Despair and hope: Is the retail community pharmacy workforce in danger of becoming a monopsony labor market?

OBJECTIVE: Mergers of big chain retail community pharmacies can affect the competitiveness of the pharmacy workforce to negotiate better wages and work conditions. However, it is unclear whether these types of mergers are generalizable to the U.S. pharmacy workforce. We should observe this effect when comparing annual wage trends between retail community pharmacy workers and nonretail community pharmacy workers. In the absence of this effect, annual wage trends would be similar. To examine this theory, annual wage trends for community pharmacy workers were compared with hospital pharmacy workers between 2012 and 2022. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A serial cross-sectional study was performed to compare the annual wages between retail community pharmacy workers and hospital pharmacy workers between 2012 and 2022 using data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS). Pharmacy workforce was categorized as pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacy aides (clerks) and grouped into retail or hospital pharmacy settings based on the North American Industry Classification System. Pharmacy workers' annual wages were based on the U.S. BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages data. OUTCOME MEASURES: Annual wages. RESULTS: Between 2012 and 2022, statistically significant annual wage reduction was greater among pharmacists in the retail than pharmacists in the hospital setting by -$1974 (95% CI -$2921 to -$1026) per year. However, these trends were not statistically significant among pharmacy technicians and pharmacy aides. Pharmacy technicians in the retail and hospital settings had a 3.4% and 7.0% increase in average annual wages, respectively. Pharmacy aides in the retail and hospital settings had a 16.8% and 21.6% increase in average annual wages, respectively. CONCLUSION: Although pharmacists' annual wages decreased, it is unclear whether this was caused by the monopsony labor market. These findings suggest that there may be inefficiencies in the retail community pharmacy labor market, which may stimulate policies to improve pharmacy workforce conditions and patient safety.

Patient safety and the value of pharmaceutical intervention in a cancer hospital / Segurança do paciente e o valor da intervenção farmacêutica em um hospital oncológico

ABSTRACT Objective To demonstrate economic impact of pharmaceutical evaluation in detection and prevention of errors in antineoplastic prescriptions. Methods This was an observational and retrospective study performed in a cancer hospital. From July to August 2016 pharmacists checked prescriptions of antineoplastic and adjuvant drugs. Drug-related problems observed were classified and analyzed concerning drug, pharmaceutical intervention, acceptability and characteristic of the error. In case of problem related to dose, we calculated a deviation percentage related with correct dose and value spent or saved. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with frequency and percentage. Results A total of 6,104 prescriptions and 12,128 medications were evaluated. Drug-related problems were identified in 274 (4.5%) prescriptions. Most of them was due to lack of information (n=117; 36.1%). Problems associated with dose accounted for 32.1% (n=98) of the total. In 13 cases (13.3%) ranging of prescribed dose was 50% greater than the correct dose. Intercepted drug-related problems provided savings of R$54.081,01 and expenses of R$20.863,36, therefore resulting in a positive balance of R$33.217,65. Each intervention promoted saving of R$126,78 with an acceptance rate of 98%. Main pharmaceutical interventions were information inclusion (n=117; 36.1%) and dose change (n=97; 29.9%). All errors were classified as error with no harm. Conclusion Simple actions such as prescription checking are able to identify and prevent drug-related problems, avoid financial losses and add immeasurable value to patient safety.

RESUMO Objetivo Demonstrar o impacto econômico da avaliação farmacêutica na detecção e na prevenção de erros em prescrições de antineoplásicos. Métodos Estudo observacional e retrospectivo realizado em um hospital oncológico. De julho a agosto de 2016, prescrições contendo antineoplásicos e fármacos adjuvantes ao tratamento foram avaliadas por farmacêuticos. Os problemas detectados relacionados a medicamentos foram classificados e analisados quanto ao medicamento, à intervenção farmacêutica, à aceitabilidade e à caracterização do erro. Quando o problema envolveu dose, calcularam-se a percentagem de desvio em relação à dose correta e o valor gasto ou economizado. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva com aplicação de frequência e percentual. Resultados Foram avaliadas 6.104 prescrições e 12.128 medicamentos. Identificaram-se problemas relacionados a medicamentos em 274 (4,5%) prescrições, sendo a maioria causado por falta de informações (n=117; 36,1%). Quando reunidos, os problemas envolvendo dose representaram 32,1% (n=98) do total. Em 13 casos (13,3%), a variação da dose prescrita em relação à correta foi maior do que 50%. Os problemas relacionados a medicamentos interceptados representaram economia de R$54.081,01 e gastos de R$20.863,36, resultando em saldo positivo de R$33.217,65. Cada intervenção promoveu economia de R$126,78 com aceitabilidade de 98%. As principais intervenções foram inclusão de informações (n=117; 36,1%) e alteração de dose (n=97; 29,9%). Todos os erros foram considerados sem dano. Conclusão Ações simples de serem implantadas, como análise de prescrições, são capazes de identificar e prevenir problemas relacionados a medicamentos, evitar perdas financeiras e agregar imensurável valor na segurança do paciente.

Impact assessment of an automated drug-dispensing system in a tertiary hospital

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the costs and patient safety of a pilot implementation of an automated dispensing cabinet in a critical care unit of a private tertiary hospital in São Paulo/Brazil. METHODS: This study considered pre- (January-August 2013) and post- (October 2013-October 2014) intervention periods. We considered the time and cost of personnel, number of adverse events, audit adjustments to patient bills, and urgent requests and returns of medications to the central pharmacy. Costs were evaluated based on a 5-year analytical horizon and are reported in Brazilian Reals (R$) and US dollars (USD). RESULTS: The observed decrease in the mean number of events reported with regard to the automated drug-dispensing system between pre- and post-implementation periods was not significant. Importantly, the numbers are small, which limits the power of the mean comparative analysis between the two periods. A reduction in work time was observed among the nurses and administrative assistants, whereas pharmacist assistants showed an increased work load that resulted in an overall 6.5 hours of work saved/day and a reduction of R$ 33,598 (USD 14,444) during the first year. The initial investment (R$ 206,065; USD 88,592) would have been paid off in 5 years considering only personnel savings. Other findings included significant reductions of audit adjustments to patient hospital bills and urgent requests and returns of medications to the central pharmacy. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of the positive impact of this technology on personnel time and costs and on other outcomes of interest is important for decision making by health managers.