RESUMO
The human gut microbiota is affected by genetic and environmental factors. It remains unclear how host genetic and environmental factors affect the composition and function of gut microbiota in populations living at high altitudes. We used a metagenome-wide analysis to investigate the gut microbiota composition in 15 native Tibetans and 12 Hans living on the Tibetan Plateau. The composition of gut microbiota differed significantly between these two groups (P < 0.05). The Planctomycetes was the most abundant phyla both in native Tibetans and in Hans. Furthermore, the most relatively abundant phyla for native Tibetans were Bacteroidetes (15.66%), Firmicutes (11.10%), Proteobacteria (1.32%), Actinobacteria (1.10%), and Tenericutes (0.35%), while the most relatively abundant phyla for Hans were Bacteroidetes (16.28%), Firmicutes (8.41%), Proteobacteria (2.93%), Actinobacteria (0.49%), and Cyanobacteria (0.21%). The abundance of the majority of genera was significantly higher in Tibetans than in Hans (P < 0.01). The number of microbial genes was 4.9 times higher in Tibetans than in Hans. The metabolic pathways and clusters of orthologous groups differed significantly between the two populations (P < 0.05). The abundance of carbohydrate-active enzyme modules and antibiotic resistance genes was significantly lower in Tibetans compared to Hans (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that different genetic factors (race) and environmental factors (diets and consumption of antibiotics) may play important roles in shaping the composition and function of gut microbiota in populations living at high altitudes.
Assuntos
Altitude , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Actinobacteria/genética , Actinobacteria/isolamento & purificação , Actinobacteria/metabolismo , Adulto , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Povo Asiático , Bacteroidetes/genética , Bacteroidetes/isolamento & purificação , Bacteroidetes/metabolismo , Índice de Massa Corporal , China , Cianobactérias/genética , Cianobactérias/isolamento & purificação , Cianobactérias/metabolismo , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Dieta , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Firmicutes/genética , Firmicutes/isolamento & purificação , Firmicutes/metabolismo , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Metagenoma , Proteobactérias/genética , Proteobactérias/isolamento & purificação , Proteobactérias/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Tenericutes/genética , Tenericutes/isolamento & purificação , Tenericutes/metabolismo , TibetRESUMO
During the past decade, research has yielded new knowledge about the plant and insect host ranges, geographical distribution, and phylogenetic relationships of phytoplasmas, and a taxonomic system has emerged in which distinct phytoplasmas are named as separate "Candidatus phytoplasma species." In large part, this progress has resulted from the development and use of molecular methods to detect, identify, and classify phytoplasmas. While these advances continue, research has recently begun on the phytoplasma genome, how phytoplasmas cause disease, the role of mixed phytoplasmal infections in plant diseases, and molecular/genetic phenomena that underlie symptom development in plants. These and other recent advances are laying the foundation for future progress in understanding the mechanisms of phytoplasma pathogenicity, organization of the phytoplasma genome, evolution of new phytoplasma strains and emergence of new diseases, bases of insect transmissibility and specificity of transmission, and plant gene expression in response to phytoplasmal infection, as well as the design of novel approaches to achieve effective control of phytoplasmal diseases.