[Was Gregor Mendel subjected to chores before becoming a monk in 1843?] / Gregor Mendel fut-il soumis à la corvée avant de devenir moine en 1843 ?

Our knowledge of the young Mendel's life prior to his admission to the monastery comes essentially from the curriculum vitae submitted in 1850. His first biographer Hugo Iltis used this document as a sort of autobiography, although the document contained various voluntary omissions and inaccuracies. We have sought the reasons for these and in so doing have discovered why Mendel's entry into religion had become ineluctable.

TITLE: Gregor Mendel fut-il soumis à la corvée avant de devenir moine en 1843 ? ABSTRACT: Après avoir suivi brillamment deux ans de cours préparatoires à la formation universitaire qui devait le mener au professorat, Gregor Mendel entre subitement dans un monastère augustin en 1843. A-t-il renoncé à son projet professoral pour devenir prêtre ou a-t-il seulement repoussé ce projet ? Afin de déterminer les raisons de son comportement, nous étudions dans cet article ses années de formation secondaire, en complétant et en corrigeant les données d'un curriculum vitae rédigé par lui-même en avril 1850, pour le joindre à une demande d'habilitation à l'enseignement secondaire.

A loucura interroga a gestão: o que aprender com ingovernáveis na era do trabalho imaterial / Madness questions management: what to learn with the ungovernable in the age of immaterial labor

O presente artigo debate a relação entre loucura e gestão, questionando o que os ditos "ingovernáveis" teriam a legar às "razoáveis" formas de gestão que se apresentam no campo das políticas públicas de saúde mental. A partir de uma experiência de avaliação da rede de saúde de um município do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, realizada com usuários de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial, problematizam-se as relações saúde e loucura (compreendida como potência esquizo), as transformações do trabalho tornado imaterial, assim como a ampliação do conceito de gestão do trabalho em saúde mental. Conclui-se que a loucura pode ser um intercessor potente para a invenção das clínicas da Reforma Psiquiátrica.

This article discusses the relation between madness and management, questioning what the so-called "ungovernable" would have to bestow upon the "reasonable" forms of management that are present in the field of public mental health policies. Based on an experience of assessing the health care system in a municipality in the interior of the state of Rio Grande do Sul conducted with users of a Psychosocial Care Center, the article problematizes the relation between good health and madness (understood as schizo power), the transformations of labor made immaterial, as well as the expansion of the concept of work management in mental health care. The conclusion is that madness can be a powerful intercessor for the invention of the Psychiatric Reform clinics.

Psicologia, Trabalho e Gestão? / Psychology, Work, Management? / ¿Psicología, Trabajo y Gestión?

Este artigo trata dos sistemas de racionalidade que sustentam as práticas em Psicologia do Trabalho, entendendo que eles são emergentes de um feixe de forças sociais ligadas a determinados regimes de verdade que contornam sua consistência e operacionalidade em uma época. Discutimos se, em tempos de Sociedade de Controle, as modulações produzidas no campo social estariam promovendo a emergência de uma Psicologia que se poderia chamar "da Gestão", essa uma psicologia alinhada com as novas estratégias de gerenciamento que marcam o trabalho contemporâneo. Por fim, tecemos considerações a respeito do trabalho enquanto atividade exaltando que cada trabalhador é gestor de seu trabalho, lançando, assim, novas questões no que tange às intrincadas relações entre psicologia, gestão e processos de capitalização subjetiva que marcam os modos de trabalho contemporâneos

This paper concerns with rationality systems into which practices in Work Psychology are grounded, considering that these emerge from a sheaf of social forces linked to determined truth regimes that delimit their consistency and operability in time. Here, we discuss if in times of Societies of Control, the social field modulations are producing the emergence of what we could call a Psychology "of Management". That would be a psychology aligned with the new managerial strategies which are a characteristic of contemporary work. At last, we weave considerations concerning work as activity, pointing out that each worker is a manager of his own work; in this way, new questions emerge on what concerns the intricate relation between psychology, management and subjective capitalization processes featured in the contemporary ways of work

Este artículo trata de los sistemas de racionalidad que sostienen las prácticas en Psicología del Trabajo entendiendo que los mismos son emergentes de un atado de fuerzas sociales vinculadas a determinados regímenes de verdad que rodean su consistencia y operatividad en una época. Hemos discutido si en tiempos de Sociedad de Control las modulaciones producidas en el campo social estarían promoviendo la emergencia de una Psicología que se podría llamar "de la Gestión", que es una psicología alineada con las nuevas estrategias de gestión que marcan el trabajo contemporáneo. Por último, tejemos consideraciones acerca del trabajo como actividad exaltando que cada trabajador es gestor de su trabajo, proponiendo, así, nuevas cuestiones con respecto a las intrincadas relaciones entre psicología, gestión y procesos de capitalización subjetiva que marcan los modos de trabajo contemporáneos

La construcción de la matriz mínima de datos de profesionales de la salud del MERCOSUR desde sus inicios hasta el 2014 en Argentina, Brasil y Uruguay / The construction of the minimum data matrix of health professionals of MERCOSUR from its beginnings until 2014 in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay

Este libro presenta una sistematización de los logros alcanzados en la tarea de armonizar las normas de regulación profesional en salud en los países del MERCOSUR en el período 2012-2014. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS) ha venido acompañando y estimulando este proceso, el cual puede considerarse de alto nivel de calidad en la construcción de mecanismos de consenso entre países, específicamente en el campo de las políticas sanitarias.

[Inside and outside the asylum. On the dynamics of work as therapy in Weimar Germany]. / Innerhalb und ausserhalb der Anstalt Zu den Dynamiken von Arbeit als Therapie in der Weimarer Zeit. Das Beispiel der Staatskrankenanstalt Hamburg-Langenhorn.

In the 1920s patients of mental hospitals were more and more treated with work therapy, as the paper will show using the example of the Staatskrankenanstalt Hamburg-Langenhorn that had been founded in 1893 as Irren-Colonie. Based on a qualitative analysis of administration records and patient files the paper poses the question after the effects that work therapy had inside and outside the hospital and examines the interactions between psychiatric acting and economic as well as welfare state needs.

Pathways to El Norte: origins, destinations, and characteristics of Mexican migrants to the United States.

The geography Mexican migration to the U.S. has experienced deep transformations in both its origin composition and the destinations chosen by migrants. To date, however, we know little about how shifting migrant origins and destinations may be linked to each another geographically and, ultimately, structurally as relatively similar brands of economic restructuring have been posited to drive the shifts in origins and destinations. In this paper, we describe how old and new migrant networks have combined to fuel the well-documented geographic expansion of Mexican migration. We use data from the 2006 Mexican National Survey of Population Dynamics, a nationally representative survey that for the first time collected information on U.S. state of destination for all household members who had been to the U.S. during the 5 years prior to the survey. We find that the growth in immigration to southern and eastern states is disproportionately fueled by undocumented migration from non-traditional origin regions located in Central and Southeastern Mexico and from rural areas in particular. We argue that economic restructuring in the U.S. and Mexico had profound consequences not only for the magnitude but also for the geography of Mexican migration, opening up new region-to-region flows.

Hierarchization and segmentation of informal care markets in Slovenia.

The article is the result of qualitative research of informal care markets in Slovenia in the field of childcare, elder care, and cleaning. The author assesses Slovenia's position in the "global care chain" and finds that "local care chains" prevail in the field of childcare and elder care, while a co-occurrence of female gender, "other" ethnicity, and poverty is typical in the field of household cleaning. The main emphasis of the article is on the analysis of hierarchization of the informal market of care work according to following two criteria: social reputation of individual type of care work and citizenship status of care workers.

Negotiating user preferences, discrimination, and demand for migrant labour in long-term care.

The restructuring of long-term care for older people has been marked both by the role of the market and by the role of migrant labor. This article develops the analysis of these processes at the microlevel of the provision of care. It draws on data collected as part of a cross-national comparative study on the employment of migrant care workers in residential care homes and home care services for older people in England and Ireland. The article examines, first, the ways in which divisions of race, ethnicity, and citizenship shape the preferences of service providers/employers and some service users as regards who provides care. Second, it examines how the institutional context of quasi-markets in long-term care shapes the negotiation of demand for migrant labor, the racialized preferences of individual users, alongside the rights of care workers to non-discrimination. It is argued that market-oriented policies for personalization, as well as for cost containment, raise implications for divisions of race, ethnicity, and citizenship in the provision of long-term care. At the same time, those divisions point to the limits of framing care in terms of the preferences of the individual as opposed to the social relations in which care is embedded.

Transnational aging careers: on transformation of kinship and citizenship in the context of migration among Bulgarian Muslims in Spain.

This article focuses on "transnational aging careers," a group of elderly migrants who are in constant movement between social contexts, families, and states. Drawing on a case of Bulgarian Muslim migrants in Spain, I look into the ruptures in the structure of care arrangements, kin expectations, and family relations, which migration triggers. I suggest that these transformations, albeit subtle, lead to reformulation of the fabric of the family. In this way, transnational care-motivated mobility affects future security based on kin reciprocity. At the same time, migration disrupts aging careers' social citizenship both in Bulgaria and in Spain by limiting or even excluding them from state welfare support. I argue that these two lines of transformation, kinship and citizenship, result in new forms of gender and intergenerational inequalities. Furthermore, their intersection leads to a move from welfare to kinfare, which not only affects present arrangements between migrants, but also entails future insecurities.

Care of older people in migration contexts: local and transnational arrangements between Peru and Spain.

Care arrangements for the elderly are becoming a main social process in contemporary societies due to socio-political and lifestyle changes over the last few decades. The family and the State play a basic role in the construction of care systems and in the establishment of strategies to access care resources. In the present context of migration, these resources interact at a transnational level, challenging family and State migratory regimes. These new realities need the recognition of basic international social rights, as the experiences of Peruvians living in a migration context in Spain show.

Rethinking care through social reproduction: articulating circuits of migration.

Care has come to dominate much feminist research on globalized migrations and the transfer of labor from the South to the North, while the older concept of reproduction had been pushed into the background but is now becoming the subject of debates on the commodification of care in the household and changes in welfare state policies. This article argues that we could achieve a better understanding of the different modalities and trajectories of care in the reproduction of individuals, families, and communities, both of migrant and nonmigrant populations by articulating the diverse circuits of migration, in particular that of labor and the family. In doing this, I go back to the earlier North American writing on racialized minorities and migrants and stratified social reproduction. I also explore insights from current Asian studies of gendered circuits of migration connecting labor and marriage migrations as well as the notion of global householding that highlights the gender politics of social reproduction operating within and beyond households in institutional and welfare architectures. In contrast to Asia, there has relatively been little exploration in European studies of the articulation of labor and family migrations through the lens of social reproduction. However, connecting the different types of migration enables us to achieve a more complex understanding of care trajectories and their contribution to social reproduction.

"The law has no feeling for poor folks like us!" Everyday responses to legal compulsion in England's working-class communities, 1871-1904.

During the late Victorian period, the role of the state increased dramatically in England's working-class urban communities. New laws on labor, health, and education, enforced by a growing bureaucracy of elected and appointed officials, extended the reach of public authority into daily life on an unprecedented scale. Everyday negotiations between these officials and working-class men and women, I argue, were key moments for determining the practical impact of new social welfare policies. This was particularly true in the contestation over children's compulsory school attendance, as I demonstrate through a close examination of the daily encounters between parents and education officials. Despite the growing size and authority of the Victorian state, working-class parents effectively mitigated the impact of the compulsory education laws on their families. They were able to do so because the categories that governed the level of enforcement­age, household economic status, health, and labor­were themselves determined through daily dialogues between parents and education officials. Parents' familiarity with the law and with the dynamics of the public education bureaucracy were key factors in these negotiations, as were internal fractures within the Victorian state itself. Working-class parents, and mothers in particular, also countered officials' moral policy justifications with their own discourse of right and wrong, which focused on the legitimacy of parental authority, an insistence on just treatment, and the elevation of household needs over the laws' requirements.

"Good looks don't boil the pot": Irish-Newfoundland women as fish(-producing) wives.

This article explores the historical understanding of maritime womanhood in Newfoundland by examining women in fishing families along the southern Avalon Peninsula from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries. It does not talk about fishwives in any popular sense of the word, for these women did not market fish; rather, they produced salt fish for market. And while middle-class observers may have perceived them as coarse and bold, within their own families and fishing communities they were seen as essential partners who contributed equally to family economies. Within a sexual division of labor that assigned vital and complementary tasks to both men and women, Newfoundland fish(-producing) wives carried out hard physical labor at public sites of production. This contributed significantly to the construction of "woman" as essential worker, which in turn had broader repercussions for their status and authority within fishing communities. The participation of fish(-producing) wives changed significantly from the 1950s onward, as the fishery moved from household production to a modernized, and discursively masculinized, industry. Yet the iconic image of the fish(-producing) wife in traditional household production remains undisrupted in the early twenty-first century.

CFTC/CFDT attitudes towards immigration in the Parisian region: making immigrant workers' condition a cause.

This paper, which is based on the detailed analysis of the post-war archives of the French Christian union Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens (CFTC), which became the Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail (CFDT) in 1964, highlights the difficulties, both from a practical and ideological point of view, for a militant organisation to embrace the cause of immigrant workers and to give them a voice. The CFDT had to 'construct' immigrant workers as a group they could represent, which means as a group that relates to French workers, despite possible xenophobia. A key moment was the denunciation of their housing conditions that make immigrant workers not competitors in the job market but victims of injustice. The union had to reinvent its engagement frames in order to include the specific problems faced by the immigrant workforce. The study shows that the urban dimension was essential in this process as Paris slums made visible an important plight of migrants and provided the opportunity to change public opinion.

The man with the dirty black beard: race, class, and schools in the antebellum South.

The problem of poor, degraded white people in the antebellum South presented a problem to both reformers and proponents of slavery. Sharpening the differences of race meant easing those of class, ensuring that public schooling did not always receive widespread support. The cult of white superiority absolved the state of responsibility for social mobility. As better schooling was advocated for religious and civic reasons, wealthy planters determined to avoid taxes joined with their illiterate neighbors in fighting attempts at "improvement" that undermined the slave system based on the notion of black inferiority.

The effects of teenage fatherhood on young adult outcomes.

This paper uses national longitudinal data and several new empirical strategies to examine the consequences of teenage fatherhood. The key contribution is to compare economic outcomes of young fathers to young men whose partners experienced a miscarriage rather than a live birth. The results suggest that teenage fatherhood decreases years of schooling and the likelihood of receiving a high school diploma and increases general educational development receipt. Teenage fatherhood also appears to increase early marriage and cohabitation, and has mixed short-term effects on several labor market outcomes.

The body mass index of blacks and whites in the United States during the nineteenth century.

Body mass index (BMI) values reflect the net balance between nutrition, work effort, and calories consumed to fight disease. Nineteenth-century prison records in the United States demonstrate that the BMI values of blacks and whites were distributed symmetrically; neither underweight nor obese individuals were common among the working class. BMI values declined throughout the nineteenth century. By modern standards, however, nineteenth-century BMIs were in healthy weight ranges, though the biological living standards in rural areas exceeded those in urban areas. The increase in BMIs during the twentieth century did not have its origin in the nineteenth century.