Vestibular function assessment in Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a prospective study.

PURPOSE: Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSHL) can cause acute damage not only to the auditory function, but also to the vestibular function in addition to damage to the hearing function. The aim of this study was to perform vestibular assessment using caloric test and video head impulse test in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. In addition, to evaluate the relationship of dizziness with vestibular tests and post-treatment responses of vestibular tests. METHODS: This is an observational, longitudinal and prospective study, including patients diagnosed with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of vestibular complaints at presentation: Group 1: Patients with vestibular complaints, Group 2: Patients without vestibular complaints. All subjects underwent pure tone audiometry (PTA) testing, cold caloric test and video head impulse test (vHIT) during their admission and on the 10th day, 3rd month, and 1st year of their follow-up outpatient clinic controls. A unilateral weakness (UW) in the caloric test response was quantified according to the Jongkees formula. RESULTS: A positive and significant relationship was found between the degree of hearing loss according to the ASHA criteria pre-treatment and the level of improvement created according to Siegel criteria at the 10th day, 3rd month, 1st year after treatment (respectively p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p < 0.001). When both short-term and long-term results were evaluated after treatment, a positive improvement in the degree of hearing loss was observed. A statistically significant difference was observed between Groups 1 and 2 when the pre-treatment, at 10 days, 3 months and 1 year after treatment the caloric test UW value was compared (respectively p = 0.020, p = 0.004, p = 0.004, p = 0.004). A statistically significant difference was observed between Groups 1 and 2 when the pre-treatment, at 10 days, 3 months and 1 year after treatment vHIT lateral canal VOR value was compared (respectively p = 0.000, p = 0.001, p = 0.000, p = 0.004). When both short-term and long-term results were evaluated after treatment, a positive improvement was observed in both caloric test results and lateral vHIT VOR values. Pre-treatment, post-treatment 10th day, 3rd month, 1st year vHIT anterior and posterior canal VOR values were found to be VOR˃0.8 in all patients. No difference was observed in anterior and posterior canal VOR values. CONCLUSION: Vertigo in patients with ISSHL "as objectively confirmed through caloric testing and vHIT" can be considered a sign of severe cochlear damage. Our study demonstrated a significantly increased risk of vestibular affect in patients with ISSHL, especially in the presence of vertigo. Thus, we conclude that the focus in ISSHL should not only be on the cochlea but also on the vestibular system.

Preoperative Differences in Intracranial Facial Versus Vestibular Schwannomas: A Four Nerve Assessment.

OBJECTIVES: Assesses whether preoperative functional testing can distinguish vestibular schwannomas from facial nerve schwannomas medial to the labyrinthine segment. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. METHODS: Retrospectively review surgically managed intracranial facial and vestibular schwannomas between January 2015 and December 2019 at two tertiary care centers. Patients with neurofibromatosis 2 and surgery for recurrence were excluded. Preoperative functional testing to include House-Brackmann scores, electroneuronography (ENoG), cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP), caloric testing, acoustic brainstem responses (ABRs), acoustic reflexes, and audiograms was compared between the two groups of schwannomas. RESULTS: Twelve facial and 128 vestibular schwannomas met inclusion criteria. In only one case was a facial schwannoma diagnosed preoperatively from imaging. No statistically significant difference was found in preoperative House-Brackmann scores, ENoG, cVEMP, caloric testing, ABRs, or acoustic reflexes. Pure tone average was worse in the vestibular schwannoma group (63 dB [95% CI: 58-68 dB] vs. 46 dB [95% CI: 34-58 dB], P = .01), and the difference was more apparent in the lower frequencies. Word recognition score was better in the facial schwannoma group (66% [95% CI: 45-86%] vs. 41% [95% CI: 34-47%], P = .02). CONCLUSION: Specialized preoperative functional evaluation of the nerves of the internal auditory canal cannot reliably predict the presence of an intracranial facial schwannoma. Hearing is better in facial schwannomas, particularly in the lower frequencies. This should raise the index of suspicion for an intracranial facial schwannoma, especially in candidates for hearing preservation vestibular schwannoma surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 131:2098-2105, 2021.

The feasibility, validity and reliability of a child friendly vestibular assessment in infants and children candidates to cochlear implant.

OBJECTIVES: The pediatric vestibular assessment has developed significantly in the past two decades, especially in terms of assessment of cochlear implant (CI) candidates. Different methods and test protocols have been applied, however without a general consensus. We present here the feasibility, validity and reliability of a child friendly vestibular testing in use at our department for the assessment of pediatric CI candidates. METHODS: The test battery consisted of head impulse test (HIT), video head impulse test (vHIT), cervical evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP) and mini ice water caloric test (mIWC), all adapted from previous methods, mentioned in literature. We defined specific criteria for test feasibility, for test validity and test positivity (i.e. indicating vestibular insufficiency). The reliability of the whole protocol was assessed with test agreement analysis. RESULTS: Complete data from 35 children, all CI candidates, age ranging 4-79 months (67% under 2 years) and recruited over two years, were obtained. All but one child could complete at least one test with valid responses bilaterally, with the best compliance for HIT (97,1%) and least for cVEMP (68,6%). Feasibility did not appear to be affected by age or hearing loss etiology. Among the valid responses there was a substantial test agreement between HIT and vHIT, moderate agreement between vHIT/HIT and mIWC and no apparent agreement between the canal tests and cVEMP. Simple clinical guidelines were introduced to solve the tests' disagreement and to improve the protocol reliability: a) a pathological response had to be confirmed in at least two different canal tests and in at least three cVEMP trials; b) a canal/otolith disagreement was interpreted as a partial vestibular loss to be opposed to a complete vestibular insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The search for vestibular insufficiency in infants and young children can be attained with an opportunely adapted vestibular assessment, such the test battery proposed here. That assessment resulted easy to conduct and to interpret in a representative sample of CI candidates in preschool age, the most of whom were younger than 2 years. This method appears to particularly suit the demands of a vestibular assessment in young children CI candidates.

Economic management of vertigo/dizziness disease in a county hospital: video-head-impulse test vs. caloric irrigation.

The video-head-impulse test (vHIT) is an important test for examining unilateral vestibular hypofunction. Alternatively, one can test for vestibular hypofunction with the caloric irrigation test. Various studies have shown that both tests may not always identify vestibular hypofunction; instead, the results of the tests might be contradictory. This retrospective study reproduces those finding in a much larger group of patients at a county hospital. 1063 patients were examined with the vHIT and bithermal caloric irrigation on the same day and analyzed with respect to side differences. Of those patients 13.3% had pathological vHIT and a caloric irrigation test, 4.6% a pathological vHIT only and 24.1% a pathologic caloric test only. As both tests might be necessary, we calculated the optimal sequence of the two examinations based on savings in time for the different disease groups. Especially in vestibular failure using the vHIT first and only applying the caloric irrigation in case of an unremarkable vHIT saves time and optimizes the diagnostic work up. In contrast, in Menière's disease and vestibular migraine testing caloric irrigation first might be more efficient.

Hot or cold? Is monothermal caloric testing useful and cost-effective?

OBJECTIVES: Videonystagmography (VNG) is used widely in the assessment of balance dysfunction. The full test battery can be time-consuming and can induce patient discomfort. The purpose of this study was to examine the value of monothermal caloric testing in predicting unilateral caloric weakness, as well as abnormal VNG vestibular and nonvestibular eye movement, while considering the time and reimbursement associated with these tests. METHODS: In a retrospective review of 645 patients who completed a comprehensive VNG test battery with bithermal caloric testing, we calculated the specificity, sensitivity, and predictive values of monothermal caloric testing in relation to bithermal caloric results and noncaloric VNG results. RESULTS: With unilateral vestibular weakness (UVW) defined as a 25% interear difference, warm-air monothermal caloric testing yielded a sensitivity of 87% and a negative predictive value of 90% for predicting UVW. With a 10% UVW definition, the warm-air caloric testing sensitivity increased to 95% and the negative predictive value to 92%. Warm-air monothermal caloric testing had a positive predictive value of 85% and a negative predictive value of 18% for predicting noncaloric VNG findings; cold-air monothermal and bithermal testing displayed similar results. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated monothermal testing is a sensitive screening tool for detecting UVW, but is not adequate for predicting noncaloric VNG results.

[Normative values of kinetic tests in VNG assessment]. / Opracowanie wartosci normatywnych testów kinetycznych w badaniu wideonystagmografii (VNG).

BACKGROUND: Balance assessment plays an important role in occupational medicine. The diagnosis of patients with balance disturbances is based on a number of laboratory tests, including rotational chair tests, one of the most important. The normative value of kinetic tests greatly depends on movement parameters and laboratory equipment, which vary between diagnostic centers. The aim of the presented paper was to establish normatives for our laboratory and testing methodology in a group of healthy persons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The balance examination included 45 healthy persons (21 women and 24 men) aged 20-63 years (mean 38.5 +/- 14.9). The study population underwent very thorough neuro-otological examination, static posturography and VNG tests. The caloric test result was a crucial criterion for inclusion to the group of healthy persons. Rotational tests included: one "burst" test analyzing vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) with and without optokinetic stimulation visual vestibular optokinetic reflex (VVOR) and cervico-ocular reflex (COR); three impulse tests and sinusoidal harmonic rotation tests of 0.04, 0.08, 0.1, 0.16, 0.32, and 0.64 Hz. RESULTS: The mean values were: VVOR, 0.9 +/- 0.1; VOR, 0.5 +/- 0.1; and COR, 0.2 +/- 0.1. The mean value of rotational and post-rotational nystagmus induced by sudden chair stop (impulse stimulus) was 9 +/- 7 s, the gain values were 0.4 for sinusoidal tests, in the stimulation range of 0.1-0.32 and 0.5 for 0.64 Hz stimulation. There was no significant linear relationship between age and test parameters except for the test using sinusoidal-decreasing stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: These normative values form the base for a closer incorporation of rotational tests in occupational medicine procedures.

Prognosis of patients with idiopathic sudden hearing loss: role of vestibular assessment.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between caloric and vestibular evoked myogenic potential test results, initial audiogram data, and early hearing recovery, in patients with idiopathic sudden hearing loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and four patients with unilateral idiopathic sudden hearing loss underwent complete neurotological evaluation. Results for vestibular evoked myogenic potential and caloric testing were compared with patients' initial and final audiograms. RESULTS: Overall, abnormal vestibular evoked myogenic potential responses occurred in 28.8 per cent of patients, whereas abnormal caloric test results occurred in 50 per cent. A statistically significant relationship was found between the type of inner ear lesion and the incidence of profound hearing loss. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between the extent of the inner ear lesion and the likelihood of early recovery. CONCLUSION: In patients with idiopathic sudden hearing loss, the extent of the inner ear lesion tends to correlate with the severity of cochlear damage. Vestibular assessment may be valuable in predicting the final outcome.

Situación socieconómica: diagnóstico nutricional antropométrico y dietario en niños y adolescentes de Valencia-Venezuela / Socioeconomic status: anthropometric nutritional diagnosis and dietary adequacy in children and adolescents of an area of Valencia-Venezuela

La capacidad de compra de alimentos derivada del nivel socioeconómico influye en calidad y cantidad de la dieta, pudiendo originar alteraciones nutricionales. Se planteó evaluar la asociación de indicadores socioeconómicos y antropométricos con la adecuación dietaria en niños de una zona de pobreza. Se estudiaron 257 niños menores de 18 años, de una Parroquia de Valencia, 2004. Se determinó estrato socioeconómico (ESE)(Graffar-Méndez), adecuación dietaria (recordatorios 24h, n=97) e indicadores antropométricos: P/E, T/E, P/T, circunferencia brazo, área grasa y muscular, pliegue tricipital e Índice de Masa Corporal). Análisis estadístico por distribución de frecuencia, Chi cuadrado y Pearson. Predominaron varones, escolares, estratos IV y V y una familia por vivienda. Hubo 36,6% de déficit, normalidad en 54,8% y 8,6% de exceso nutricional. Las adecuaciones calórica y proteica fueron aceptables, pero excesiva para fibra, 41,2% de déficit calórico y 45,3% en proteínas, 58,3% de los normales y en exceso tenían aporte calórico deficiente, y los desnutridos 46,5%. El exceso en consumo de fibra (49%) fue independiente del estrato y estado nutricional. La adecuación de fibra se relacionó con ingesta calórica y proteica, edad, talla y área muscular pero no hubo entre adecuación calórica y proteínas con ESE. Se concluye que hubo asociación importante entre el consumo dietario y estado nutricional pero la asociación es menor con el ESE. La evidencia no relacionó las alteraciones encontradas con la situación de pobreza. La evaluación del consumo de alimentos fue útil para complementar la información antropométrica y sociodemográfica; considerando la sub o sobreestimación del dato dietario.

Food purchase capacity is related to socioeconomic level, and it influences dietary quality and quantity. Changes on diet may cause alterations of nutritional status. In order to evaluate the association between socioeconomic and anthropometrics indicators to dietary adequacy in children from a poverty area, 257 children and adolescents randomly selected, from Valencia, Venezuela (2004) were assessed. Socioeconomic status was determined(SES, Graffar-Méndez), dietary adequacy (24h recalls, n=97) and anthropometrical indicators (W/A, H/A, W/H, arm circumference, fat and muscular area, tricipital skinfold and BMI) were measured. Statistical Analysis by frequency distribution, Chi² test and Pearson correlation was performed. Boys, school children; families in poverty(IV and V stratum) and one family/home were highly prevalent. Nutritional diagnosis consisted of: 36.6% of deficit, 54.8% of normality and 8.6% of excess. Mean caloric and protein intake and adequacy were acceptable, but fiber adequacy was excessive. 41.2% of subjects had inadequate energy intake and 45.3% inadequate protein intake. Energy intake was deficient in 58.3% of normal subjects and also in those in excess, and in 46.5% of undernourished children, 52.1% of the undernourished children had excessive adequacy for fiber. There was association between fiber adequacy to energy and protein intake, age; height and muscular area, but not between energy and protein intake to socioeconomic condition. It is concluded that there was an important association between dietary intake and nutritional status but only a weak relation to SES. Evaluation of dietary intake and adequacy is useful to complement anthropometric and socioeconomic information; but care has to be taken for the possibility of under or overestimation of data reported by the interviewed.

Comparison of assessment of caloric nystagmus by observation of duration and by electronystagmographic measurement of slow-phase velocity.

The 'duration' of induced nystagmus was the first parameter used to quantify vestibular function during caloric testing. However, later work suggested that there was a poor correlation between this measure and the physiological events occurring during caloric testing. This, coupled with the development of electronystagmography and the value of a permanent record of the caloric responses, led to the widespread use of the 'slow-phase velocity' measurement of induced nystagmus, as the most commonly used parameter for assessment of the caloric test. Despite a wealth of literature, the 'best' parameter for measuring vestibular function using the caloric test remains undefined and the duration and slow-phase velocity parameters appear to provide different information. The strengths and shortcomings of these two parameters and their relative values are reviewed.

[Balloon method and water irrigation in thermal vestibular assessment. Electronystagmographic comparison of both methods]. / Ballonmethode und Wasserspülung zur thermischen Vestibularisprüfung. Elektronystagmografischer Vergleich beider Methoden.

In cases of large central perforation of the eardrum, caloric test of the vestibular organ cannot be carried out by irrigation of the external auditory canal with water but must be done with a balloon instilled in the external auditory canal perfused with water. Caloric responses were registered by using water irrigation and balloon irrigation in 40 healthy persons. Nystagmographic registrations were analysed. Frequency, slow phase velocity and amplitude of nystagmus were measured. Cumulative percentage curves of the four caloric responses are drawn to compare the distribution of data in balloon and water irrigation (Figures 2-5). In addition, mean values and standard deviations of data and of difference in excitability related to the total excitability are recorded in table 1. Statistics (Wilcoxon test for matched pairs) reveals no significant differences in nystagmographic pattern of caloric reactions between water and balloon stimulation. It is concluded that in the caloric test of the vestibular organ balloon irrigation is equivalent to water irrigation. Balloon irrigation is more comfortable for the patient and easier to handle.

[Intensity of the vestibulo-ocular reflex as a response to thermal labyrinth stimulation with water and air. Comparative studies of the stimulus intensity in thermal vestibular assessment in healthy probands]. / Die Intensität des vestibulo-okulären Reflexes als Antwort auf die thermische Labyrinthreizung mit Wasser und Luft. Vergleichende Untersuchung zur Reizintensität bei der thermischen Vestibularisprüfung bei gesunden Probanden.

In 22 otoneurologically healthy subjects (44 ears) the response of the labyrinthine system to stimulation was studied for the method using water, standardized according to Mulch and Scherer (1980), and for our method of stimulation by air. The mean values of the speed of the slow phase and of the total amplitude of the vestibular nystagmus were significantly lower in case of air stimulation. If we consider each stimulus modality separately, the nystagmus parameters correlate significantly in the right-left comparison, and likewise the right predominant nystagmus with the left predominant nystagmus. However, on comparing the data measured for air stimulation and for water stimulation, no correlation could be established. The reason is thought to be an energetic one, since the method using air depends on heat capacity and heat transfer, whereas the method employing water depends on heat transfer only. Calculation shows that the energetic conditions of the method employing air are of the same order of magnitude as the roughly quantitative minimal rinse when filling the auditory meatus with water of moderate temperature. Hence, thermal stimulation of the labyrinthine system with air reacts very sensitively to changes in experimental conditions, so that all conditions must be strictly adhered to and standardised and the examination methods must be repeatable within narrow tolerance limits. On account of its low mean values and great susceptibility to variation, the method of air stimulation should be discouraged, especially in the assessment of patients who are suspected of suffering from a disease of the vestibulum auris.