Climate change consequences on the systemic heart of female Octopus maya: oxidative phosphorylation assessment and the antioxidant system.

There is evidence that indicates that temperature modulates the reproduction of the tropical species Octopus maya, through the over- or under-expression of many genes in the brain. If the oxygen supply to the brain depends on the circulatory system, how temperature affects different tissues will begin in the heart, responsible for pumping the oxygen to tissues. The present study examines the impact of heat stress on the mitochondrial function of the systemic heart of adult O. maya. The mitochondrial metabolism and antioxidant defense system were measured in the systemic heart tissue of female organisms acclimated to different temperatures (24, 26, and 30°C). The results show that acclimation temperature affects respiratory State 3 and State 4o (oligomycin-induced) with higher values observed in females acclimated at 26°C. The antioxidant defense system is also affected by acclimation temperature with significant differences observed in superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase activities, and glutathione levels. The results suggest that high temperatures (30°C) could exert physical limitations on the circulatory system through the heart pumping, affecting nutrient and oxygen transport to other tissues, including the brain, which exerts control over the reproductive system. The role of the cardiovascular system in supporting aerobic metabolism in octopus females is discussed.

Glyphosate contamination of drinking water and the occurrence of oxidative stress: Exposure assessment to rural Brazilian populations.

Studies reported that continuous application of glyphosate can cause disturbance in aquatic/terrestrial environments. As such, the objective of this study is to discuss the risk of exposure to the herbicide in drinking water and to assess the oxidative stress in the consumers rural populations of Casimiro de Abreu/ RJ and Paraguaçu/ MG, Brazil. For this, water samples (n=69) were analysed from the home of volunteers, by FMOC derivatizing- LC-FLD method. The oxidative stress was analysed determining lipid peroxidation (MAD) and defense enzymes (SOD and CAT) in serum samples from rural population (n=42) compared to urban residents (n= 42). Results of the analysis from drinking water, despite the low and moderate risk, by the hazard quotient (HQ), revealed that the population is environmentally exposed to the glyphosate. The relevant findings showed that is important to implement monitoring/ biomonitoring programs to prevent pollution and toxic effects in the rural populations.

Praseodymium and warming interactions in mussels: Comparison between observed and predicted results.

Being a crucial element for technological development, praseodymium (Pr) has been increasingly used, leading to a rise in its concentration in aquatic systems. However, its potential threats to organisms remain poorly understood. Besides contamination, organisms are also threatened by climate change-related factors, including warming. It is important to evaluate how climate change-related factors may influence the effects of contaminants. To address this, histopathological and biochemical analyses were performed in adult mussels of Mytilus galloprovincialis, following a 28-day exposure to Pr (10 µg/L) and warming (4 °C increase) separately, and in combination. Additionally, biochemical and physiological alterations were analysed in the sperm of mussels after 30-min exposure to the same treatments. Furthermore, it was used the Independent Action model to predict the interaction between Pr and warming. The results showed, in the case of adults exposed to Pr, an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) activities. However, it was insufficient, leading to histopathological injuries, redox imbalance, and cellular damage. In the case of sperm, Pr induced an increase of mitochondrial activity and respiration rate, in response to the increase in systemic metabolic rate and oxygen demand. Warming increased the metabolism, and induced redox imbalance and cellular damage in adults. In sperm, a rise in temperature induced lipid peroxidation and a decrease in velocity. Warming induced some alterations in how adult mussels responded to Pr, activating catalase instead of SOD, and in addition to GSTs, also activated carboxylesterases. However, it was not enough to avoid redox imbalance and cellular damage. In the case of sperm, the combination induced a decrease in H2O2 production, and higher oxygen demand, which prevented the decrease in motility and velocity. This study highlights the limitations of using models and emphasizes the importance of studying the impacts of emerging contaminants, such as rare earth elements, and their combination with climate change-related factors. Under environmental conditions, chronic exposure to the combined effect of different stressors might generate impacts at higher biological levels. This may affect organisms' respiratory and filtration capacity, nutrient absorption, defence capacity against infections or diseases, and sperm viability, ultimately resulting in reduced growth and reproduction, with consequences at the population level.

Neuroprotective Assessment of Betaine against Copper Oxide Nanoparticle-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Brains of Albino Rats: A Histopathological, Neurochemical, and Molecular Investigation.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) are commonly used metal oxides. Betaine possesses antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. The current study aimed to investigate the neurotoxic effect of CuO-NPs on rats and the capability of betaine to mitigate neurotoxicity. Forty rats; 4 groups: group I a control, group II intraperitoneally CuO-NPs (0.5 mg/kg/day), group III orally betaine (250 mg/kg/day) and CuO-NPs, group IV orally betaine for 28 days. Rats were subjected to neurobehavioral assessments. Brain samples were processed for biochemical, molecular, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses. Behavioral performance of betaine demonstrated increasing locomotion and cognitive abilities. Group II exhibited significantly elevated malondialdehyde (MDA), overexpression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Significant decrease in glutathione (GSH), and downregulation of acetylcholine esterase (AChE), nuclear factor erythroid 2-like protein 2 (Nrf-2), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Histopathological alterations; neuronal degeneration, pericellular spaces, and neuropillar vacuolation. Immunohistochemically, an intense immunoreactivity is observed against IL-1ß and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Betaine partially neuroprotected against CuO-NPs associated alterations. A significant decrease at MDA, downregulation of IL-1ß, and TNF-α, a significant increase at GSH, and upregulation of AChE, Nrf-2, and SOD. Histopathological alterations partially ameliorated. Immunohistochemical intensity of IL-1ß and GFAP reduced. It is concluded that betaine neuroprotected against most of CuO-NP neurotoxic effects through antioxidant and cell redox system stimulating efficacy.

In vitro assessment of the anthelmintic activity of copper oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles on egg and adult stages of Fasciola hepatica: evidence on oxidative stress biomarkers, and DNA damage.

OBJECTIVES: Fasciolosis is of significant economic and public health importance worldwide. The lack of a successful vaccine and emerging resistance in flukes to the drug of choice, triclabendazole, has initiated the search for alternative approaches. In recent years, metallic nanoparticles have been extensively investigated for their anthelmintic effects. This study investigates the in vitro anthelmintic activity of copper oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles against Fasciola hepatica. METHODS: The in vitro study was based on egg hatchability test (EHA), adult motility inhibition tests, DNA damage, ROS levels, as well as several biomarkers of oxidative stress, including glutathione peroxidase (GSH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). For this purpose, different concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) (1, 4, 8, 12, and 16 ppm) were used to evaluate the anthelmintic effect on different life stages, including egg and adults of Fasciola hepatica, over 24 h. RESULTS: In vitro treatment of F. hepatica worms with both CuO-NPs and ZnO-NPs could significantly increase ROS production and oxidative stress induction (decreased SOD, GST and GSH and increased MDA) compared to control group. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results, it seems that CuO-NPs and ZnO-NPs may be effective in the control and treatment of F. hepatica infection. Further research is needed to investigate their potential for in vivo use in the treatment of parasitic infections.

VEGF expression disparities in brainstem motor neurons of the SOD1G93A ALS model: Correlations with neuronal vulnerability.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neuromuscular disease characterized by severe muscle weakness mainly due to degeneration and death of motor neurons. A peculiarity of the neurodegenerative processes is the variable susceptibility among distinct neuronal populations, exemplified by the contrasting resilience of motor neurons innervating the ocular motor system and the more vulnerable facial and hypoglossal motor neurons. The crucial role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a neuroprotective factor in the nervous system is well-established since a deficit of VEGF has been related to motoneuronal degeneration. In this study, we investigated the survival of ocular, facial, and hypoglossal motor neurons utilizing the murine SOD1G93A ALS model at various stages of the disease. Our primary objective was to determine whether the survival of the different brainstem motor neurons was linked to disparate VEGF expression levels in resilient and susceptible motor neurons throughout neurodegeneration. Our findings revealed a selective loss of motor neurons exclusively within the vulnerable nuclei. Furthermore, a significantly higher level of VEGF was detected in the more resistant motor neurons, the extraocular ones. We also examined whether TDP-43 dynamics in the brainstem motor neuron of SOD mice was altered. Our data suggests that the increased VEGF levels observed in extraocular motor neurons may potentially underlie their resistance during the neurodegenerative processes in ALS in a TDP-43-independent manner. Our work might help to better understand the underlying mechanisms of selective vulnerability of motor neurons in ALS.

Longitudinal assessment of oxidative stress markers and their relationship with exposure to PM2.5 and its bound metals in healthy participants.

OBJECTIVE: Exposure to ambient PM2.5 and its bound metals poses a risk to health and disease, via, in part, oxidative stress response. A variety of oxidative stress markers have been used as markers of response, but their relevance to environmental exposure remains to be established. We evaluated, longitudinally, a battery of oxidative stress markers and their relationship with the exposure of PM2.5 and its bound metals in a panel of healthy participants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Levels of residence- and personal-based ambient air PM2.5 and its bound metals, as well as of lung function parameters, were assessed in a total of 58 questionnaire-administered healthy never smoker participants (male, 39.7%). Levels of urinary oxidative stress markers, including Nε-(hexanoyl)-lysine (HEL; an early lipid peroxidation product), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), N7-methylguanine (N7-meG), and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), plasma antioxidants [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and urinary metals were measured by ELISA, LC-MS, and ICP-MS, respectively. The results of three repeated measurements at two-month intervals were analyzed using the Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE). RESULTS: After adjusting for confounders, residence- and personal-based PM2.5 levels were positively associated with HEL (ß = 0.22 and 0.18) and N7-meG (ß = 0.39 and 0.13). Significant correlations were observed between personal air PM2.5-Pb and urinary Pb with HEL (ß = 0.08 and 0.26). While FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, MMF, and PEFR predicted% were normal, a negative interaction (pollutant*time, P < 0.05) was noted for PM2.5-V, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, As, and Pb. Additionally, a negative interaction was found for N7-meG (ß = -21.35, -18.77, -23.86) and SOD (ß = -26.56, -26.18, -16.48) with FEV1, FVC, and PEFR predicted%, respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings emphasize potential links between environmental exposure, internal dose, and health effects, thereby offering valuable markers for future research on metal exposure, oxidative stress, and health outcomes.

Assessment of Antioxidant Enzyme Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) in Oral Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective: The present article aims to comprehensively review the existing literature on superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, an antioxidant enzyme, in oral cancer. Method: An extensive literature search was conducted across various databases, including PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Science Direct, and Cross Reference, spanning 1998-2023. At the outset, 1,177 articles were initially identified, and 907 studies were excluded due to irrelevance or duplication of the research question. Subsequently, 270 articles underwent screening evaluation, resulting in the selection of 85 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Following this, 68 articles underwent a full-text comprehensive assessment, and ultimately, 39 were chosen for data extraction. The risk of bias in the designated articles was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Finally, 13 studies were meticulously selected, offering consistent data for the ensuing meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was executed using comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) version 3 software (Bio Stat Inc., Englewood, NJ, USA). The meta-analysis findings revealed a statistically significant decrease in SOD levels in both erythrocyte samples (P < 0.001) and tissue samples (P < 0.05) among individuals with oral cancer (OSCC) compared to the normal control group. Conversely, the analysis of three studies on salivary samples demonstrated a significant increase (P < 0.05) in SOD levels in the oral cancer group compared to the healthy controls. Conclusion: This systematic review underscores a statistically significant decline in SOD levels observed across diverse bio-samples in individuals with oral cancer, indicating an excess of oxidative stress (OS). Additional research is needed to delve into the relationship between SOD levels and clinic-pathological prognostic markers within the oral cancer cohort. Such investigations have the potential to significantly contribute to the development of prognostic tools grounded in OS, thereby guiding strategies for treatment planning.

SOD2 promotes the immunosuppressive function of mesenchymal stem cells at the expense of adipocyte differentiation.

The potent immunomodulatory function of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) elicited by proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α (IT) is critical to resolve inflammation and promote tissue repair. However, little is known about how the immunomodulatory capability of MSCs is related to their differentiation competency in the inflammatory microenvironment. In this study, we demonstrate that the adipocyte differentiation and immunomodulatory function of human adipose tissue-derived MSCs (MSC(AD)s) are mutually exclusive. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), which promote adipocyte differentiation, were decreased in MSC(AD)s due to IT-induced upregulation of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). Furthermore, knockdown of SOD2 led to enhanced adipogenic differentiation but reduced immunosuppression capability of MSC(AD)s. Interestingly, the adipogenic differentiation was associated with increased mitochondrial biogenesis and upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PPARGC1A/PGC-1α) expression. IT inhibited PGC-1α expression and decreased mitochondrial mass but promoted glycolysis in an SOD2-dependent manner. MSC(AD)s lacking SOD2 were compromised in their therapeutic efficacy in DSS-induced colitis in mice. Taken together, these findings indicate that the adipogenic differentiation and immunomodulation of MSC(AD)s may compete for resources in fulfilling the respective biosynthetic needs. Blocking of adipogenic differentiation by mitochondrial antioxidant may represent a novel strategy to enhance the immunosuppressive activity of MSCs in the inflammatory microenvironment.

Assessment of physio-biochemical assessment and gene expression analysis of sugarcane genotypes under water stress.

BACKGROUND: Sugarcane, an economically important crop cultivated for its unique character of accumulating sucrose into its stalk and the world's major crop according to production quantity. Sugarcane production is negatively influenced by abiotic stresses because it faces all types of environments due to its long-life cycle period. Among the various abiotic stresses, drought is one of the major limiting factors creates obstacle in sugarcane production. Thus, an attempt was made to assess the molecular insights into sugarcane genotypes under water stress. A preliminary screening was done in ten sugarcane genotypes grown under semi-arid region of India through physiological, biochemical and antioxidant responses of these genotypes under two water deficit levels. METHODS: In the current study, drought was imposed on ten sugarcane genotypes during their formative stage (110 DAP) by depriving them of irrigation. A pot experiment was carried out to see how several commercial sugarcane genotypes responded to water scarcity. Sugarcane received two treatments, the first after 125 days and the second after 140 days. The physio-biochemical and antioxidant responses recorded were RWC, MSI, SCMR, Proline accumulation, SOD, Catalase, Peroxidase and Lipid peroxidation. The significant variations were recorded in responses of all genotypes. On the basis of physio-biochemical, three genotypes Cos 98,014, Cos 13,235 and Colk 14,201 were selected for differential gene expression pattern analysis. The total RNA was isolated and reverse transcribe to cDNA and real time PCR was performed for expression analysis under 10 genes. RESULTS: Under drought conditions, all sugarcane genotypes showed significantly decreased RWC, chlorophyll content, and MSI. However, when water was scarce, proline buildup, malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, enzymatic antioxidant activity (CAT, POD, and SOD), and contents all increased dramatically. Finally, in all physiological and biochemical parameters, Co 98,014 genotype displayed superior adaptation responses to drought stress, followed by Co 018, Cos 13,235, and Colk 14,201. For gene expression analysis out of 21 genes, 10 genes were expressed in sugarcane genotypes, in which 7 genes (Shbbx2, Shbbx3, Shbbx4, Shbbx5, Shbbx8, Shbbx15 and Shbbx20) were upregulated and 3 genes (Shbbx1, Shbbx16 and Shbbx17) were downregulated. CONCLUSION: The statistical analysis conducted in this study demonstrated that drought stress had a negative impact on physiological responses, including RWC, SPAD, and MSI, in sugarcane crops. However, it was found that the crops were able to survive in these stress conditions by increasing their biochemical parameters, all while maintaining their growth and function.

Assessment of oxidative stress and tissue damage in Echinococcus granulosus naturally infected bovine liver.

Echinococcus granulosus is a zoonotic parasite infects many livestock species, especially cattle, sheep, goat and buffalo, causing cystic echinococcosis. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the presence of the parasite and parasitic tissue damage histopathologically and to determine the role of oxidative stress in the tissue damage through the immunohistochemical detection of the oxidative damage-marker malondialdehyde (MDA) and the antioxidant response-marker superoxide dismutase (SOD). The material of the study consisted of 20 liver samples with Echinococcus cysts and 10 E.granulosus- negative healthy liver samples obtained from different cattle at various times from slaughterhouses in Kirikkale province, Turkey. Histopathologically, Echinococcus cysts of various sizes were observed along with the surrounding fibrous connective tissue. Giant cells, mononuclear cells, and eosinophilic leukocytes were found between the fibrous connective tissue and the cyst. In the parenchymal tissue distant from the cyst, inflammatory changes were observed, including vacuolation and necrosis in hepatocytes, congestion and dilation sinusoidal capillaries. Immunohistochemically, MDA immunopositivity was observed in both hepatocytes surrounding the cyst and areas distant from the cyst, while SOD immunopositivity was mainly detected in fibrous connective tissue and hepatocytes surrounding the Echinococcus cysts. A significant increase in MDA immunoreactivity was observed in E.granulosus s.l.-infected livers. Although no statistically significant change was observed in SOD immunopositivity in the liver tissues with cystic echinococcosis, regional variations were noted. Germinal layer (GL) of Echinococcus cyst showed immunopositive staining for MDA, while laminated layer (LL) exhibited immunonegative staining. To the authors' best understanding, this study represents a pioneering effort in showcasing and evaluating the immunoreactivities of MDA and SOD within the liver tissue afflicted with Echinococcus cysts. Simultaneously, the examination extends to encompass tissue damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells. This study highlights the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) and the need for further investigation of antioxidant defense mechanisms and their regional variations.

Biological-based techniques for real-time water-quality studies: Assessment of non-invasive (swimming consistency and respiration) and toxicity (antioxidants) biomarkers of zebrafish.

Swimming consistency and respiration of fish are recognized as the non-invasive stress biomarkers. Their alterations could directly indicate the presence of pollutants in the water ecosystem. Since these biomarkers are a routine process for fish, it is difficult to monitor their activity manually. For this reason, experts employ engineering technologies to create sensors that can monitor the regular activities of fish. Knowing the importance of these non-invasive stress biomarkers, we developed online biological behavior monitoring system-OBBMS and online biological respiratory response monitoring system-OBRRMS to monitor real-time swimming consistency and respiratory response of fish, respectively. We continuously monitored the swimming consistency and respiration (OCR, CER and RQ) of zebrafish (control and atrazine-treatments) for 7 days using our homemade real-time biological response monitoring systems. Furthermore, we analyzed oxidative stress indicators (SOD, CAT and POD) within the vital tissues (gills, brain and muscle) of zebrafish during stipulated sampling periods. The differences in the swimming consistency and respiratory rate of zebrafish between the control and atrazine treatments could be precisely differentiated on the real-time datasets of OBBMS and OBRRMS. The zebrafish exposed to atrazine toxin showed a concentration-dependent effect (hypoactivity). The OCR and CER were increased in the atrazine treated zebrafish. Both Treatment I and II received a negative response for RQ. Atrazine toxicity let to a rise in the levels of SOD, CAT and POD in the vital tissues of zebrafish. The continuous acquisition of fish signals is achieved which is one of the main merits of our OBBMS and OBRRMS. Additionally, no special data processing was done, the real-time data sets were directly used on statistical tools and the differences between the factors (groups, photoperiods, exposure periods and their interactions) were identified precisely. Hence, our OBBMS and OBRRMS could be a promising tool for biological response-based real-time water quality monitoring studies.

Profiling the antioxidant biomarkers in marine fish larvae: a comparative assessment of different storage conditions to select the optimal strategy.

Research on antioxidant biomarkers can generate profound insights into the defense mechanisms of fish larvae against different stressors and can reveal manipulation strategies for improved growth and survival. However, the number of samples to process and unavailability of required infrastructure in larval-rearing facilities limit the immediate processing, requiring the preservation of specimens. Silver pompano (Trachinotus blochii), a potential marine aquaculture species, shows a low larval survival rate due to poorly developed antioxidant mechanism. In this context, 39 storage conditions, including three storage temperatures and different buffers, were scrutinized to select the most suitable preservation strategy for five important antioxidant biomarkers of fish larvae, viz. catalase activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, measurement of lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione (GSH), and ascorbic acid contents. The paper proposes the optimum larval storage conditions for these five evaluated antioxidant biomarkers to generate similar results in preserved and non-preserved larval samples. Larval samples preserved in PBS at lower temperatures (- 20 °C and - 80 °C) are recommended for evaluating catalase activity and ascorbic acid content. Catalase activity can also be evaluated by preserving the larval samples at - 20 °C or - 80 °C without buffers. Larval samples held in PBS or without any buffers at - 20 °C and at - 80 °C were found to be suitable for SOD and GSH evaluation, respectively. Preservation in 50% glacial acetic acid at - 80 °C or - 20 °C was preferred for the lipid peroxidation assays. Apart from methodological perspectives, the paper provides insights into the dynamics of larval antioxidant profiles of T. blochii, for the first time.

Physiological cost of Ulva lactuca under combined pressure of nutrient-oxytetracycline: One potential formation and maintenance mechanism of Ulva sp. green tide.

Environmental pollution is considered to lead to Ulva sp. green tides. Nevertheless, nutrients with high concentrations inhibit algae which may be damaged by antibiotics, such as OTC (oxytetracycline). Thus, Ulva sp. algae might pay a physiological cost under nutrient-OTC combined pressures. If this hypothesis is confirmed, Ulva sp. algae cannot easily form green tides, or green tides are difficult to maintain. To test this hypothesis, an uniform design experiment during which OTC, ammonia (NH4-N) and phosphate (PO4-P) were factors was set to simulate nutrient-OTC combined pressures, and Ulva lactuca was exposed to the pressures for 96 h. The TN (total nitrogen, CTN) or TP (total phosphorus, CTP) content in U. lactuca increased with increasing nutrient concentrations, as CTN = 21.206±1.000+ 1.227±0.418NH4-N × PO4-P (R2 = 0.282, p < 0.05) and CTP = 1.886±0.266+ 0.877±0.126PO4-P (R2 = 0.689, p < 0.05), respectively. The increase in dry weight of U. lactuca (Wdry) had a relationship with combined pressures, Wdry = 0.011±0.029 - 0.036±0.014PO4-P (R2 = 0.243, p < 0.05), i.e., the algal growth was inhibited by increasing PO4-P concentration. The SOD (Superoxide dismutase) activity (ASOD) was stimulated by OTC, as ASOD = 127.868±8.741+9.587±4.179 OTC (R2 = 0.193, p < 0.05). The contents of Chl a and b (Ca and Cb) were negatively affected by OTC or PO4-P with high concentration, as Ca = 0.566±0.042 - 0.024±0.022 OTC × PO4-P (R2 = 0.179, p < 0.05) and Cb = 0.512±0.043-0.044±0.020PO4-P (R2 = 0.180, p < 0.05). Thus, too high concentrations of PO4-P or OTC may hinder the formation and maintenance of Ulva sp. green tides.

Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: antimicrobial efficacy and ecotoxicological assessment.

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is usually based on expensive methods that use or generate chemicals that can negatively impact the environment. Our study presents a simple one-step synthesis process for obtaining AgNP using an aqueous extract of Amazonian fruit açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) as the reducing and stabilizing agents. The bio-synthesized AgNP (bio-AgNP) were comprehensively characterized by diverse techniques, and as a result, 20-nm spherical particles (transmission electron microscopy) were obtained. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) confirmed the presence of crystalline AgNP, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) suggested that polyphenolic compounds of açaí were present on the surface. The bio-AgNP showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. In Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to 10 µg/L bio-AgNP for 96 h, there were no significant effects on growth, reproduction, or reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration; however, there was an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymatic activity. In contrast, when worms were exposed to chemically synthesized AgNP (PVP-AgNP), an increase in ROS, SOD, and GST activity and a reduction in oxidative stress resistance were observed. In conclusion, our study not only showcased the potential of açaí in the simple and rapid production of AgNP but also highlighted the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles using our protocol. Moreover, our findings revealed that these AgNPs exhibited reduced toxicity to C. elegans at environmentally realistic concentrations compared with PVP-AgNP.

Ecological assessment of stream water polluted by phosphorus chemical plant: Physiological, biochemical, and molecular effects on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos.

The rapid development of the phosphorus chemical industry has caused serious pollution problems in the regional eco-environment. However, understanding of their ecotoxic effects remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the developmental toxicity of a stream polluted by a phosphorus chemical plant (PCP) on zebrafish embryos. For this, zebrafish embryos were exposed to stream water (0, 25, 50, and 100% v/v) for 96 h, and developmental toxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage were assessed. Stream water-treated embryos exhibited decreased hatching rates, heart rates, and body lengths, as well as increased mortality and malformation rates. The general morphology score system indicated that the swim bladder and pigmentation were the main abnormal morphological endpoints. Stream water promoted antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage. It also triggered apoptosis in the embryos' heads, hearts, and spines by activating apoptotic enzymes (Caspase-3 and Caspase-9). Additionally, stream water influenced growth, oxidative stress, and apoptosis-related 19 gene expression. Notably, tyr, sod (Mn), and caspase9 were the most sensitive indicators of growth, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, respectively. The current trial concluded that PCP-polluted stream water exhibited significant developmental toxicity to zebrafish embryos, which was regulated by the oxidative stress-mediated activation of endogenous apoptotic signaling pathways.

Assessment of antioxidant system status before and after operation in neonates with congenital heart disease.

Background/Aim: Oxidative stress is considered to have a significant role in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) as well as many other diseases. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to evaluate the antioxidant system status at pre- and post-operative period in newborns with congenital heart disease (CHD) requiring operation. Materials and Methods: Fifty CHD patients participated in this research. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were studied in blood samples. RACHS-1 score, blood lactate levels, and hypoxic events were also recorded. Comparisons of antioxidant system parameters were conducted at pre- and post-operative periods and also between exitus and discharged groups. Results: GPx activity and TBARS levels were significantly higher in the pre-operative period than post-operative period though the other antioxidant enzymes were not altered. In pre-operative period, GPx activity was low in addition to rarer hypoxic events in the discharged group. Also, a negative correlation was found between SOD and GPx activities in pre-operative period. Conclusion: The results provide fundamental data showing the lowered GPx activity and TBARS levels considered as sensitive oxidative biomarkers after the operation. It was assumed that antioxidant system parameters might show changes after the operation, and GPx is prominent for resistance to hypoxic conditions. Post-operative reduction of GPx and TBARS levels is significant for evaluating the antioxidant system alterations after the operation. However, further investigations follow long-term duration for post-operative monitoring to estimate how antioxidant system status changes to improve the treatment of the health condition.

Physiological and behavioral assessment of Metaphire posthuma in response to clothianidin insecticide: Insights from molecular and biochemical analysis.

In the present study, Clothianidin [(E) - 1-(2 - chloro-1,3 - thiazol - 5-ylmethyl) - 3-methyl - 2- nitroguanidine] (CLO) was selected as a soil pollutant and earthworm was employed as a test organism. The various responses like biochemical and detoxification process of earthworm Metaphire posthuma towards Clothianidin at lethal and sublethal doses were studied using OECD-standardized toxicological guidelines. The present study examined the toxicity of CLO to earthworms after 28 days of exposure at conc. 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24 mg kg-1 in a soil mixture. Biochemical markers including Guaiacol peroxidase (POD), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and content of Malondialdehyde (MDA) in earthworms were measured. Acute toxicity tests revealed that CLO caused a concentration-dependent increase in mortality with LC50 (Lethal concentration) values of 10.960 and 8.201 mg kg-1 for 7th and 14th day respectively. The earthworms were exposed to CLO contaminated soil for 56 days and reflecting the significant decrease in earthworm growth, cocoon and hatchling production. Moreover, enzyme activities such as CAT, SOD, POD and MDA content were significantly enhanced with the increased concentration and exposure period of CLO. Molecular docking studies indicated that CLO primarily interacts to the junction site of SOD and in active centres of CAT, POD and GST. As a result, the current findings imply that the sub chronic CLO exposure can induce variations in physiology and avoidance behaviour of earthworms, oxidative stress as well as alterations in enzyme activities.

Oxidative stress status assessment of rats' brains injury following subacute exposure to K-oximes.

Oxidative stress status and morphological injuries in the brain of Wistar rats induced by repeated application of selected acetylcholinesterase reactivators - asoxime, obidoxime, K027, K048, K074, and K075 were evaluated. Each oxime in a dose of 0.1 of LD50/kg im was given 2x/week for 4 weeks. Markers of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA), and protein oxidation (advanced oxidation protein products, AOPP), as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, CAT, superoxide dismutase, SOD, glutathione reductase, GR, and glutathione peroxidase, GPx), were estimated in the brain tissue homogenates on day 35 of the study. Brain alterations were carefully quantified by semiquantitative grading scales - brain damage score (BDS). Oxidative stress parameters, MDA and AOPP were significantly highest in the asoxime-, obidoxime- and K075-treated groups (p < 0.001). The activity of SOD and CAT was significantly elevated in the obidoxime-, K048-, and K075-treated groups (p < 0.001). Besides, GR was markedly decreased in the obidoxime- and K074-treated groups (p < 0.01), while treatment with K048, K074 and K075 induced extremely high elevation in GPx levels (p < 0.001). In the same groups of rats, brain alterations associated with polymorphonuclear cell infiltrate were significantly more severe than those observed in animals receiving only asoxime or K027 (p < 0.001). The presented results confirmed that treatment with different oximes significantly improved the oxidative status and attenuated signs of inflammation in rats' brains. Presented results, together with our previously published data can help to predict likely adverse systemic toxic effects, and target organ systems, which are crucial for establishing risk categories, as well as in dose selection of K-oximes as drug candidates.

Assessment of the oxidative status in mother-child couples from Seville (Spain): A prospective cohort study.

Pregnancy requires a high demand of energy, which leads to an increase of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the oxidative status in 200 couples of pregnant women-newborns at the time of delivery, for the first time, who gave birth in two University Hospitals from the province of Seville. Recruited women filled an epidemiological questionnaire with their demographic characteristics and dietary habits during pregnancy. At the time of delivery, both maternal and cord blood samples were collected. Protein oxidation, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels were measured to assess the oxidative status of these women, together with the levels of vitamins D, B12, Zn, Se, and Cu. Our results showed a tendency for all biomarkers measured to be higher in cord blood than in maternal blood. For the correlations established between the OS markers and sociodemographic characteristics, only significant differences for carbonyl groups values were found on both maternal and cord blood, relating these higher values to the use of insecticides in the women's homes. For newborns, only a significant correlation was detected between antioxidant enzymes and the newborn's weight, specifically for superoxide dismutase activity. Additionally, the higher values obtained in cord blood might suggest metabolization, while a higher production of ROS and antioxidant enzymes might be required to maintain the balance. Measured levels for Se were similar in both maternal and cord blood, unlike Cu and Zn, where higher levels were found for maternal blood than cord blood, indicating a correlation between maternal Se values and SOD as OS biomarker. Furthermore, vitamin D levels were around the optimum values established, finding a relationship between vitamin D and new-born's height, unlike for vitamin B12 values, where a correlation with maternal food consumption characteristics was established. Overall values were inside normal ranges and consistent for our population.