Cost-Utility of Acromegaly Pharmacological Treatments in a French Context.

Objective: Efficacy of pharmacological treatments for acromegaly has been assessed in many clinical or real-world studies but no study was interested in economics evaluation of these treatments in France. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the cost-utility of second-line pharmacological treatments in acromegaly patients. Methods: A Markov model was developed to follow a cohort of 1,000 patients for a lifetime horizon. First-generation somatostatin analogues (FGSA), pegvisomant, pasireotide and pegvisomant combined with FGSA (off label) were compared. Efficacy was defined as the normalization of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration and was obtained from pivotal trials and adjusted by a network meta-analysis. Costs data were obtained from French databases and literature. Utilities from the literature were used to estimate quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Results: The incremental cost-utility ratios (ICUR) of treatments compared to FGSA were estimated to be 562,463 € per QALY gained for pasireotide, 171,332 € per QALY gained for pegvisomant, and 186,242 € per QALY gained for pegvisomant + FGSA. Pasireotide seems to be the least cost-efficient treatment. Sensitivity analyses showed the robustness of the results. Conclusion: FGSA, pegvisomant and pegvisomant + FGSA were on the cost-effective frontier, therefore, depending on the willingness-to-pay for an additional QALY, they are the most cost-effective treatments. This medico-economic analysis highlighted the consistency of the efficiency results with the efficacy results assessed in the pivotal trials. However, most recent treatment guidelines recommend an individualized treatment strategy based on the patient and disease profile.

Association between somatostatin analogues and diabetes mellitus in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor patients: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare analysis of 5235 patients.

BACKGROUND: Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are increasingly common malignancies and tend to have favorable long-term prognoses. Somatostatin analogues (SSA) are a first-line treatment for many NETs. Short-term experiments suggest an association between SSAs and hyperglycemia. However, it is unknown whether there is a relationship between SSAs and clinically significant hyperglycemia causing development of diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic condition with significant morbidity and mortality. AIM: In this study, we aimed to compare risk of developing DM in patients treated with SSA vs no SSA treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and linked Medicare claims (1991-2016), we identified patients age 65+ with no prior DM diagnosis and a GEP-NET in the stomach, small intestine, appendix, colon, rectum, or pancreas. We used χ2 tests to compare SSA-treated and SSA-untreated patients and multivariable Cox regression to assess risk factors for developing DM. Among 8464 GEP-NET patients, 5235 patients had no prior DM and were included for analysis. Of these, 784 (15%) patients received SSAs. In multivariable analysis, the hazard ratio of developing DM with SSA treatment was 1.19, which was not statistically significant (95% CI 0.95-1.49). Significant risk factors for DM included black race, Hispanic ethnicity, prior pancreatic surgery, prior chemotherapy, tumor size >2 cm, pancreas tumors, and higher Charlson scores. CONCLUSION: DM was very common in GEP-NET patients, affecting 53% of our cohort. Despite prior studies suggesting an association between SSAs and hyperglycemia, our analysis found similar risk of DM in SSA-treated and SSA-untreated GEP-NET patients. Further studies are needed to better understand this relationship. As NET patients have increasingly prolonged survival, it is crucial to identify chronic conditions such as DM that these patients may be at elevated risk for.

Cost-Effectiveness and Efficacy of a Novel Combination Regimen in Acromegaly: A Prospective, Randomized Trial.

CONTEXT: Combination therapy with somatostatin receptor ligand (SRL) plus pegvisomant for patients with acromegaly is recommended after a maximizing dose on monotherapy. Lower-dose combination regimens are not well studied. OBJECTIVE: To compare cost-effectiveness and efficacy of 3 lower-dose combination regimens in controlled and uncontrolled acromegaly. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel arm study at a tertiary referral pituitary center. PATIENTS: Adults with acromegaly regardless of response to prior SRL and biochemical control status at baseline, stratified by an SRL dose required for insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I normalization during any 3-month period within 12 months preceding enrollment. INTERVENTION: Combination therapy for 24 to 32 weeks on arm A, high-dose SRL (lanreotide 120 mg/octreotide long-acting release [LAR] 30 mg) plus weekly pegvisomant (40-160 mg/week); arm B, low-dose SRL (lanreotide 60 mg/octreotide LAR 10 mg) plus weekly pegvisomant; or arm C, low-dose SRL plus daily pegvisomant (15-60 mg/day). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Monthly treatment cost in each arm in participants completing ≥ 24 weeks of therapy. RESULTS: Sixty patients were enrolled and 52 were evaluable. Fifty of 52 (96%) demonstrated IGF-I control regardless of prior SRL responsiveness (arm A, 14/15 [93.3%]; arm B, 22/23 [95.7%]; arm C, 14/14 [100%]). Arm B was least costly (mean, $9837 ±â€…1375 per month), arm C was most expensive (mean, $22543 ±â€…11158 per month), and arm A had an intermediate cost (mean, $14261 ±â€…1645 per month). Approximately 30% of patients required pegvisomant dose uptitration. Rates of adverse events were all < 10%. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose SRL plus weekly pegvisomant represents a novel dosing option for achieving cost-effective, optimal biochemical control in patients with uncontrolled acromegaly requiring combination therapy.

A Budget Impact Model of the Addition of Telotristat Ethyl Treatment to the Standard of Care in Patients with Uncontrolled Carcinoid Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Carcinoid syndrome, a rare condition in patients with neuroendocrine tumours, characterised by flushing and diarrhoea, severely affects patients' quality of life. The current carcinoid syndrome standard of care includes somatostatin analogues, but some patients experience uncontrolled symptoms despite somatostatin analogue therapy. Telotristat ethyl is a novel treatment approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and US FDA that significantly reduces bowel movement frequency in patients with uncontrolled carcinoid syndrome. OBJECTIVE: We developed a model to evaluate the 5-year budget impact of introducing telotristat ethyl to standard care in Swedish patients with uncontrolled carcinoid syndrome. METHODS: Treatment response in the 12-week phase III TELESTAR trial (NCT01677910) informed telotristat ethyl efficacy; subsequently, health states were captured by a Markov model using 4-week cycles. TELESTAR open-label extension data informed telotristat ethyl discontinuation. The number of treatment-eligible patients was estimated from literature reviews reporting the prevalence, incidence and mortality of carcinoid syndrome. A Swedish database study informed real-world costs related to carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid heart disease costs. Telotristat ethyl market share was assumed to increase annually from 24% (year 1) to 70% (year 5). RESULTS: Over the 5-year model horizon, 44 patients were expected to initiate telotristat ethyl treatment. The cumulative net budget impact of adding telotristat ethyl to current standard of care was €172,346; per-year costs decreased from €66,495 (year 1) to €29,818 (year 5). Increased drug costs from adding telotristat ethyl were offset by reduced costs elsewhere. CONCLUSIONS: The expected budget impact of adding telotristat ethyl to the standard of care in Sweden was relatively low, largely because of the rarity of carcinoid syndrome.

Medical Treatment with Somatostatin Analogues in Acromegaly: Position Statement.

The Korean Endocrine Society (KES) published clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acromegaly in 2011. Since then, the number of acromegaly cases, publications on studies addressing medical treatment of acromegaly, and demands for improvements in insurance coverage have been dramatically increasing. In 2017, the KES Committee of Health Insurance decided to publish a position statement regarding the use of somatostatin analogues in acromegaly. Accordingly, consensus opinions for the position statement were collected after intensive review of the relevant literature and discussions among experts affiliated with the KES, and the Korean Neuroendocrine Study Group. This position statement includes the characteristics, indications, dose, interval (including extended dose interval in case of lanreotide autogel), switching and preoperative use of somatostatin analogues in medical treatment of acromegaly. The recommended approach is based on the expert opinions in case of insufficient clinical evidence, and where discrepancies among the expert opinions were found, the experts voted to determine the recommended approach.

Pegvisomanto para acromegalia / Pegvisomanto for acromegaly

CONTEXTO: A acromegalia é uma doença crônica, rara e debilitante, causada pela hipersecreção do hormônio do crescimento (GH), que leva a uma produção excessiva do fator de crescimento similar a insulina I (IGF-I), produzido pelo fígado. Resulta numa doença multissistêmica caracterizada por crescimento somático exagerado, comorbidades múltiplas, desfiguramento físico e redução de expectativa de vida. Os objetivos do tratamento são atenuar os sintomas da hipersecreção de GH, reduzir as comorbidades e o risco de mortalidade, preservando as funções normais da hipófise e melhorando a qualidade de vida destes pacientes, através da normalização dos níveis de GH e IGF-I. A adenoidectomia transesfenoidal permanece o tratamento primário da acromegalia e controla estes níveis em 50 a 75% dos pacientes, dependendo da morfologia do adenoma e da experiência do cirurgião. Para aqueles que permanecem com doença ativa após o tratamento cirúrgico, existe tratamento de segunda linha, com medicamentos e radioterapia. Os medicamentos disponíveis são os agonistas da dopamina, os análogos da somatostatina e o pegvisomanto. O pegvisomanto não é disponibilizado atualmente pelo SUS. TECNOLOGIA: Pegvisomanto (PEG-V). INDICAÇÃO: A acromegalia é uma doença crônica, rara e debilitante, causada pela hipersecreção do hormônio do crescimento (GH), que leva a uma produção excessiva do fator de crescimento similar a insulina I (IGF-I), produzido pelo fígado. Resulta numa doença multissistêmica caracterizada por crescimento somático exagerado, comorbidades múltiplas, desfiguramento físico e redução de expectativa de vida. PERGUNTA: O pegvisomanto é eficaz, seguro e custo-efetivo em pacientes com acromegalia refratária ao tratamento convencional? EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Os estudos disponíveis que avaliam o pegvisomanto são, em sua maioria, de baixa qualidade metodológica. Os principais desfechos localizados nos artigos foram os níveis de IGF-I e os desfechos clínicos apareceram nos estudos de forma secundária. O pegvisomanto foi eficaz nos estudos controlados quando se avaliaram como desfechos a redução dos níveis sanguíneos de IGF-I e o controle de alguns dos sinais e sintomas característicos da doença. Mesmo existindo estudos de longo prazo e com grande tamanho da amostra, as limitações metodológicas dos estudos trazem incertezas quanto aos benefícios do pegvisomanto na redução dos sinais e sintomas da doença. AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: A estimativa de impacto orçamentário anual resultante da incorporação de pegvisomanto no SUS variou de aproximadamente 23 a 206 milhões, dependendo da dose de pegvisomanto utilizada. RECOMENDAÇÃO PRELIMINAR DA CONITEC: Os membros da CONITEC recomendaram por unanimidade a não incorporação no SUS do pegvisomanto para tratamento da acromegalia refratária ao tratamento convencional. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: O Relatório da CONITEC foi disponibilizado por meio da Consulta Pública nº 67/2017 entre os dias 29/11/2017 e 18/12/2017. Foram recebidas 14 contribuições, sendo 5 técnico-científicas e 9 de experiência ou opinião, das quais 7 foram excluídas por não tratar do tema em questão. Das 7 contribuições consideradas, 6 foram totalmente contra a recomendação da CONITEC e 1 foi totalmente a favor. Nas contribuições que foram contra a recomendação da CONITEC, os participantes argumentaram que o pegvisomanto é eficaz e seguro no tratamento de pacientes com acromegalia refratária ao tratamento convencional e fizeram críticas em relação ao impacto orçamentário, considerando-o superestimado. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros da CONITEC consideraram que não houve nenhuma informação nova sobre o tema que motivasse a mudança nas recomendações de não incorporação do pegvisomanto feitas em suas análises anteriores sobre o medicamento. Dessa forma, deliberaram por recomendar a não incorporação do pegvisomanto para acromegalia refratária ao tratamento estabelecido. DECISÃO: Não incorporar o pegvisomanto para acromegalia refratária ao tratamento estabelecido, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde ­ SUS, dada pela Portaria nº 14, publicada no DOU nº 61, do dia 29 de março de 2018, seção 1, pág. 240.(AU)

Cost-effectiveness analysis of telotristat ethyl for treatment of carcinoid syndrome diarrhea inadequately controlled with somatostatin analogs.

AIMS: This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of telotristat ethyl (TE) added to somatostatin analog octreotide (SSA + TE) compared to octreotide alone (SSA) in patients with carcinoid syndrome diarrhea (CSD) whose symptoms remain uncontrolled with SSA alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A deterministic Markov model evaluated the costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) gained with SSA + TE vs SSA per a third-party US payer perspective. The model reflected clinical practice and resource use estimates based on current standards of care, with utility estimates based on similar symptoms from ulcerative colitis. Treatment efficacy was based on the phase III clinical trial of SSA + TE vs SSA alone [TELESTAR, NCT01677910]. According to TELESTAR, 44% of SSA + TE and 20% of SSA patients responded to therapy after 12 weeks. At each 4-week assessment period, SSA patients not adequately controlled received increasing doses of SSA and SSA + TE patients discontinued TE and moved to SSA only. Drug costs for adequately and not adequately controlled patients were $4,291.75 and $5,890.57 for SSA, respectively, and $9,456.07 and $5,890.57 for SSA + TE, respectively. RESULTS: The base-case analysis demonstrated lifetime QALYs of 1.67 at a cost of $495,125 for the SSA cohort and 2.33 ($590,087) for SSA + TE with an incremental QALY for SSA + TE of 0.66 for an additional $94,962. The incremental cost per QALY gained was $142,545. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated high probability (>99%) of SSA + TE being cost-effective at thresholds for rare diseases and orphan drugs of $300,000-$450,000. LIMITATIONS: The recent availability of TE precluded the incorporation of clinical and economic inputs based on real-world practice patterns. The scarcity of epidemiology and utility information for this rare condition required the use of some proxy estimates. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis demonstrated TE is a cost-effective treatment option when used on top of standard of care in CSD patients.

Uso del análogo de somatostatina 99m TC-HYNIC-TYR-3-Octreotida 20 µg en gammagrafias de receptores de somatostatina para la detección de tumores neuroendocrinos / Use of the somatostatin 99m TC-HYNIC-TYR-3-Octreotide analogue 20 µg in somatostatin receptor scans for the detection of neuroendocrine tumors

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: El presente dictamen expone la evaluación de tecnología del uso del análogo de somatostatina 99m TC-HYNIC-TYR-3-Octreotida (99mTc-HYNIC-TOC) em gammagrafias de receptores de somatostatina para la detección de tumores neuroendocrinos.Aspectos Generales: Los tumores neuroendocrinos (TNE) surgen a partir de células neurales, las cuales pueden diferenciarse de cualquier otro tipo de célula, llegando así a distribuirse en todo el cuerpo. Este tipo de neoplasias es poco común ya que constituyen menos del 5% de todos los carcinomas de sitio primario desconocido. Este grupo de neoplasias es considerablemente heterogéneo, ya que incluye varios sub-tipos, los cuales difieren en sintomatologia, apariencia histológica y respuesta a tratamiento. Los subtipos incluyen, por ejemplo, los TNE bien diferenciados del tracto gastrointestinal, pancreáticos, tumores medulares de la tiroides y cáncer de pulmón de células pequeñas. Tecnología Sanitaria de Interés: El Tecnecio-99m es un isótopo radioactivo que posee menor energia de radiación que In-11, el cual al unirse con un análogo de somatostaina (i.e.: Octreotida) constituye un radiofármaco que es adminitrado vía intravenosa para la realización de pruebas por imágenes diagnósticas tales como PET, SPECT, RMN entre otras. METODOLOGÍA: Estratégia de Búsqueda: Se realizó una estratégia de búsqueda sistemática de la evidencia científica con respecto al uso del análogo de somatostatina 99mTC-HYNIC-TYR-3-Octreotida (99mTC-HYNIC-TOC) en gammagrafías de receptores de somatostatina para la detección de tumores neuroendocrinos. Para la búsqueda primaria se revisó la información disponible por entes reguladoras y normativas como la Food and Drug Administration (FDA), y la Dirección General de Medicamentos y Drogas (DIGEMID). Posteriormente se buscaron Guías de Práctica Clínica a través de los metabuscadores: Translating Research into Practice (TRIPDATABASE)< National Library of Medicine (Pubmed-Medline), The National Guideline of Clearinghouse, y Helath Systems Evidence. Finalmente, se realizo una búsqueda dentro de la información generada por grupos internacionales que realizan revisiones sistemáticas, evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias y guías de práctica clínica, tales como The Cochrane Library, The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), The Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies en Health (CADTH), The Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC), que a su vez fue complementada con una búsqueda em www.clinicaltrials.gov, para indentificar estudios primarios en elaboración o que no hayan sido publicados aún. Se realizó además una búsqueda manual con una estrategia de "bola de nieve" mediante revisión de listas de referencias de las guías, evaluaciones de tecnologías, estudios primarios y revisiones narrativas seleccionados. RESULTADOS: Tras la búsqueda se encontró evidencia científica acerca del uso del análogo de somatostatina 99mTC-HYNIC-TOC en gammagrafias de receptores de somatostatina para la detección de tumores neuroendocrinos. Sinopsis de la Evidencis: A continuación, se detalla la evidencia científica encontrada acerca del uso del análogo de somatostatina 99mTC-HYNIC-TOC en gammagrafias de receptores de somatostatina para la detección de tumores neuroendocrinos. No se encontraron Guías de Práctica Clínica (GPC), Evaluaciones de Tecnología Sanitarias (ETS), Revisiones Sistemáticas que respondan a la pregunta PICO de interés. CONCLUSIONES: La presente evaluación de tecnología sanitaria presenta la evidencia científica encontrada acerca del uso de análogo de somatostatina 99mTC-HYNIC-TYR-3-Octreotida (99mTC-HYNIC-TOC) en gammagrafías de receptores de somatostatina para la detección de tumores neuroendocrinos (TNE). El 99mTC-HYNIC-TYR-3-Octreotida es la única alternativa disponible en el mercado peruano para la realización de gammagrafías de tumores neuroendocrinos. A diferencia de otro tipo de células oncológicas, las neuroendocrinas, carecen de alta actividad metabólica y expresan en su lugar, receptores de somatostaina, siendo necesario el uso de radiofármacos análogos de somatostatina com el 99mTC-HYNIC-TYR-3-Octreotida para la oportuna detección de TNE. El Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación-IETSI, aprueba el uso del análogo de somatostatina 99mTC-HYNIC-TYR-3-Octreotida en gammagrafias de receptores de somatostatina para la detección de tumores neuroendocrinos. El presente Dictamen Preliminar tiene una vigencia de dos años a partir de la fecha de publicación.

Análisis de impacto presupuestal de octreótide, lanreotide para pacientes con acromegalia en Colombia / Budget impact analysis of octreotide, lanreotide for patients with acromegaly in Colombia

Tecnologías evaluadas: Octreótide, lanreótide. Población: Pacientes con acromegalia. Perspectiva: Tercer pagador que corresponde al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud. Horizonte temporal: El horizonte temporal de este AIP en el caso base corresponde a un año. Adicionalmente se reportan las estimaciones del impacto presupuestal para los años 2 y 3, bajo el supuesto de la inclusión en el POS en el año 1. Costos incluidos: Se incluyen los costos de los tratamiento por año de las tecnologías evaluadas. Fuente de costos: SISMED. Escenarios: Se construye un primer escenario en donde se otorga a octreótide 60% y a lanreótide 40%. Un segundo escenario en donde se propone una distribución del 50% para cada uno, estas\r\ndistribuciones se mantienen en los tres años. Para cabergolina se realiza un análisis complementario en dónde se estima la población particular que usaría esta tecnología para esta indicación. Resultados: Para la financiación de octreótide y lanreótide para acromegalia se estima la necesidad de incorporar en el resupuesto un valor de 26,3 mil millones en el escenario 1 y 25,9 mil millones en el escenario 2, en el primer año. Para la población específica que usaría cabergolina se estima un presupuesto adicional de 44 millones.(AU)

Dosage and costs of lanreotide Autogel 120 mg administered as part of routine acromegaly care in Poland - two years of data from Lanro-Study.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate, over 24 months of prospective follow-up, the dosage and costs of lanreotide AUTOGEL 120 mg (ATG120) administered as part of routine acromegaly care in Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multicentre, non-interventional, observational prospective study on resource utilisation in Polish acromegalic patients treated with ATG120 at 4-week or extended (> 4 weeks) dosing interval. The study population consisted of adult acromegalic patients treated for at least 3 injections of ATG120. The endpoints were: percentage of patients treated with ATG120 at an extended dosing interval (> 4 weeks), mean time between injections, and the cost of ATG120 during a 24-month prospective observation. Costs were calculated in PLN from the public health-care payer and patient perspective for the year 2014. RESULTS: 143 patients were enrolled in, and 132 completed (70% women, 81% macroadenoma, 75% previous surgery) the analysis. During two years, changes in the treatment pattern were reported in 41 patients: 17% of them had increased injection interval and 10% switched to octreotide LAR and then returned to ATG120. Sixty-three patients (48%) received ATG120 at an extended dosing interval. ATG120 was predominantly administered in an out-patient setting (84%) by a health care professional (97%). CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated that extended dosing interval of ATG120 is used in a substantial proportion of patients in routine clinical practice in Poland. Such findings support the potential for ATG120 in reducing treatment burden in the real-world clinical environment.

Efectividad y seguridad de everolimus en terapia combinada con análogos de la somatostatina en pacientes con tumores metastásicos bien diferenciados de bajo grado o grado intermedio de origen neuroendocrino / Effectiveness and safety of everolimus in combination therapy with somatostatin analogs in patients with well differentiated low grade or intermediate degree metastatic tumors of neuroendocrine origin

Objetivo: examinar los beneficios y riesgos del uso de everolimus para el tratamiento de pacientes con tumor de origen neuroendocrino metastásico bien diferenciado de grado bajo o grado intermedio (gastrointestinal, pulmonar, pancreático), como uno de los criterios para informar la toma de decisiones relacionada con la posible inclusión de tecnologías en el Plan Obligatorio de Salud, en el marco de su actualización ordinaria para el año 2015. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda de evidencia publicada en los últimos 5 años en las bases de datos: MEDLINE, EMBASE, la Librería Cochrane y LILACS, así como consulta a expertos temáticos, productores y comercializadores de la tecnología de interés para la evaluación. Dos evaluadores de manera independiente, tamizaron las referencias obtenidas, resolviendo las discrepancias por consenso.\r\nResultados: se identificaron 89 publicaciones en las bases de datos consultadas, Fueron incluidas 3 publicaciones: un ensayo una revisión sistemática de la literatura (RSL), un estudio de comparación indirecta ajustada y pareada y un ensayo clínico aleatorizado (ECA). Hasta el momento de la elaboración de este informe, con las estrategias diseñadas para la búsqueda de evidencia, hay un ECA fase 3 que evalúa la intervención de interés para esta evaluación. Conclusiones: Los nuevos agentes de terapia dirigida se han desarrollado e investigado en estudios recientes, pero la mayoría de estos, en estudios no aleatorizados. De acuerdo con los dos ECA identificados por la RSL incluida en este informe, las tecnologías de interés para esta evaluación son opciones válidas y aplicables en la práctica diaria para pacientes con tumores neuroendocrinos pancreáticos avanzados. Sin embargo, hay todavía varios aspectos no explorados tales como el posicionamiento óptimo de estas drogas entre sí y con respecto a la quimioterapia, a los radiofármacos o análogos de la somatostatina. Con los hallazgos aquí presentados no es posible obtener conclusiones sobre la eficacia comparativa para el tratamiento de pacientes con tumores metastásicos bien diferenciados de bajo grado o grado intermedio de origen neuroendocrino. Los resultados de seguridad muestran que los eventos adversos serios son más frecuentes en el grupo asignado a everolimus más octreotide APR que en el grupo asignado a placebo más octreotide APR. Los eventos adversos más frecuentes y conducentes al abandono del tratamiento con everolimus más octerotide APR son: fatiga, diarrea, deterioro general del estado físico, enfermedad pulmonar intersticial. Los eventos adversos grado 3 a 4 fue similar para las diferentes clases de agentes. Los agentes de quimioterapia tienen altos niveles de mielosupresión reversible, emesis (especialmente antes del uso de los antieméticos modernos) y toxicidad agente específica. Las terapias dirigidas (sunitib y everolimus tuvieron menos toxicidad grado 3 a 4 comparados con los agentes quimioterapéuticos.(AU)

Efectividad y seguridad de somatostatina comparada con octreotida y terlipresina para el control de la hemorragia de vías digestivas altas en adultos con várices esofágicas / Effectiveness and safety of somatostatin compared to octreotide and terlipressin for the control of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in adults with esophageal varices

Antecedentes: Descripción de la condición de salud de interés: La hipertensión portal, es comúnmente causada por la cirrosis hepática, resulta en varios flujos venosos colaterales por los cuales la sangre del sistema porta alcanza la circulación sistémica. De éstos flujos colaterales los que son clínicamente significativos son aquellos que circundan el cardias, donde la vena gástrica izquierda, la vena gástrica posterior y las venas gástricas cortas eventualmente se anastomosan con la vena ácigos menor y con la vena intercostal del sistema venoso sistémico. Esto lleva a la formación de alteraciones en la capa submucosa del tercio inferior del esófago y del fondo del estómago, y se denominan comúnmente várices. La importancia clínica radica en que la ruptura de estas várices resulta en una hemorragia gastroesofágica que es la complicación letal más frecuente de la cirrosis. Descripción de la tecnología: La somatostatina es una hormona del grupo de las hormonas hipofisiarias. La siguiente es la descripción del grupo H "Hormonas sistémicas excluyendo las hormonas sexuales y las insulinas" al cual pertenece. Evaluación de efectividad y seguridad: Pregunta de investigación: La pregunta de investigación fue validada teniendo en cuenta las siguientes fuentes de información: registro sanitario INVIMA, Acuerdo 029 de 2011, guías de práctica clínica, reportes de evaluación de tecnologías, revisiones sistemáticas y narrativas de la literatura, estudios de prevalencia/incidencia y carga de enfermedad, consulta con expertos temáticos, y otros actores clave. \r\nNo se identificaron otros comparadores relevantes para la evaluación. Población: Adultos con hemorragia de vías digestivas altas secundaria a várices esofágicas. Metodología: Búsqueda de literatura, Búsque\r\nda en bases de datos electrónicas. Conclusiones: -Efectividad: somatostatina, octreotide y terlipresina\r\nson efectivas para el tratamiento de pacientes adultos con hemorragia de vías digestivas altas secundaria a várices esofágicas. No hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ellas al evaluar mortalidad, control \r\ndel sangrado y resangrado; -Seguridad: En el estudio incluido no se encontraron datos acerca de la ocurrencia de eventos adversos entre somatostatina y sus comparadores.

The efficiency of continuous regional intra-arterial infusion in the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate the efficiency of continuous regional intra-arterial infusion (CRAI) with antisecretory agents and antibiotics in the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CRAI was used as a new clinical technique to treat acute pancreatitis patients during a 4-year period at the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, China. In this retrospective study, thirty-four patients with proven infected pancreatic necrosis were included. Twelve patients were treated with CRAI, and were matched according to age, sex, APACHE II scores, Ranson scores and remote organ dysfunction, with 22 patients with IPN treated surgically. The clinical outcome following surgery and CRAI were compared. RESULTS: No difference was found between the two groups when comparing age, gender, APACHE II scores, Ranson scores and remote organ dysfunction (p > 0.05). The patients treated with CRAI had a lower incidence of complications (33.3% vs 72.7%), duration of hospitalization (27.1 ± 4.7 days vs 43.0 ± 12.0 days) and cost of hospitalization (4.09 ± 1.64 thousand RMB vs 8.77 ± 3.74 thousand RMB) as compared to patients treated with surgery (p < 0.05). The survival rate was significantly higher in the CRAI group as compared to the surgical group (91.7% vs 63.6%; p < 0.01). However, the two groups had similar rates of concomitant operative treatment and incidence of remote organ dysfunction (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: CRAI or CRAI in combination with abscess drainage seemingly improve the clinical outcome in patients with infected pancreatic necrosis. Further confirmative prospective randomized multicenter studies are warranted prior to broad introduction of the CRAI concept.

Assessment of the absorption, metabolism and excretion of [¹4C]pasireotide in healthy volunteers using accelerator mass spectrometry.

PURPOSE: Pasireotide (SOM230) is a multireceptor-targeted somatostatin analog designed to have a broader somatostatin receptor binding profile than other currently available somatostatin analogs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the absorption, metabolism and excretion of pasireotide in healthy male subjects (N = 4) following a single, subcutaneous (sc), 600 µg dose of [¹4C]pasireotide. METHODS: Blood, plasma, urine and feces were collected for 240 h post-dose and analyzed for total ¹4C and metabolite profile by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) or high-performance liquid chromatography-AMS. Parent drug levels were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: [¹4C]pasireotide was rapidly absorbed, with a mean peak plasma ¹4C concentration of 16.6 ± 5.28 ngEq/mL at 0.5 h in plasma. The parent drug to total ¹4C AUC(0-24h) ratio was 1.08, indicating that little metabolite was present in plasma up to 24 h post-dose. In pooled plasma samples (0-12 h), only unchanged [¹4C]pasireotide was detected. Unchanged [¹4C]pasireotide accounted for approximately 84 % of total excretion (feces and urine). Approximately 56 % of the administered radioactive dose was recovered within 240 h, eliminated primarily in feces (48.3 ± 8.16 %) and minimally in urine (7.63 ± 2.03 %). No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of [¹4C]pasireotide 600 µg sc administered to healthy male subjects was rapidly absorbed and excreted in its unchanged form primarily via the hepatic route.

Randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of preoperative somatostatin administration in the prevention of postoperative complications following pancreaticoduodenectomy.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This randomized, placebo-controlled trial was analyzed in order to compare different methods of somatostatin administration in postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) and other postoperative complications following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). METHODOLOGY: Patients were randomized to a control group (n=32) and an experimental group (n=35). The primary endpoint was the incidences of POPF and other postoperative complications. The definition of POPF was classified as described by the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery. In the experimental group, the initial somatostatin was infused 1 day before operation and continued for 7 days after surgery. RESULTS: The incidences of POPF did not show a significant difference between the 2 groups (11/30, 36.7% vs. 14/30, 46.7%; p>0.385). However, blood transfusion volume was 1.7±1.53U in the experimental group and 2.7±2.2U in the control group (p=0.034). Furthermore, the abdominal amylase concentration was significantly lower in the experimental group (p=0.038 and p=0.043, respectively) in both Postoperative Day (POD) 3 and POD 7. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative prophylactic use of somatostatin cannot decrease the incidence of POPF and other complications after PD compared to postoperative use. However, the amylase concentration of the abdominal drainage and the blood transfusion volume seems to be decreased. Further experimental investigations are needed to estimate the value of preoperative use of somatostatin and clear the concrete mechanism.

Quality of life is impaired in association with the need for prolonged postoperative therapy by somatostatin analogs in patients with acromegaly.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of long-acting somatostatin analogs (SSTA) after initial pituitary surgery on long-term health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in relation to disease control in patients with acromegaly. DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study in two tertiary referral centers in The Netherlands. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and eight patients with acromegaly, in whom transsphenoidal (n=101, 94%) or transcranial (n=7, 6%) surgery was performed. Subsequently, 46 (43%) received additional radiotherapy and 41 (38%) were on postoperative treatment with SSTA because of persistent or recurrent disease at the time of study. All subjects filled in standardized questionnaires measuring HR-QoL. Disease control at the time of study was assessed by local IGF1 SDS. RESULTS: IGF1 SDS were slightly higher in patients treated with SSTA in comparison with patients without use of SSTA (0.85±1.52 vs 0.25±1.21, P=0.026), but the percentage of patients with insufficient control (IGF1 SDS >2) was not different (17 vs 9%, P=0.208). Patients using SSTA reported poorer scores on most subscales of the RAND-36 and the acromegaly QoL and on all subscales of the multidimensional fatigue inventory-20. A subgroup analysis in patients with similar IGF1 levels (SSTA+, n=26, IGF1 SDS 0.44±0.72 vs SSTA-, n=44, IGF1 SDS 0.41±0.65) revealed worse scores on physical functioning, physical fatigue, reduced activity, vitality, and general health perception across all HR-QoL questionnaires in patients treated with SSTA. CONCLUSION: QoL is impaired in association with the need for prolonged postoperative therapy by SSTA in patients with acromegaly despite similar IGF1 levels.

Acetato de lanreotida tratamento da acromegalia / Lanreotide acetate acromegaly treatment

CONTEXTO: A acromegalia é uma doença rara, debilitante e desfigurante, decorrente do excesso de produção do hormônio do crescimento (GH) e, consequentemente, do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina (insulin-like growth factor I - IGF-I), que leva a um crescimento excessivo do esqueleto e dos tecidos moles. Está associada com um aumento da mortalidade e redução da qualidade de vida dos pacientes. A acromegalia está associada com um aumento da mortalidade e redução da qualidade de vida. A morbidade e mortalidade da doença estão correlacionadas com os níveis de GH e, desta forma, a utilização de terapias eficientes é importante. O tratamento pode ser feito por meio de cirurgia, radioterapia ou uso de medicamentos. É chamado de tratamento primário aquele usado como primeiro tratamento (em geral com o intuito de controlar a doença em longo prazo). O tratamento secundário tem como objetivo o controle da doença naqueles pacientes não compensados após realização de tratamento primário. A TECNOLOGIA: Tipo: medicamento. Nome do princípio ativo: Acetato de Lanreotida. EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Além da análise dos estudos apresentados pelo demandante, a Secretaria-Executiva da CONITEC realizou busca na literatura por artigos científicos, com o objetivo de encontrar Revisões Sistemáticas e Ensaios Clínicos Randomizados (ECR), considerados a melhor evidência para avaliar a eficácia de uma tecnologia usada para tratamento. As bases pesquisadas foram Medline® (via PubMed), The Cochrane Library (via Bireme) e CRD (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination). Os termos utilizados na busca foram "lanreotida ND acromegaly" oram considerados os estudos ublicados até o dia 26/06/2012, nos idiomas inglês, português ou espanhol. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: Foram enviadas 08 contribuições à consulta pública realizada no período de 13/08/2018 a 22/08/2012: 06 provenientes de empresas, 02 de instituição de saúde/hospital e 01, de instituição de ensino. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros da CONITEC presentes na 8ª reunião do plenário do dia 06/09/2012, por unanimidade, ratificaram a decisão de recomendar a incorporação no Sistema Único de Saúde da lanreotida autogel para o tratamento da acromegalia, conforme Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) do Ministério da Saúde. DECISÃO: PORTARIA SCTIE-MS N.º 45, de 23 de outubro de 2012 - Torna pública a decisão de incorporar o medicamento acetato de lanreotida para o tratamento da acromegalia no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).

Evaluation of different methods for assessment of insulin sensitivity in Gottingen minipigs: introduction of a new, simpler method.

The use of animal models in diabetes research requires reliable tests for evaluation of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function. Minipigs are being increasingly used in metabolic research, and the aim of this study was to compare different tests and indexes for evaluation of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in Göttingen minipigs. Hyperinsulinemic, isoglycemic clamp, intravenous (IVGTT) and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), and a modified insulin tolerance test were performed in minipigs fed either low- or high-energy diet. Furthermore, the reproducibility of IVGTT-derived parameters was assessed. Previously described insulin sensitivity indexes [steady-state glucose infusion rate/glucose concentration/insulin concentration from clamp (M/G/I); oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS) and ISI(comp) from OGTT; S(I) from minimal model analysis of IVGTT; and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index from fasting values] were calculated together with an insulin sensitivity index from the modified insulin tolerance test (ISI(ITT)) and a new simple index (S2) derived from the first 30 min of the IVGTT. beta-Cell function was assessed from the IVGTT and the OGTT. Reproducibility of the IVGTT-derived parameters was calculated as median intraindividual coefficient of variation (CV%).M/G/I correlated significantly only with S2 (P < 0.05, r = 0.54). S2 furthermore correlated with S(I) (P < 0.001, r = 0.81), ISI(ITT) (P < 0.001, r = 0.57), and the two indexes from OGTT, ISI(comp) (P < 0.001, r = 0.78) and OGIS (p < 0.05, r = 0.48). No correlation was found between beta-cell function indexes from OGTT and IVGTT. The median CV% of the new S2 index was 13. In conclusion, the new simple index of insulin sensitivity, S2, was revealed to be useful for evaluation of insulin sensitivity in pigs.

Cost-effectiveness of lanreotide Autogel in treatment algorithms of acromegaly.

The introduction of effective pharmacological treatments has changed the management of acromegaly. However, chronic, life-long treatment with somatostatin analogues and/or growth hormone receptor antagonists is very expensive. We estimated the costs of treatment algorithms to control acromegaly from a Dutch perspective. We used the following assumptions: after the diagnosis of acromegaly there is a mean remaining lifespan of approximately 33 years; the success rates of surgery and somatostatin analogues in controlling the disease are approximately 60%; and the lifelong costs of different algorithms to control acromegaly in 100 patients ranged from 43 million euros (primary surgery and secondary somatostatin analogues) to 57 million euros (primary somatostatin analogues and secondary surgery) and even reached 95 million euros (medical treatment only). In algorithms that include trans-sphenoidal surgery, the lifetime treatment costs are almost 46-59% cheaper per 100 patients than in algorithms with medical treatment but without trans-sphenoidal surgery. Algorithms with primary surgery and secondary somatostatin analogs are 30% cheaper per 100 patients than algorithms with primary somatostatin analogues and secondary surgery. Per 100 patients, algorithms including lanreotide Autogel are 14-34% more expensive than algorithms including octreotide long-acting release. These life-long costs should be taken into consideration when making choices between treatment algorithms.

Plasma C5 glucose-to-2H2O ratio does not provide an accurate assessment of gluconeogenesis during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps in either nondiabetic or diabetic humans.

OBJECTIVE: Measurement of plasma C2 glucose enrichment is cumbersome. Therefore, the plasma C5 glucose-to-(2)H(2)O rather than the plasma C5-to-C2 glucose ratio commonly has been used to measure gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. The validity of this approach is unknown. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Ten nondiabetic and 10 diabetic subjects ingested (2)H(2)O the evening before study. The following morning, insulin was infused at a rate of 0.6 mU . kg(-1) . min(-1) and glucose was clamped at approximately 5.3 mmol/l for 5 h. Plasma C5 glucose, C2 glucose, and (2)H(2)O enrichments were measured hourly from 2 h onward. RESULTS: Plasma C2 glucose and plasma (2)H(2)O enrichment were equal in both groups before the clamp, resulting in equivalent estimates of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. In contrast, plasma C2 glucose and plasma C5 glucose enrichments fell throughout the clamp, whereas plasma (2)H(2)O enrichment remained unchanged. Since the C5 glucose concentration and, hence, the C5 glucose-to-(2)H(2)O ratio is influenced by both gluconeogenesis and glucose clearance, whereas the C5-to-C2 glucose ratio is only influenced by gluconeogenesis, the C5 glucose-to-(2)H(2)O ratio overestimated (P < 0.01) gluconeogenesis during the clamp. This resulted in biologically implausible negative (i.e., calculated rates of gluconeogenesis exceeding total endogenous glucose production) rates of glycogenolysis in both the nondiabetic and diabetic subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma C5 glucose-to-(2)H(2)O ratio does not provide an accurate assessment of gluconeogenesis in nondiabetic or diabetic subjects during a traditional (i.e., 2-3 h) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. The conclusions of studies that have used this approach need to be reevaluated.