochrane. RESULTADOS: Cambio en los requerimientos de nutrición parenteral: A las 12 semanas, la mediana de volumen de NP se redujo en −2,3 L/semana y −1,3 L/semana en los grupos tratados con 0,025 y 0,05 mg/kg/día de teduglutida. La mediana se mantuvo cerca del valor inicial en quienes recibieron estándar de cuidado. A las 24 semanas, se reportó una reducción del volumen de NP de -16,2 ± 10,52 ml/kg/d en el grupo de 0,025 mg/kg de teduglutida, -23,3 ± 17,50 ml/kg/d en el grupo de dosis de teduglutida de 0,05 mg / kg, y ­6,0 ± 4,55 ml/kg/d en el grupo de cuidado estándar. La reducción en los grupos con teduglutida fue significativa respecto al cuidado estándar, sin diferencias entre ambas dosis de teduglutida. A las 24 semanas se reportó una reducción en el volumen de NP de 43.1% entre el grupo de 0.025 mg/kg (IC 95%: 5,5% -63,2%; p= 0.03) y 58.1% entre el grupo de 0.05 mg/kg (IC 95%: 20,5% -75,1%; p= 0.004) comparado con estándar de cuidado. Independencia de la NP: A las 12 semanas, un paciente (7.1%) que recibió 0,025 mg/kg y tres pacientes (20%) que recibieron 0,05 mg/kg de teduglutida lograron independencia de la NP. Ningún paciente con estándar de cuidado logró la independencia de la NP. Tras cuatro semanas de suspensión del tratamiento, dos de los cuatro pacientes que recibieron 0,05 mg/kg de teduglutida debieron reanudar la NP. A las 24 semanas, dos pacientes (8%) que recibieron 0,025 mg/kg y tres pacientes (12%) que recibieron 0,05 mg/kg de teduglutida lograron independencia de la NP. Ningún paciente que recibió estándar de cuidado logró la independencia de la NP. Eventos adversos: En ambos estudios incluidos, el 100% de participantes tratados con teduglutida experimentó al menos un evento adverso (EA), la mayoría de ellos de carácter leve y moderado. La presencia de EA graves se registró en el 30-35% de participantes en los grupos de teduglutida, en comparación a 0-20% en los grupos que recibieron estándar de cuidado. Los EA más comunes en los grupos tratados con teduglutida fueron vómitos y pirexia. No se registraron eventos de obstrucción intestinal, sobrecarga de líquidos, o enfermedad biliar o pancreática, ni abandonos o interrupciones del tratamiento debido a EA. Recomendaciones en GPC: La GPC de AANEP (Argentina) concluye que no existe consenso acerca de las indicaciones para el tratamiento con teduglutida en pacientes pediátricos con falla intestinal por SIC. La GPC de ESPEN recomienda que los pacientes con falla intestinal crónica debido a SIC sean informados de los posibles beneficios y riesgos asociados al tratamiento con teduglutida. Asimismo, sugiere que en pacientes que son candidatos para tratamiento con factores de crecimiento, teduglutida sea la primera opción. Evaluaciones de Tecnología Sanitaria: CADTH recomienda cobertura financiera de teduglutida para el tratamiento de pacientes pediátricos de 1-17 años con SIC y dependientes de NP, siempre que el fabricante ofrezca un precio reducido (se calcula una reducción del 71% para para lograr una relación costo incremental/utilidad por debajo del umbral de pago por año). El IECS de Argentina concluye que en base a la información disponible sobre el beneficio neto, costo-efectividad e impacto presupuestario de la tecnología, no debe ser considerada para su incorporación como medicamento de cobertura financiera obligatoria. CONCLUSIONES: Los ensayos clínicos informaron una reducción significativa en los requerimientos de nutrición parenteral (NP) en pacientes tratados con teduglutida y similar frecuencia de eventos adversos leves o moderados entre los grupos tratados con teduglutida o cuidado estándar. La frecuencia de eventos adversos graves fue ligeramente más alta en los grupos con teduglutida. No se informaron abandonos debido a eventos adversos. La GPC de AANEP (Argentina) indica que no existe consenso sobre indicaciones para el tratamiento con teduglutida en pacientes pediátricos con falla intestinal por síndrome de intestino corto. La GPC de ESPEN recomienda una selección cuidadosa de los pacientes a ser tratados con teduglutida, quienes deben ser informados sobre los beneficios y riesgos. La selección de pacientes candidatos debe estar a cargo de personal con experiencia en SIC y capacidad para juzgar objetivamente los beneficios y riesgos. Una ETS realizada por CADTH (Canadá) recomienda la cobertura financiera de teduglutida sujeto a que el fabricante ofrezca un precio reducido (calculado en una reducción del 71% del costo). La ETS de IECS (Argentina) concluye que teduglutida no debe ser considerada como medicamento de cobertura financiera obligatoria.

Energy intake in short bowel syndrome: assessment by 24-h dietary recalls compared with the doubly labelled water method.

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) represents a serious intestinal absorption disorder, and patients may be prone to severe malnutrition. Dietetic therapy is critically important both for immediate prognosis and successful long-term rehabilitation. To maintain energy balance, an accurate assessment of energy intake is required. Our objective was to compare energy intake (EI) assessed by 24-h dietary recalls (EIrecall), a standard clinical assessment, with the total energy expenditure measured by the doubly labelled water (TEEdlw) method in SBS patients and matched controls. A total of twenty-two participants (eleven each in the SBS and control groups (CG), six female and five male) were evaluated; CG were matched to SBS patients on the basis of age, BMI and sex. TEE was measured by DLW and compared with EI determined by four 24-h dietary recalls using the USDA Automated Multiple-Pass Method. Bland-Altman plots and paired Student's t test were used to compare EIrecall with TEEdlw (P<0·05). Participants' mean age was 53 (sd 8) years. TEEdlw (7·85 (SD 1·16) MJ/d, 0·14 (SD 0·02) MJ/kg per d) was significantly lower (P=0·014) compared with EIrecall (11·07 (SD 3·45) MJ/d, 0·21 (SD 0·08) MJ/kg per d) in the SBS group. On the other hand, in the CG group TEEdlw (10·02 (SD 1·86) MJ/d, 0·18 (SD 0·03) MJ/kg per d) was significantly higher (P=0·001) compared with EIrecall (7·19 (SD 1·68) MJ/d, 0·13 (SD 0·03) MJ/kg per d). In SBS patients, reported EI is higher than DLW-measured EI. Therefore, providing or prescribing energetic intake based on EIrecall without accounting for potential malabsorption-related losses can compromise the energy needs in SBS patients and affect nutritional status in the long term.

Assessment of intestinal malabsorption.

Significant efforts have been made in the last decade to either standardize the available tests for intestinal malabsorption or to develop new, more simple and reliable techniques. The quest is still on and, unfortunately, clinical practice has not dramatically changed. The investigation of intestinal malabsorption is directed by the patient's history and baseline tests. Endoscopy and small bowel biopsies play a major role although non-invasive tests are favored and often performed early on the diagnostic algorithm, especially in paediatric and fragile elderly patients. The current clinically available methods and research tools are summarized in this review article.

Comparison of body composition assessment methods in pediatric intestinal failure.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to examine the agreement of multifrequency bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and anthropometry with reference methods for body composition assessment in children with intestinal failure (IF). METHODS: We conducted a prospective pilot study in children 14 years or younger with IF resulting from either short bowel syndrome or motility disorders. Bland-Altman analysis was used to examine the agreement between BIA and deuterium dilution in measuring total body water (TBW) and lean body mass (LBM), and between BIA and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) techniques in measuring LBM and fat mass (FM). FM and percent body fat (%BF) measurements by BIA and anthropometry were also compared in relation to those measured by deuterium dilution. RESULTS: Fifteen children with IF, median (interquartile range) age 7.2 (5.0, 10.0) years, and 10 (67%) boys, were studied. BIA and deuterium dilution were in good agreement with a mean bias (limits of agreement) of 0.9 (-3.2 to 5.0) for TBW (L) and 0.1 (-5.4 to 5.6) for LBM (kg) measurements. The mean bias (limits) for FM (kg) and %BF measurements were 0.4 (-3.8 to 4.6) kg and 1.7 (-16.9 to 20.3)%, respectively. The limits of agreement were within 1 standard deviation of the mean bias in 12 of 14 (86%) subjects for TBW and LBM, and in 11 of 14 (79%) for FM and %BF measurements. Mean bias (limits) for LBM (kg) and FM (kg) between BIA and DXA were 1.6 (-3.0 to 6.3) kg and -0.1 (-3.2 to 3.1) kg, respectively. Mean bias (limits) for FM (kg) and %BF between anthropometry and deuterium dilution were 0.2 (-4.2 to 4.6) and -0.2 (-19.5 to 19.1), respectively. The limits of agreement were within 1 standard deviation of the mean bias in 10 of 14 (71%) subjects. CONCLUSIONS: In children with IF, TBW and LBM measurements by multifrequency BIA method were in agreement with isotope dilution and DXA methods, with small mean bias and clinically acceptable limits of agreement. In comparison with deuterium dilution, BIA was comparable to anthropometry for FM and %BF assessments with small mean bias, but the limits of agreement were large. BIA is a reliable method for TBW and LBM assessments in population studies; however, its reliability in individual patients, especially for FM assessments, cannot be guaranteed.

Quality of life in patients with short bowel syndrome treated with the new glucagon-like peptide-2 analogue teduglutide--analyses from a randomised, placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Short bowel syndrome (SBS)-intestinal failure (IF) patients have impaired quality of life (QoL) and suffer from the burden of malabsorption and parenteral support (PS). A phase III study demonstrated that treatment with teduglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 2 analogue, reduces PS volumes by 32% while maintaining oral fluid intake constant; placebo-treated patients had reduced PS by 21%, but oral fluid intake increased accordingly. As effects of teduglutide on QoL are unknown, they were investigated here. METHODS: QoL analyses from a double-blind, randomised Phase III study in 86 SBS-IF patients receiving teduglutide (0.05 mg/kg/day s.c.) or placebo over 24 weeks. At baseline and every 4 weeks, QoL was assessed using the validated SBS-QoL™ scale. RESULTS: PS reductions were associated with QoL improvements (ANCOVA, p = 0.0194, SBS-QoL per-protocol). Compared to baseline, teduglutide significantly improved the SBS-QoL™ total score and the score of 9 of 17 items at week 24. These changes were not significant compared to placebo. Teduglutide-treated patients with remaining small intestine >100 cm experienced more gastrointestinal adverse events (GI-AE), unfavourably affecting QoL. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, PS volume reductions were associated with improvements in SBS-QoL™ scores. The short observation period, imbalances in oral fluid intake in relation to PS reductions, large patient and effect heterogeneity and occurrence of GI-AE in a subgroup of teduglutide-treated patients may account for the inability to show statistically significant effects of teduglutide on SBS-QoL™ scores compared to placebo.

Development and validation of the disease-specific Short Bowel Syndrome-Quality of Life (SBS-QoL™) scale.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Subjects with short bowel syndrome (SBS) have impaired quality of life (QoL). No disease-specific instrument has been available to measure treatment-induced changes in QoL over time. Therefore, the aim was to develop and validate an SBS-specific QoL scale. METHODS: Classical test theory and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance were applied for development and validation of the SBS-QoL™. Procedures included item generation and raw scale construction. Factor analysis, construct validity and internal consistency were assessed in a non-interventional observation, test re-test reliability and responsiveness in a randomised clinical study. RESULTS: The SBS-QoL™ comprises 17 items including two subscales. Subjects assessed the scale as easy to handle and comprehensible. Good construct validity was shown by comparison with the Home Parenteral Nutrition-Quality Of Life questionnaire as an external scale, which yielded moderately high correlation (r ≥ 0.7). High internal consistency was demonstrated (Cronbach's alpha: 0.94). Also the test re-test reliability was high (r ≥ 0.95), indicating reliable reproducibility of results. The Responsiveness Index (1.84) indicated the ability of the scale to detect changes in QoL over time. CONCLUSIONS: The SBS-QoL™ is an easy to handle and comprehensible SBS-specific subject-reported QoL scale. It is valid, reliable and sensitive with excellent psychometric characteristics to measure treatment-induced changes in QoL over time in subjects with SBS.

Long-term nutritional assessment of patients with severe short bowel syndrome managed with home enteral nutrition and oral intake.

BACKGROUND: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is used to control the nutritional state after severe intestinal resections. Whenever possible, enteral nutrition (EN) is used to promote intestinal rehabilitation and reduce PN dependency. Our aim is to verify whether EN + oral intake (OI) in severe short bowel syndrome (SBS) surgical adult patients can maintain adequate nutritional status in the long term. METHODS: This longitudinal retrospective study included 10 patients followed for 7 post-operative years. Body mass index (BMI), percentage of involuntary loss of usual body weight (UWL), free fat mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) composition assessed by bioelectric impedance, and laboratory tests were evaluated at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 84 months after surgery. Energy and protein offered in HPN and at long term by HEN+ oral intake (OI), was evaluated at the same periods. The statistical model of generalized estimating equations with p < 0,05 was used. RESULTS: With long term EN + OI there was a progressive increase in the UWL, a decrease in BMI, FFM, and FM (p < 0,05). PN weaning was possible in eight patients. Infection due to central venous catheter (CVC) contamination was the most common complication (1.2 episodes CVC/patient/year). There was an increase in energy and protein intake supply provided by HEN+OI (p < 0.05). All patients survived for at least 2 years, seven for 5 years and six for 7 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In the long term SBS surgical adult patients fed with HEN+OI couldn't maintain adequate nutritional status with loss of FM and FFM.

The assessment, and glucagon-like peptide-2 modulation, of intestinal absorption and function.

The treatment of patients with short bowel syndrome is hampered by a lack of treatment and measurement methods. This article reviews our evolving understanding of the role of glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) in controlling the adaptive process. The ability of the remnant intestine to produce GLP-2 appears to be predictive of the adaptive process; exogenous GLP-2 may be a therapy to augment adaptation. Strategies for monitoring patients, including conventional means, such as anthropomorphic measurements, plasma levels of specific nutrients, and vitamins and radiological contrast studies are reviewed. Investigational methods, such as nutrient balance studies, plasma citrulline levels, and the absorption of inert sugars (3-0 methyl glucose, mannitol, and lactulose) are discussed with the evidence to support their use.

[Assessment of the physical development in children with short bowel syndrome based on selected anthropometric parameters]. / Ocena rozwoju fizycznego dzieci z zespolem krótkiego jelita na podstawie wybranych parametrow antropometrycznych.

INTRODUCTION: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) results from partial surgical resection of small bowel and requires parenteral nutrition. Aim of the study was to assess physical development and nutrition status of children with SBS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study sample included 176 patients (56 girls and 120 boys) aged from 3 to 10 years. All measured anthropometric parameters were standardized for gender using the Polish body height, weight, head and chest circumference reference charts. All measurements were taken in the Division of Anthropology in Children's Memorial Health Institute according to the standard technique. z-scores were calculated. RESULTS: The statistically significant differences between children with SBS and healthy population in anthropometric features were found. CONCLUSIONS: Physical development of children with SBS is slower than in their healthy peers. The differences were particularly evident among boys. Periodic anthropologic assessment is useful in adjusting energy intake to the individual needs.

Body composition in patients with short bowel syndrome: an assessment by bioelectric impedance spectroscopy (BIS) and dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA).

OBJECTIVE: To describe body composition in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) by using bioelectric impedance spectroscopy (BIS), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements and anthropometrical-derived estimates. SUBJECTS: In all, 19 patients were included, mean age 54 y, range 36-77 (F/M=11/8). Mean BMI was 21.5 kg/m(2). Eight patients were on home parenteral nutrition (HPN). METHODS: Total body water (TBW), intracellular water and extracellular water were assessed by BIS. TBW were derived from DXA. Fat-free mass (FFM) was assessed by BIS and DXA. TBW and FFM were predicted according to an empirical formula. Differences were analysed using the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: The mean difference between TBW (DXA) and TBW (BIS) was -1.1 l in women and -1.8 l in men. For FFM, the mean difference between FFM (DXA) and FFM (BIS) was -1.7 kg in women and -2.5 kg in men. The mean difference between TBW (DXA) and TBW (BIS) for all patients was -1.2 l and limits of agreement were (-7.80-5.40). Hydration of FFM assessed by BIS gave a mean of 0.75 (0.08). CONCLUSION: The limits of agreement (Bland-Altman) between DXA and BIS were wide, indicating that methods are not interchangeable, which limits its clinical utility. Most of our patients with SBS were maintained in a stable clinical condition within normal limits of body weight and BMI. FFM and TBW did not appear to be altered in ileostomates or those on HPN.

Reversed bowel segments for the treatment of short bowel syndrome: assessment of their minimal length in correlation with electromyographic pattern in the rat.

Reversal of a distal intestinal loop is a surgical therapy intended to cure rapid intestinal transit in short bowel syndrome. To be active, a reversed loop must present a retrograde propagation of electromyographic patterns and must not be so long as to cause total obstruction. The aim of the current study was to propose methods to calculate the minimal length of the intestinal reversed loop taking into consideration the two previous conditions. Intestinal electromyograms were recorded in 65 rats at short-term (4 days after surgery) and ten rats at long-term (50 days after surgery). Control rats demonstrated that the preprandial regular spiking activity (RSA) of the migrating myoelectrical complex (MMC) extended simultaneously a definite part of the intestine which corresponds to the minimal length to reverse. A similar result can be obtained from a trigonometric representation. Whatever the method, the minimal lengths allowing the recording of RSA decreased along the rat intestine from 6 cm (proximal jejunum) to 4 cm (distal ileum). The experiments demonstrated that shorter loops did not present the preprandial RSA. In conclusion, the minimal reversed length depends on intestinal electromyographic parameters and, thereby, on the intestinal level.

Short bowel syndrome in patients studied at the National Institute of Pediatrics in mexico. Care, cost and perspectives

Background. Short bowel syndrome (SBS) continues to be one of the most challenging problems in pediatric surgery. Intestinal transplantation (IT) seems to be best form of treatment for this pathology. However, it is thought that the development of an IT programs may be more expensive than the present manner of treatment. Methods. To assess this item, and to identify potential candidates for IT, we reviewed the charts of all the patients with SBS treated at our Institute from 1989 to 1994. Results. Nine patients were identified as carriers of SBS; six with intestinal atresia, two with midgut volvulus and one with post-traumatic mesenteric thrombosis. The small bowel remnants varied from 1 to 80 cm, seven patients had remnants shorter than 30 cm, and the ileocecal valve was resected in three. Results. The overall morbidity and mortality was extremely high; four patients died within the first 3 months postresection and those still alive have had several complications: sepsis; hydroelectrolyte imbalances secondary to loose stools; thrombosis or infection of the catheter; TPN-related cholestasis, and malabsorption syndromes, etc. No patient survived with an intestinal remnant shorter than 15 cm. Of the five survivors, four have a weight/age deficit greater than 40 percent, two have rickets, one still depends on TPN and all, except one, require special enteral diets. Multiple central venous accesses had to be performed in every patient (mean 4.8). They all required multiple readmissions and have spent a considerable part of their lives as inpatients. The mean of the calculated cost per patient was $50,000 USD, while the minimal wage in mexico is $1,616 USD/year (1). conclusions. The shorter the segment of the retained bowel and the longer the survival, the higher the cost. These results may be further improved with the development of IT and, probably, with the same economic burden

Short bowel syndrome in patients studied at the National Institute of Pediatrics in Mexico. Care, cost and perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) continues to be one of the most challenging problems in pediatric surgery. Intestinal transplantation (IT) seems to be the best form of treatment for this pathology. However, it is thought that the development of an IT program may be more expensive than the present manner of treatment. METHODS: To assess this item, and to identify potential candidates for IT, we reviewed the charts of all the patients with SBS treated at our Institute from 1989 to 1994. RESULT: Nine patients were identified as carriers of SBS; six with intestinal atresia, two with midgut volvulus and one with post-traumatic mesenteric thrombosis. The small bowel remnants varied from 1 to 80 cm, seven patients had remnants shorter than 30 cm, and the ileocecal valve was resected in three. RESULTS: The overall morbidity and mortality was extremely high; four patients died within the first 3 months postresection and those still alive have had several complications: sepsis; hydroelectrolyte imbalances secondary to loose stools; thrombosis or infection of the catheter; TPN-related cholestasis, and malabsorption syndromes, etc. No patient survived with an intestinal remnant shorter than 15 cm. Of the five survivors, four have a weight/age deficit greater than 40%, two have rickets, one still depends on TPN and all, except one, require special enteral diets. Multiple central venous accesses had to be performed in every patient (mean 4.8). They all required multiple readmissions and have spent a considerable part of their lives as inpatients. The mean of the calculated cost per patient was $50,000 USD, while the minimal wage in Mexico is $1,616 USD/year (1). CONCLUSIONS: The shorter the segment of the retained bowel and the longer the survival, the higher the cost. These results may be further improved with the development of IT and, probably, with the same economic burden.