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1.
Eur J Hosp Pharm ; 27(6): 361-366, 2020 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33097620

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to review economic data on the use of closed system drug transfer devices (CSTDs) for preparing and administering hazardous drugs, and to evaluate the quality of data reporting as defined by the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS). METHODS: All references from a recent Cochrane review about CSTDs were evaluated for inclusion. A literature review was also conducted. Articles containing economic data about the use of CSTDs were retained for analysis. Two researchers independently graded the articles according to the 24-item CHEERS checklist. RESULTS: Of the 138 articles identified initially, 12 were retained for analysis. Nine of these studies did not report acquisition costs or did not detail acquisition costs. Six studies reported economic benefits associated with the used of CSTDs, all related to extending the beyond-use date. The mean number of CHEERS criteria fulfilled by the included articles was 9.2 (SD 2.4). CONCLUSIONS: CSTDs are costly to acquire. However, few studies have examined the economic impact of these devices, and the existing studies are incomplete. As a result, hospitals planning to implement these devices will be unable to make a sound economic evaluation. Robust economic evaluation of CSTDs is needed.


Assuntos
Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Composição de Medicamentos/economia , Embalagem de Medicamentos/economia , Substâncias Perigosas/economia , Redução de Custos/métodos , Redução de Custos/estatística & dados numéricos , Composição de Medicamentos/métodos , Composição de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Embalagem de Medicamentos/métodos , Embalagem de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Armazenamento de Medicamentos/economia , Armazenamento de Medicamentos/métodos , Armazenamento de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Economia Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Substâncias Perigosas/administração & dosagem , Substâncias Perigosas/síntese química , Humanos , Projetos de Pesquisa/estatística & dados numéricos
2.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 22(9): 6968-88, 2015 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25475620

RESUMO

Chemical leasing is a new and innovative approach of selling chemicals. It aims at reducing the risks emanating from hazardous substances and ensuring long-term economic success within a global system of producing and using chemicals. This paper explores how, through chemical leasing, the consumption of chemicals, energy, resources and the generation of related wastes can be reduced. It also analyses the substitution of hazardous chemicals as a tool to protect environmental, health and safety and hence ensure compliance with sustainability criteria. For this, we are proposing an evaluation methodology that seeks to provide an answer to the following research questions: (1) Does the application of chemical leasing promote sustainability in comparison to an existing chemicals production and management system? 2. If various chemical leasing project types are envisaged, which is the most promising in terms of sustainability? The proposed methodology includes a number of basic goals and sub-goals to assess the sustainability for eight different chemical leasing case studies that have been implemented both at the local and the national levels. The assessment is limited to the relative assessment of specific case studies and allows the comparisons of different projects in terms of their relative contribution to sustainable chemistry. The findings of our assessment demonstrate that chemical leasing can be regarded as promoting sustainable chemistry in five case studies with certainty. However, on the grounds of our assessment, we cannot conclude with certainty that chemical leasing has equivalent contribution to sustainable chemistry in respect of three further case studies.


Assuntos
Química/economia , Química Verde , Substâncias Perigosas/economia , Indústrias , Aluguel de Propriedade , Comércio , Saúde Ambiental
3.
J Hazard Mater ; 264: 560-9, 2014 Jan 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24239259

RESUMO

An important aspect of railroad environmental risk management involves tank car transportation of hazardous materials. This paper describes a quantitative, environmental risk analysis of rail transportation of a group of light, non-aqueous-phase liquid (LNAPL) chemicals commonly transported by rail in North America. The Hazardous Materials Transportation Environmental Consequence Model (HMTECM) was used in conjunction with a geographic information system (GIS) analysis of environmental characteristics to develop probabilistic estimates of exposure to different spill scenarios along the North American rail network. The risk analysis incorporated the estimated clean-up cost developed using the HMTECM, route-specific probability distributions of soil type and depth to groundwater, annual traffic volume, railcar accident rate, and tank car safety features, to estimate the nationwide annual risk of transporting each product. The annual risk per car-mile (car-km) and per ton-mile (ton-km) was also calculated to enable comparison between chemicals and to provide information on the risk cost associated with shipments of these products. The analysis and the methodology provide a quantitative approach that will enable more effective management of the environmental risk of transporting hazardous materials.


Assuntos
Poluição Ambiental/economia , Substâncias Perigosas/economia , Modelos Econômicos , Ferrovias/economia , Humanos , Densidade Demográfica , Medição de Risco
4.
J Hazard Mater ; 260: 131-40, 2013 Sep 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23747471

RESUMO

Rail transportation plays a critical role to safely and efficiently transport hazardous materials. A number of strategies have been implemented or are being developed to reduce the risk of hazardous materials release from train accidents. Each of these risk reduction strategies has its safety benefit and corresponding implementation cost. However, the cost effectiveness of the integration of different risk reduction strategies is not well understood. Meanwhile, there has been growing interest in the U.S. rail industry and government to best allocate resources for improving hazardous materials transportation safety. This paper presents an optimization model that considers the combination of two types of risk reduction strategies, broken rail prevention and tank car safety design enhancement. A Pareto-optimality technique is used to maximize risk reduction at a given level of investment. The framework presented in this paper can be adapted to address a broader set of risk reduction strategies and is intended to assist decision makers for local, regional and system-wide risk management of rail hazardous materials transportation.


Assuntos
Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos/prevenção & controle , Substâncias Perigosas , Ferrovias , Gestão de Riscos/métodos , Segurança , Acidentes , Desenho de Equipamento , Substâncias Perigosas/economia , Indústrias/economia , Modelos Teóricos , Ferrovias/economia , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Meios de Transporte/economia
5.
Waste Manag Res ; 30(11): 1169-77, 2012 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22807511

RESUMO

Electronic communication devices such as mobile phones pose significant environmental risks when disposed of after the end of their useful life. Mobile communication devices are one of the fastest growing contributors to the electronic waste (e-waste) stream. Recent legislative pressure and increasing awareness about the environmental risk associated with the hazardous components of the electronic products warrants the manufacturers to reduce or replace the hazardous materials with alternatives. The present study analyses the economic consequences of reducing or replacing these hazardous materials and the possible response of the consumers. A strategic game theory model has been applied in this paper for manufacturer and consumers considering the cost difference between hazardous substances free (HSF) and hazardous substance (HS) mobile. Results suggest that the HSF mobiles can be a preferred choice of the manufacturers as well as consumers if the cost of disposal of HS mobiles can be internalized and a marginal incentive (e.g. 0.9% for a cost difference to 5%, and 5.3% for a cost difference to 10%) is given. The study further highlights the need for realizing the fact that passing on the incentives to the consumers in order to promote schemes for return back to manufacturer at its end of life for effective reuse and recycling gives higher returns.


Assuntos
Resíduo Eletrônico/economia , Substâncias Perigosas/economia , Resíduos Perigosos/economia , Resíduos Perigosos/prevenção & controle , Eliminação de Resíduos/métodos , Telefone Celular/economia , Comportamento do Consumidor/economia , Resíduo Eletrônico/análise , Política Ambiental/legislação & jurisprudência , Teoria dos Jogos , Regulamentação Governamental , Substâncias Perigosas/análise , Resíduos Perigosos/análise , Modelos Teóricos , Eliminação de Resíduos/economia , Eliminação de Resíduos/legislação & jurisprudência
6.
Health Aff (Millwood) ; 30(5): 863-70, 2011 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21543421

RESUMO

A 2002 analysis documented $54.9 billion in annual costs of environmentally mediated diseases in US children. However, few important changes in federal policy have been implemented to prevent exposures to toxic chemicals. We therefore updated and expanded the previous analysis and found that the costs of lead poisoning, prenatal methylmercury exposure, childhood cancer, asthma, intellectual disability, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were $76.6 billion in 2008. To prevent further increases in these costs, efforts are needed to institute premarket testing of new chemicals; conduct toxicity testing on chemicals already in use; reduce lead-based paint hazards; and curb mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants.


Assuntos
Doença Crônica/economia , Doença Crônica/prevenção & controle , Doença Ambiental/economia , Doença Ambiental/prevenção & controle , Política Ambiental/legislação & jurisprudência , Substâncias Perigosas/toxicidade , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/tendências , Criança , Análise Custo-Benefício , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/economia , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/prevenção & controle , Substâncias Perigosas/economia , Humanos , Intoxicação por Chumbo/economia , Intoxicação por Chumbo/prevenção & controle , Intoxicação por Mercúrio/economia , Intoxicação por Mercúrio/prevenção & controle , Testes de Toxicidade/economia , Estados Unidos
7.
Tob Control ; 20 Suppl 1: i36-41, 2011 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21504923

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Growing concern over the costs, environmental impact and safety of tobacco product litter (TPL) has prompted states and cities to undertake a variety of policy initiatives, of which litter abatement fees are part. The present work describes a framework and methodology for calculating TPL costs and abatement fees. METHODS: Abatement is associated with four categories of costs: (1) mechanical and manual abatement from streets, sidewalks and public places, (2) mechanical and manual abatement from storm water and sewer treatment systems, (3) the costs associated with harm to the ecosystem and harm to industries dependent on clean and healthy ecosystems, and (4) the costs associated with direct harm to human health. The experiences of the City of San Francisco's recently proposed tobacco litter abatement fee serve as a case study. RESULTS: City and municipal TPL costs are incurred through manual and mechanical clean-up of surfaces and catchment areas. According to some studies, public litter abatement costs to US cities range from US$3 million to US$16 million. TPL typically comprises between 22% and 36% of all visible litter, implying that total public TPL direct abatement costs range from about US$0.5 million to US$6 million for a city the size of San Francisco. The costs of mitigating the negative externalities of TPL in a city the size of San Francisco can be offset by implementing a fee of approximately US$0.20 per pack. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco litter abatement costs to cities can be substantial, even when the costs of potential environmental pollution and tourism effects are excluded. One public policy option to address tobacco litter is levying of fees on cigarettes sold. The methodology described here for calculating TPL costs and abatement fees may be useful to state and local authorities who are considering adoption of this policy initiative.


Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Política Ambiental/economia , Honorários e Preços , Resíduos Perigosos/economia , Fumar/economia , California , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Custos e Análise de Custo , Ecossistema , Meio Ambiente , Substâncias Perigosas/economia , Humanos , Poluição da Água/economia
8.
Ambio ; 39(1): 49-58, 2010 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20496652

RESUMO

The environmental targets of the recently agreed Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) targets are likely associated with a considerable cost, which motivates a search for low-cost policies. The following review shows there is a substantial literature on cost-efficient nutrient reduction strategies, including suggestions regarding low-cost abatement, but actual policies at international and national scale tend to be considerably more expensive due to lack of instruments that ensure a cost-efficient allocation of abatement across countries and sectors. Economic research on the costs of reducing hazardous substances and oil spill damages in the Baltic Sea is not available, but lessons from the international literature suggest that resources could be used more efficiently if appropriate analysis is undertaken. Common to these pollution problems is the need to ensure that all countries in the region are provided with positive incentives to implement international agreements.


Assuntos
Recuperação e Remediação Ambiental/economia , Eutrofização , Substâncias Perigosas/efeitos adversos , Poluição Química da Água/economia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Ecossistema , Proliferação Nociva de Algas , Substâncias Perigosas/economia , Humanos , Oceanos e Mares , Petróleo/toxicidade , Política Pública , Poluição Química da Água/efeitos adversos
9.
New Yorker ; : 26-31, 2010 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21695842
11.
Environ Sci Technol ; 43(9): 3030-4, 2009 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19534109

RESUMO

Information about the toxicity of nanoparticles is important in determining how nanoparticles will be regulated. In the U.S., the burden of collecting this information and conducting risk assessment is placed on regulatory agencies without the budgetary means to carry out this mandate. In this paper, we analyze the impact of testing costs on society's ability to gather information about nanoparticle toxicity and whether such costs can reasonably be borne by an emerging industry. We show for the United States that costs for testing existing nanoparticles ranges from $249 million for optimistic assumptions about nanoparticle hazards (i.e., they are primarily safe and mainly require simpler screening assays) to $1.18 billion for a more comprehensive precautionary approach (i.e., all nanomaterials require long-term in vivo testing). At midlevel estimates of total corporate R&D spending, and assuming plausible levels of spending on hazard testing, the time taken to complete testing is likely to be very high (34-53 years) if all existing nanomaterials are to be thoroughly tested. These delays will only increase with time as new nanomaterials are introduced. The delays are considerably less if less-stringent yet risk-averse perspectives are used. Our results support a tiered risk-assessment strategy similar to the EU's REACH legislation for regulating toxic chemicals.


Assuntos
Regulamentação Governamental , Nanoestruturas/normas , Nanoestruturas/toxicidade , Testes de Toxicidade/economia , Substâncias Perigosas/economia , Fatores de Tempo
12.
Am J Public Health ; 98(9): 1584-92, 2008 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18633098

RESUMO

Lead pipes for carrying drinking water were well recognized as a cause of lead poisoning by the late 1800s in the United States. By the 1920s, many cities and towns were prohibiting or restricting their use. To combat this trend, the lead industry carried out a prolonged and effective campaign to promote the use of lead pipes. Led by the Lead Industries Association (LIA), representatives were sent to speak with plumbers' organizations, local water authorities, architects, and federal officials. The LIA also published numerous articles and books that extolled the advantages of lead over other materials and gave practical advice on the installation and repair of lead pipes. The LIA's activities over several decades therefore contributed to the present-day public health and economic cost of lead water pipes.


Assuntos
Regulamentação Governamental , Indústrias/economia , Intoxicação por Chumbo/prevenção & controle , Chumbo/toxicidade , Engenharia Sanitária/instrumentação , Abastecimento de Água/normas , Códigos de Obras , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Comércio/tendências , Substâncias Perigosas/sangue , Substâncias Perigosas/economia , Substâncias Perigosas/toxicidade , Humanos , Indústrias/legislação & jurisprudência , Chumbo/sangue , Chumbo/economia , Intoxicação por Chumbo/etiologia , Manutenção , Concentração Máxima Permitida , Engenharia Sanitária/economia , Engenharia Sanitária/legislação & jurisprudência , Sociedades , Estados Unidos , United States Environmental Protection Agency , Abastecimento de Água/análise
14.
J Hazard Mater ; 160(1): 122-34, 2008 Dec 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18486327

RESUMO

As with many aspects of modern industrial society, decision-makers face trade-offs in considering hazardous materials transportation equipment and practices. Tank cars used for transport of hazardous materials can be made more resistant to damage in accidents through use of a thicker steel tank and other protective features. However, the additional weight of these features reduces the car's capacity and thus its efficiency as a transportation vehicle. In this paper the problem of tank car safety versus weight is developed as a multi-attribute decision problem. North American railroads recently developed specifications for higher capacity tank cars for transportation of hazardous materials including enhanced safety design features. A group of tank car safety design features or "risk reduction options" (RROs) were analyzed with regard to their effect on the conditional probability of release in an accident, and their incremental effect on tank car weight. All possible combinations of these RROs were then analyzed in terms of the reduced release probability per unit of weight increase and the Pareto optimal set of options identified. This set included the combinations of RROs that provided the greatest improvement in safety with the least amount of additional weight for any desired level of tank car weight increase. The analysis was conducted for both non-insulated and insulated tank cars and used two objective functions, minimization of conditional probability of release, and minimization of expected quantity lost, given that a car was derailed in an accident. Sensitivity analyses of the effect of tank car size and use of different objective functions were conducted and the optimality results were found to be robust. The results of this analysis were used by the Association of American Railroads Tank Car Committee to develop new specifications for higher capacity non-insulated and insulated, non-pressure tank cars resulting in an estimated 32% and 24% respective improvement in safety.


Assuntos
Substâncias Perigosas , Ferrovias/estatística & dados numéricos , Segurança/estatística & dados numéricos , Meios de Transporte/estatística & dados numéricos , Meio Ambiente , Desenho de Equipamento , Substâncias Perigosas/economia , Substâncias Perigosas/normas , Ferrovias/economia , Ferrovias/normas , Gestão de Riscos , Segurança/economia , Segurança/normas , Tecnologia , Meios de Transporte/economia , Meios de Transporte/normas
15.
Int J Occup Environ Health ; 13(4): 437-45, 2007.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18085057

RESUMO

It is often claimed that atrazine is of great economic benefit to corn growers, but support for this claim is limited. Some cost-benefit studies have assumed that atrazine boosts corn yields by 6%; an extensive review found a 3%-4% average yield increase; other research suggests only a 1% yield effect. Syngenta, the producer of atrazine, also makes mesotrione, an alternative herbicide that does about the same amount for corn yields as atrazine. Italy and Germany both banned atrazine in 1991, with no decrease in corn yields or harvested area. Even if atrazine leads to 6% more corn production, it is not certain that this would justify its continued use; a 1%, or perhaps zero, change does not warrant large-scale exposure of humans and the environment to this potentially hazardous chemical.


Assuntos
Agricultura/economia , Atrazina/economia , Substâncias Perigosas/economia , Política de Saúde , Zea mays/economia , Agricultura/ética , Atrazina/normas , Atrazina/toxicidade , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ambiental/normas , Saúde Ambiental/economia , Substâncias Perigosas/normas , Herbicidas/economia , Herbicidas/normas , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Humanos , Estados Unidos
16.
Accid Anal Prev ; 39(5): 1015-25, 2007 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17349610

RESUMO

Rail shipments of hazardous materials expose the population near the routes to the possibility of an accident resulting in a spill. Rail routes are determined by economic concerns such as route length and the revenue generated for the originating carrier. In this paper we consider an alternate routing strategy that takes accident risks into account. We employ a model to quantify rail transport risk and then use a weighted combination of cost and risk and generate alternate routes. In some cases the alternate routes achieve significantly lower risk values than the practical routes at a small incremental cost. While there are generally fewer rerouting alternatives for rail than for road transport, considering the possible consequences of a train derailment we argue that risk should be taken into account when selecting rail routes and that the cost-risk tradeoffs should be evaluated.


Assuntos
Prevenção de Acidentes/economia , Poluição Ambiental/prevenção & controle , Substâncias Perigosas/toxicidade , Ferrovias/economia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Poluição Ambiental/economia , Substâncias Perigosas/economia , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Estados Unidos
17.
J Calif Dent Assoc ; 32(7): 564-73, 2004 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15468537

RESUMO

Mercury in the form of amalgam is commonly introduced into dental wastewater as a result of amalgam placements and removals. Dental wastewater is primarily discharged to municipal sewers that convey industrial and residential wastewater to publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) for treatment prior to discharge to surface waters. In some localities, the sewage sludge generated by POTWs from the treatment of wastewater is incinerated, resulting in the emission of mercury to the atmosphere. Some of the mercury emitted from the incinerators is deposited locally or regionally and will enter surface waters. An assessment was conducted of the use of mercury in amalgam in California and the discharge of that mercury from dental facilities to surface waters via the effluent from POTWs and air emissions from sewage sludge incinerators (SSIs). The annual use of mercury in amalgam placements conducted in California was estimated to be approximately 2.5 tons. The annual discharge of mercury in the form of amalgam from dental facilities to POTWs as a result of amalgam placements and removals was estimated as approximately one ton. The discharge of mercury to surface waters in California via POTW effluents and SSI emissions was estimated to total approximately 163 pounds. A cost-effectiveness analysis determined that the annual cost to the California dental industry to reduce mercury discharges to surface waters through the use of amalgam separators would range from 130,000 dollars to 280,000 dollars per pound.


Assuntos
Amálgama Dentário/química , Resíduos Odontológicos/análise , Eliminação de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde/economia , Mercúrio/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , California , Análise Custo-Benefício , Amálgama Dentário/economia , Resíduos Odontológicos/economia , Substâncias Perigosas/análise , Substâncias Perigosas/economia , Humanos , Incineração/economia , Eliminação de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde/instrumentação , Mercúrio/economia , Esgotos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/economia , Poluição Química da Água/economia , Poluição Química da Água/prevenção & controle , Purificação da Água/economia
20.
Int J Occup Environ Health ; 7(4): 295-302, 2001.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11783859

RESUMO

With the aim of exploring possible reasons for dangerous work practices among small-scale farmers in the Pacific plain of Nicaragua, a qualitative study was performed. Four focus groups were involved. The information gathered was analyzed with an emphasis on the farmers' relationships to and perspectives on their crops, the economy, pests, and pesticide hazards. Factors that had been anticipated, such as poverty, inadequacy of protective devices, and environmental factors, were found to lead to dangerous work practices. Cultural factors also affected the farmers' attitudes in ways that favored hazardous work procedures. This finding, which had not been anticipated, has important practical implications. It suggests that, to be effective, education and training courses on occupational health should assure that their design, language, materials, and execution are culturally relevant and appropriate.


Assuntos
Substâncias Perigosas/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Agricultura/educação , Agricultura/tendências , Antídotos/farmacologia , Produtos Agrícolas/economia , Substâncias Perigosas/economia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nicarágua , Exposição Ocupacional/economia , Exposição Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Praguicidas/economia , Equipamentos de Proteção/efeitos adversos , Projetos de Pesquisa
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