Female behavior drives the formation of distinct social structures in C57BL/6J versus wild-derived outbred mice in field enclosures.

BACKGROUND: Social behavior and social organization have major influences on individual health and fitness. Yet, biomedical research focuses on studying a few genotypes under impoverished social conditions. Understanding how lab conditions have modified social organizations of model organisms, such as lab mice, relative to natural populations is a missing link between socioecology and biomedical science. RESULTS: Using a common garden design, we describe the formation of social structure in the well-studied laboratory mouse strain, C57BL/6J, in replicated mixed-sex populations over 10-day trials compared to control trials with wild-derived outbred house mice in outdoor field enclosures. We focus on three key features of mouse social systems: (i) territory establishment in males, (ii) female social relationships, and (iii) the social networks formed by the populations. Male territorial behaviors were similar but muted in C57 compared to wild-derived mice. Female C57 sharply differed from wild-derived females, showing little social bias toward cage mates and exploring substantially more of the enclosures compared to all other groups. Female behavior consistently generated denser social networks in C57 than in wild-derived mice. CONCLUSIONS: C57 and wild-derived mice individually vary in their social and spatial behaviors which scale to shape overall social organization. The repeatable societies formed under field conditions highlights opportunities to experimentally study the interplay between society and individual biology using model organisms.

Reality and illusion: the assessment of angular separation of multi-modal signallers in a duetting bird.

The spatial distribution of cooperating individuals plays a strategic role in territorial interactions of many group-living animals, and can indicate group cohesion. Vocalizations are commonly used to judge the distribution of signallers, but the spatial resolution of sounds is poor. Many species therefore accompany calls with movement; however, little is known about the role of audio-visual perception in natural interactions. We studied the effect of angular separation on the efficacy of multimodal duets in the Australian magpie-lark, Grallina cyanoleuca. We tested specifically whether conspicuous wing movements, which typically accompany duets, affect responses to auditory angular separation. Multimodal playbacks of duets using robotic models and speakers showed that birds relied primarily on acoustic cues when visual and auditory angular separations were congruent, but used both modalities to judge separation between the signallers when modalities were spatially incongruent. The visual component modified the effect of acoustic separation: robotic models that were apart weakened the response when speakers were together, while models that were together strengthened responses when speakers were apart. Our results show that responses are stronger when signallers are together, and suggest that males were are able to bind information cross-modally on the senders' spatial location, which is consistent with a multisensory illusion.

How educational systems respond to diversity, inclusion and social justice: Disability, power, discipline, territoriality and deterritorialization.

This paper presents a critical examination of a vexed issue relating to how educational systems respond to diversity, inclusion, and social justice. Whilst there are unique factors specific to the various educational sectors; that is, to early years, schools, colleges, higher education and to the life-long learning sector, this paper explores education and diversity in its broadest sense and recognizes that issues are as much cross-sector as they are within-sector. Further still, this paper shifts across disciplinary epistemic boundaries making use of Foucault's tools and the work of Deleuze and Guattari. Given this broader context, this paper primarily traverses the borders of schooling and higher education. It utilizes the notion of scales of justice and draws upon the work of Fraser and explores how this can offer insights into issues not only in relation to redistribution and recognition, but also to representation. It intentionally, draws upon (critical) disability studies literature; and the often-forgotten discrimination known as disability. It acknowledges the various paradigms and terminological descriptors associated with disabled people, how these are intentionally, I argue, produced and re-produced, subject to a process of misframing, misrecognition and maldistribution through various territorialized and often segregated educational spaces. In response, this paper offers a reading of dis/ability which moves through theoretical and conceptual understandings and advances the notion of deterritorialization in order to escape, engage and identify larger patterns of inequality. It offers different insights, provides an alternative mapping that can raise different critical questions about disability, also to issues of diversity, inclusion, and social justice.

Economical defence of resources structures territorial space use in a cooperative carnivore.

Ecologists have long sought to understand space use and mechanisms underlying patterns observed in nature. We developed an optimality landscape and mechanistic territory model to understand mechanisms driving space use and compared model predictions to empirical reality. We demonstrate our approach using grey wolves (Canis lupus). In the model, simulated animals selected territories to economically acquire resources by selecting patches with greatest value, accounting for benefits, costs and trade-offs of defending and using space on the optimality landscape. Our approach successfully predicted and explained first- and second-order space use of wolves, including the population's distribution, territories of individual packs, and influences of prey density, competitor density, human-caused mortality risk and seasonality. It accomplished this using simple behavioural rules and limited data to inform the optimality landscape. Results contribute evidence that economical territory selection is a mechanistic bridge between space use and animal distribution on the landscape. This approach and resulting gains in knowledge enable predicting effects of a wide range of environmental conditions, contributing to both basic ecological understanding of natural systems and conservation. We expect this approach will demonstrate applicability across diverse habitats and species, and that its foundation can help continue to advance understanding of spatial behaviour.

Negative body size-dependent resource allocation underlies conspicuous sexual ornaments in a territorial damselfly.

Sexual ornaments, signalling individual quality to choosy females or rival males, often show steeper body size scaling compared with non-sexually selected traits. Theory posits such steeper body size scaling is the result of differential resource allocation, reflecting trade-offs between different components of fitness. Yet, the process of resource allocation towards body size-dependent sexual ornaments has been rarely understood empirically. Using the Neotropical territorial damselfly Megaloprepus caerulatus, whose males and females carry wax-based, sex-specific white wing bands and white wing tips respectively, we investigated nutrition sensitivity and body size scaling of both traits by manipulating larval food availability and directly quantified both the fat allocated to wing ornaments and the fat reserve from which allocations are made. Both colour traits exhibited sensitivity to food availability during larval development and steeper body size scaling compared with control traits. Although the absolute amount of fat invested in developing the colour ornaments increased with body size, the proportion of total fat allocated to the ornaments decreased with body size, making exaggerated ornaments less affordable for smaller individuals. Our data demonstrate that measuring the proportion of resource pool from which an individual's ornaments are derived (i.e. its affordability) is essential for understanding the maintenance of honesty of sexual signals.

Costs of territoriality: a review of hypotheses, meta-analysis, and field study.

The evolution of territoriality reflects the balance between the benefit and cost of monopolising a resource. While the benefit of territoriality is generally intuitive (improved access to resources), our understanding of its cost is less clear. This paper combines: 1. a review of hypotheses and meta-analytic benchmarking of costs across diverse taxa; and 2. a new empirical test of hypotheses using a longitudinal study of free-living male territorial lizards. The cost of territoriality was best described as a culmination of multiple factors, but especially costs resulting from the time required to maintain a territory (identified by the meta-analysis) or those exacerbated by a territory that is large in size (identified by the empirical test). The meta-analysis showed that physiological costs such as energetic expenditure or stress were largely negligible in impact on territory holders. Species that used territories to monopolise access to mates appeared to incur the greatest costs, whereas those defending food resources experienced the least. The single largest gap in our current understanding revealed by the literature review is the potential cost associated with increased predation. There is also a clear need for multiple costs to be evaluated concurrently in a single species. The empirical component of this study showcases a powerful analytical framework for evaluating a range of hypotheses using correlational data obtained in the field. More broadly, this paper highlights key factors that should be considered in any investigation that attempts to account for the evolutionary origin or ecological variation in territorial behaviour within and between species.

Food resources affect territoriality of invasive wild pig sounders with implications for control.

Interest in control methods for invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) has increased due to their range expansion, population growth, and an improved understanding of their destructive ecological and economic effects. Recent technological advances in traps for control of pig populations facilitate capture of entire social groups (sounders), but the efficacy of "whole-sounder" trapping strategies is heavily dependent on the degree of territoriality among sounders, a topic little research has explored. We assessed territoriality in wild pig sounders on the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, USA, and examined whether availability of food resources provided by a municipal-waste landfill affected among-sounder territoriality. We estimated utilization distribution overlap and dynamic interactions among 18 neighboring sounders around a landfill. We found that although neighboring sounders overlapped in space, intensity of use in shared areas was uniformly low, indicating territorial behavior. Neighbors tended to share slightly more space when closer to the landfill waste cells, indicating availability of a super-abundant resource somewhat weakens the degree of territoriality among sounders. Nevertheless, we conclude that sounders behaved in a generally territorial manner, and we discuss implications for whole-sounder trapping programs, particularly near concentrated resources such as landfills and crop fields.

Evidence of economical territory selection in a cooperative carnivore.

As an outcome of natural selection, animals are probably adapted to select territories economically by maximizing benefits and minimizing costs of territory ownership. Theory and empirical precedent indicate that a primary benefit of many territories is exclusive access to food resources, and primary costs of defending and using space are associated with competition, travel and mortality risk. A recently developed mechanistic model for economical territory selection provided numerous empirically testable predictions. We tested these predictions using location data from grey wolves (Canis lupus) in Montana, USA. As predicted, territories were smaller in areas with greater densities of prey, competitors and low-use roads, and for groups of greater size. Territory size increased before decreasing curvilinearly with greater terrain ruggedness and harvest mortalities. Our study provides evidence for the economical selection of territories as a causal mechanism underlying ecological patterns observed in a cooperative carnivore. Results demonstrate how a wide range of environmental and social conditions will influence economical behaviour and resulting space use. We expect similar responses would be observed in numerous territorial species. A mechanistic approach enables understanding how and why animals select particular territories. This knowledge can be used to enhance conservation efforts and more successfully predict effects of conservation actions.

[Health, incidence and differences in the territorial vulnerability city of Madrid]. / Salud e incidencia y diferencias en vulnerabilidad territorial de la ciudad de Madrid.

OBJECTIVE: Territoriality is configured as an important axis of inequality. The objective of this study was to determine the level of association between territory and vulnerability, specifying proposals for territorial intervention using key socio-health indicators. METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study, which combined the analysis of the Health Survey Madrid City 2017 (n=9,513) and the vulnerability-ranking indicator of the same year (n=2,780,197), popu-lation of the city of Madrid in 2017, from the Data Bank of the Madrid City Council), prepared with the hierarchical analysis technique. Sociodemographic and health variables were included, such as self-perception of health status, quality of life in relation to health, tobacco consumption, alcohol, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and mental health (GHQ-12). The relationships were assessed with DE, 95% CI, Spearman correlation, B and ß coefficients of multiple linear regression and the pair-point technique. RESULTS: The links between health and vulnerability were: in health-self-perceived and HRQL, as global health variables, p<0.01 for women with territory and vulnerability; sedentary lifestyle for both sexes, was interpreted with 60-80% by territory and vulnerability; obesity was slightly linked to the te-ritory in women and explained 77%; mental health was not territorially related for the group, but it was significantly related to women, due to 64% of the variance; in tobacco there was a significant territorial link in men and vulnerability in 57%; finally, alcohol had a significant difference in men at the territorial level and explained in 72% in both sexes, inverted. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the behavior of global and specific health indicators with vulnerability, with a disaggregation by sex, which will allow planning adapted to the territory.

OBJETIVO: La territorialidad se configura como un eje importante de desigualdad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el nivel de asociación entre territorio y vulnerabilidad, concretando propuestas de intervención territorial mediante indicadores clave socio-sanitarios. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico, que combinó el análisis de la Encuesta de Salud de la Ciudad de Madrid de 2017 (n=9.513) y el indicador de vulnerabilidad-ranking del mismo año (n=2.780.197, población de la ciudad de Madrid en 2017, procedente del Banco de Datos del Ayuntamiento de Madrid), elaborado con la técnica de análisis jerárquico. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas y de salud, como autopercepción del estado de salud, calidad de vida en relación con la salud, consumo de tabaco, alcohol, obesidad, sedentarismo y salud mental (GHQ-12). Las relaciones se valoraron con DE, IC 95%, correlación de Spearman, coeficientes B y ß de regresión lineal múltiple y la técnica de pares de puntos. RESULTADOS: Los vínculos entre salud y vulnerabilidad fueron: en salud-autopercibida y CVRS, como variables globales de salud, p<0,01 para las mujeres con territorio y vulnerabilidad; en sedentarismo para ambos sexos, se interpretó con el 60-80% por el territorio y vulnerabilidad; la obesidad se vinculó levemente con el territorio en las mujeres y explicó el 77%; la salud mental no se relacionó territorialmente para el conjunto, pero sí de forma significativa en las mujeres, por el 64% de la varianza; en tabaco hubo vínculo significativo territorial en hombres y vulnerabilidad en el 57%; finalmente, el alcohol tuvo una diferencia significativa en hombres a nivel territorial y explicó en el 72% en ambos sexos, de forma invertida. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados avalan el comportamiento de los indicadores globales y específicos de salud con la vulnerabilidad, con una desagregación por sexos, lo cual permitirá una planificación adaptada al territorio.

Female mating tactics in lekking fallow deer (Dama dama): experience explains inter-individual variability more than costs.

Most studies on ungulate reproduction have focused on the covariates of male reproductive success, while there is much less information on female tactics of mate choice. The aim of this work is to fill this gap and to assess condition-dependent variations in female tactics in a lekking fallow deer (Dama dama) population. In particular, we investigated three indirect selection mechanisms: i) aggregation: when females join an already formed female group; ii) copying: when females copy the mate choice of other females and iii) territory choice: when females select a territory where many copulations had previously occurred. Our results show that female fallow deer, which are less experienced (younger) and/or incur higher travel costs (home range far from the lek), adopt indirect forms of mate selection more often than older females or females residing near the lek, respectively. Compared to adults, younger females remained longer in the lek (almost three times) and in male territories, returning to the lek after copulation. However, despite the time spent at the lek, younger females were not able to select the highest-rank males, and relied on territory choice more often than older females. Farther does visited the lek less frequently (farthest females only once) and arrived on average 5 days later than closer females (which performed up to 7 visits), but they were seen more often within female groups (aggregation). We did not find a different amount of copying in younger or in farther females. Our results contribute to advance our understanding of female behaviours in ungulate leks.

Against all odds: Numerical assessment by tufted capuchin monkeys.

When competitors are able to assess the asymmetry in the resource holding potential before interacting, individuals or groups should avoid interacting with stronger opponents, thereby avoiding the energy costs and risk of injury associated with aggressive intergroup encounters. Thus, escalated aggression is expected only between closely matched competitors. Among Argentine tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus), intergroup dominance is decided by the asymmetry in male group size. Using playback experiments, I simulated intergroup encounters with neighboring groups, manipulating both the apparent numerical asymmetry and the resource context. During experimental trials, I recorded the approach behavior of the focal individual, as well as changes in neighbor density and individual travel speed following the presentation of the playback stimulus, to assess whether individual willingness to participate in resource defense was affected by the probability of winning the encounter. In spite of the competitive disadvantage, neither males nor females showed a decreased probability of approach when the numerical odds strongly favored the opposing group. Instead decisions regarding whether to participate appear to be driven primarily by the resource context. Nevertheless, changes in individual behavior during approaches suggest that tufted capuchin monkeys are sensitive to the relative odds. Individuals accelerated less when approaching a larger group, although no changes in neighbor density were apparent. The absence of an effect of the numerical asymmetry on willingness to approach the playback speaker suggests that subordinate groups benefit from engaging in intergroup aggression with larger neighbors, despite the high probability of losing. These encounters may serve to assess the current subjective resource valuation of the neighboring group or limit territorial expansion by large groups by decreasing the marginal value of home range exclusivity. Because these encounters are riskier, however, individuals appear to alter their approaches, becoming more tentative as the numerical odds increasingly favor the opposing group.

Do território à multiterritorialidade entre usuários, trabalhadores e pesquisadores em saúde mental / From territory to the multi territoriality among users, workers, and researchers in mental health / Del territorio a la multiterritorialidad entre usuarios, trabajadores e investigadores en salud mental

Este artigo busca problematizar a noção de território na saúde mental por meio da experiência de trabalhadores, usuários e pesquisadores no município de Santa Maria-RS. Trabalhamos com pesquisa de documentos do campo da saúde e da saúde mental, buscando identificar o modo que a noção de território é apresentada nesses textos. Descrevemos e analisamos uma experiência desenvolvida por diversos atores sociais envolvidos na experiência ocorrida em Santa Maria, a partir de dois movimentos. O primeiro é o de usuários em direção à academia, e o segundo, o do cuidado em saúde do serviço de referência para além dos muros. A experiência de trânsito dos diferentes atores sociais em vivências de multiterritorialidades revelou-se um importante vetor de mudança subjetiva e institucional. Vimos em ambos a emergência de uma reivindicação por um direito mais extenso do que o simples acesso aos serviços públicos de saúde. Buscava-se também um "direito à cidade", ou mesmo um trânsito além dela. Enfim, uma busca pela ampliação da experiência de multiterritorialidade e as transformações decorrentes dela...(AU)

This article seeks to problematize the notion of territory in mental health through the experience of workers, users, and researchers in the field of mental health in the municipality of Santa Maria/RS. We work with the research of documents of the field of health and mental health, trying to identify the way that the notion of territory is presented in these texts. We describe and analyze an experience developed by several social actors involved in the experience that occurred in Santa Maria / RS, from two movements. The first is that of users towards academia, and the second is that of the health care of the referral service beyond the walls. The experience of transit of the different social actors in multi-territorial experiences has proved to be an important vector of subjective and institutional change. We have seen in both movements the emergence of a claim for a more extensive right than simple access to public health services. A "right to the city," or even a transit beyond it. Finally, a search for the amplification of the multi territoriality experience and the transformations arising from it...(AU)

Este artículo busca problematizar la noción de territorio en la salud mental por medio de la experiencia de trabajadores, usuarios e investigadores en el municipio de Santa Maria/RS. Trabajamos con la investigación de documentos del campo de la salud y de la salud mental, buscando identificar el modo que la noción de territorio es presentada en esos textos. Describimos y analizamos una experiencia desarrollada por diversos actores sociales involucrados en la experiencia ocurrida en Santa Maria/RS, a partir de dos movimientos. El primero es de los usuarios hacia la academia, y el segundo es del cuidado en salud del servicio de referencia más allá de los muros. La experiencia de tránsito de los diferentes actores sociales en vivencias de multiterritorialidades se ha revelado un importante vector de cambio subjetivo e institucional. Vimos en ambos la emergencia de una reivindicación por un derecho más extenso que el simple acceso a los servicios públicos de salud. Se buscaba también un "derecho a la ciudad", o incluso un tránsito más allá de ella. En fin, una búsqueda por la ampliación de la experiencia de multiterritorialidad, y las transformaciones resultantes de ella...(AU)

Fronteiras permeáveis e suas implicações no cuidado em saúde mental: a experiência de um serviço aberto e territorial / Permeable Borders and their implications on mental health care: the experience of an open and territorial service / Fronteras permeables y sus implicaciones en el cuidado en salud mental: la experiencia de un servicio abierto y territorial

A partir de narrativas de cenas cotidianas e fragmentos de casos clínicos, discutimos as implicações da permeabilidade entre um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial III (Caps) e o território para a estruturação do cuidado, salientando aspectos que favorecem ou dificultam seu funcionamento como um serviço aberto. Verificamos que, apesar de algumas contradições, ocorre uma ruptura com a noção de fechamento no que concerne à espacialidade, à organização do trabalho e à produção das relações de cuidado. Nesse contexto, a interlocução com territórios marcados por precariedades materiais e violências estruturais interrogam a instituição, seus supostos saberes sobre a loucura e suas formas de tratamento e convidam os trabalhadores a sair de seus muros, buscando construir com os usuários saídas sempre singulares para o que os aflige em seus enlaçamentos com o mundo.

From the narratives of daily scenes and fragments of clinical cases, we discuss the implications of permeability between a Psychosocial Care Center III (Caps) and the territory for structuring care, highlighting aspects that favor or hinder its functioning as an open service. We find that, despite some contradictions, there is a rupture with the notion of closure regarding spatiality, the organization of work and the production of care relations. In this context, the interlocution with territories marked by material precarities and structural violence question the institution, its supposed knowledge about madness and its forms of treatment and invite workers to leave their walls, seeking to build with the users always unique outputs for what afflicts them in their entanglements with the world.

A partir de narrativas de escenas cotidianas y fragmentos de casos clínicos, discutimos las implicaciones de la permeabilidad entre un Centro de Atención Psicosocial III (Caps) y el territorio para la estructuración del cuidado, destacando aspectos que favorecen o dificultan su funcionamiento como un servicio abierto. Verificamos que, a pesar de algunas contradicciones, ocurre una ruptura con la noción de cierre en lo que concierne a la espacialidad, a la organización del trabajo ya la producción de las relaciones de cuidado. En este contexto, la interlocución con territorios marcados por precariedades materiales y violencias estructurales interroga a la institución, sus supuestos saberes sobre la locura y sus formas de tratamiento e invita a los trabajadores a salir de sus muros, buscando construir con los usuarios salidas siempre singulares para lo que los aflige en sus enlazados con el mundo.

Non-invasive faecal sampling reveals spatial organization and improves measures of genetic diversity for the conservation assessment of territorial species: Caucasian lynx as a case species.

The Caucasian lynx, Lynx lynx dinniki, has one of the southernmost distributions in the Eurasian lynx range, covering Anatolian Turkey, the Caucasus and Iran. Little is known about the biology and the genetic status of this subspecies. To collect baseline genetic, ecological and behavioural data and benefit future conservation of L. l. dinniki, we monitored 11 lynx territories (396 km2) in northwestern Anatolia. We assessed genetic diversity of this population by non-invasively collecting 171 faecal samples and trapped and sampled 12 lynx individuals using box traps. We observed high allelic variation at 11 nuclear microsatellite markers, and found no signs of inbreeding despite the potential isolation of this population. We obtained similar numbers of distinct genotypes from the two sampling sources. Our results indicated that first order female relatives occupy neighbouring territories (female philopatry) and that territorial male lynx were highly unrelated to each other and to female territorial lynx, suggesting long distance male dispersal. Particular male and female resident territorial lynx and their offspring (kittens and subadults) were more likely to be trapped than resident floaters or dispersing (unrelated) lynx. Conversely, we obtained more data for unrelated lynx and higher numbers of territorials using non-invasive sampling (faeces). When invasive and non-invasive samples were analysed separately, the spatial organisation of lynx (in terms of female philopatry and females and males occupying permanent ranges) affected measures of genetic diversity in such a way that estimates of genetic diversity were reduced if only invasive samples were considered. It appears that, at small spatial scales, invasive sampling using box traps may underestimate the genetic diversity in carnivores with permanent ranges and philopatry such as the Eurasian lynx. As non-invasive sampling can also provide additional data on diet and spatial organisation, we advocate the use of such samples for conservation genetic studies of vulnerable, endangered or data deficient territorial species.

Self-organizing conflicts: Group assessment and the spatio-temporal dynamics of ant territory battles.

Territorial battles among ants exhibit temporal and spatial patterns that self-organize, arising spontaneously from distributed decisions by large numbers of individuals. We describe agent-based models of inter-group fights in ants and show that two behavioral mechanisms that are rarely quantified have large effects on the dynamics of intraspecific battles; specifically, the pattern of search by unengaged ants, and assessment of relative numbers. In the absence of assessment, recruitment by both colonies rises to steady averages. Alternatively, if ants tend to lay trails only when they detect that their nestmates outnumber opponents, fights can be rapidly resolved as one colony ceases recruiting. If ants tend to lay trails when their nestmates are locally outnumbered, the position of the battle may oscillate. We show that the collective ability of fighting ants to accurately compare group sizes may be high even if each ant has limited perception and memory. However, amplification of small initial numerical advantages can lead to priority effects favoring the first colony to recruit even if it is the smaller colony.

Temperature shapes the costs, benefits and geographic diversification of sexual coloration in a dragonfly.

The environment shapes the evolution of secondary sexual traits by determining how their costs and benefits vary across the landscape. Given the thermal properties of dark coloration generally, temperature should crucially influence the costs, benefits and geographic diversification of many secondary sexual colour patterns. We tested this hypothesis using sexually selected wing coloration in a dragonfly. We find that greater wing coloration heats males - the magnitude of which improves flight performance under cool conditions but dramatically reduces it under warm conditions. In a colder region of the species' range, behavioural observations of a wild population show that these thermal effects translate into greater territorial acquisition on thermally variable days. Finally, geo-referenced photographs taken by citizen scientists reveal that this sexually selected wing coloration is dramatically reduced in the hottest portions of the species' range. Collectively, our results underscore temperature's capacity to promote and constrain the evolution of sexual coloration.

Marginal sinks or potential refuges? Costs and benefits for coral-obligate reef fishes at deep range margins.

Escalating climate-related disturbances and asymmetric habitat losses will increasingly result in species living in more marginal habitats. Marginal habitats may represent important refuges if individuals can acquire adequate resources to survive and reproduce. However, resources at range margins are often distributed more sparsely; therefore, increased effort to acquire resources can result in suboptimal performance and lead to marginal populations becoming non-self-sustaining sink-populations. Shifting resource availability is likely to be particularly problematic for dietary specialists. Here, we use extensive in situ behavioural observations and physiological condition measurements to examine the costs and benefits of resource-acquisition along a depth gradient in two obligate corallivore reef fishes with contrasting levels of dietary specialization. As expected, the space used to secure coral resources increased towards the lower depth margin. However, increased territory sizes resulted in equal or greater availability of resources within deeper territories. In addition, we observed decreased competition and no differences in foraging distance, pairing behaviour, body condition or fecundity at greater depths. Contrary to expectation, our results demonstrate that coral-obligate fishes can select high-quality coral patches on the deeper-reef to access equal or greater resources than their shallow-water counterparts, with no extra costs. This suggests depth offers a viable potential refuge for some at-risk coral-specialist fishes.

Mutual assessment during ritualized fighting in mantis shrimp (Stomatopoda).

Safe and effective conflict resolution is critical for survival and reproduction. Theoretical models describe how animals resolve conflict by assessing their own and/or their opponent's ability (resource holding potential, RHP), yet experimental tests of these models are often inconclusive. Recent reviews have suggested this uncertainty could be alleviated by using multiple approaches to test assessment models. The mantis shrimp Neogonodactylus bredini presents visual displays and ritualistically exchanges high-force strikes during territorial contests. We tested how N. bredini contest dynamics were explained by any of three assessment models-pure self-assessment, cumulative assessment and mutual assessment-using correlations and a novel, network analysis-based sequential behavioural analysis. We staged dyadic contests over burrow access between competitors matched either randomly or based on body size. In both randomly and size-matched contests, the best metric of RHP was body mass. Burrow residency interacted with mass to predict outcome. Correlations between contest costs and RHP rejected pure self-assessment, but could not fully differentiate between cumulative and mutual assessment. The sequential behavioural analysis ruled out cumulative assessment and supported mutual assessment. Our results demonstrate how multiple analyses provide strong inference to tests of assessment models and illuminate how individual behaviours constitute an assessment strategy.

Implicações políticas na pesquisa-intervenção com jovens / Political implications on critical participatory action research with youth

Neste artigo refletimos sobre a potência política da pesquisa-intervenção com jovens, no que concerne às transformações nos planos micro e macro sociais e no processo de produção de conhecimento com os/as participantes. Buscamos problematizar pontos de ruptura da pesquisa-intervenção com relação ao modelo tradicional da pesquisa científica, considerando quatro procedimentos: a (des)institucionalização, o (des)disciplinamento, o encontro entre pesquisadores/as e jovens e a produção de outras possibilidades de vida. Entendemos que, ao considerarmos os significados produzidos pelas/os jovens, reconhecendo-as/os como agentes de suas histórias individuais e sociais, estamos nos contrapondo à visão ainda hegemônica sobre a juventude como potencialmente perigosa, irresponsável e despolitizada. A pesquisa-intervenção que advogamos estabelece uma interface com políticas científicas para a produção de conhecimento prudente, pautada na crítica feminista interseccional e nos estudos sobre processos de subalternização. Discutiremos sobre três estudos realizados com jovens em contextos diferentes, porém semelhantes quanto às suas condições de existência, marcadas pela exclusão social, violência e discriminação de gênero, de raça, de local de moradia e de classe social.

In this article we reflect on the political power of critical participatory action research (CPAR) with young people, regarding the transformations in micro and macro social plans and the process of knowledge production with the participants. We seek to problematize breakpoints of CPAR in relation to the traditional model of scientific research, considering four procedures: (dis) institutionalization, (dis) disciplining, the meeting between researchers and young people and the production of other possibilities of life. We understand that by considering the meanings produced by young people, recognizing them as agents of their individual and social histories, we are countering the still hegemonic vision of youth as potentially dangerous, irresponsible and depoliticized. The intervention research we advocate establishes an interface with scientific policies for the production of prudent knowledge, based on the intersectional feminist critique and the studies on subalternization processes. We will discuss three studies carried out with young people in different contexts, but similar in terms of their conditions of existence, marked by social exclusion, violence and discrimination of gender, race, place of residence and social class.