Características demográficas, de salud, necesidades de cuidado y diagnósticos de enfermería de personas hospitalizadas que sufren trastorno afectivo bipolar / Demographic and Health Characteristics, Care Needs and Nursing Diagnoses in Hospitalized Individuals with Bipolar Affective Disorder / Características demográficas, de saúde, necessidades de cuidado e diagnósticos de enfermagem de pessoal hospitalizado sofrendo transtorno afetivo bipolar

Introducción: el trastorno afectivo bipolar (TAB) es una enfermedad mental crónica más frecuente en mujeres que en hombres. La prevalencia en el mundo es del 1% y en Colombia es del 1,2%. Objetivo: Describir las características demográficas, de salud, necesidades de cuidado y diagnóstico de enfermería en pacientes que ingresan a hospitalización con un diagnóstico de TAB a la Clínica Psiquiátrica Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón. Método: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Se seleccionaron 158 historias clínicas entre enero y junio de 2015, La información se recolectó de las notas de ingreso del equipo terapéutico, y para las necesidades de cuidado se utilizaron los patrones funcionales de Marjory Gordon. Resultados: el 55,7% eran mujeres, con edades entre 19 y 82 años, el 71,5% eran residentes de Medellin, el 47,5% eran solteros, el 19% tenían estudios secundarios. El 66,5% presentó sintomatologia propia del TAB en el momento del ingreso; el diagnóstico CIE-10 más frecuente fue TAB-episodio maniaco, presente con síntomas psicóticos. Las necesidades encontradas, según los patrones de Marjory Gordon, fueron: falta de introspección, presencia de insomnio, alucinaciones y autoagresión. Para estas necesidades los diagnósticos de enfermería fueron: deterioro de la toma de decisiones independiente, trastorno del patrón del sueño y riesgo de violencia autodirigida. Conclusiones: La información demográfica y de salud es similar a las características reportadas por otras investigaciones. Tanto las necesidades de cuidado y los diagnósticos de enfermería son congruentes con la incapacidad mental que impiden un adecuado autocuidado.

Introduction: Bipolar Affective Disorder (BAD) is a chronic mental illness more frequently found in woman than in men. The prevalence over the world is 1% and in Colombia is 1.2%. Objective: To describe the demographic and health characteristics, care needs and nursing diagnoses in patients hospitalized due to a BAD diagnosis in the mental-health clinic Clínica Psiquiátrica Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón. Method: This is a retrospective descriptive study. One hundred and fifty-eight medical records were selected between January and June 2015. Information was gathered from the admission notes by the therapeutic team; the functional patterns by Marjory Gordon were used to examine the care needs based on the data. Results: In the sample, 55.7%were women from 19 to 82 years old; 71.5% of the sample lived in Medellin; 47.5% were single individuals; 19% had completed the high school. A 66.5% showed symptoms typical to the BAD at the time of admission; under the CIE-10 diagnosis, the BAD maniac episode was the most frequent and included psychotic symptoms. According to the patterns by Marjory Gordon, the nursing needs found in the sample were: lack of introspection, sleeplessness, hallucinations, and selfharming. Regarding these needs, the nursing diagnoses were: deterioration in the independent decision-making; disorder of the sleep pattern and self-harming risk. Conclusions: The demographic and health information is similar to the typical characteristics reported in other researches. Both the care needs and nursing diagnoses are consistent with the mental inability, which hampers an appropriate self-care.

Introdução: O transtorno afetivo bipolar (TAB) é uma doença mental crônica mais frequente em mulheres do que em homens. A prevalência no mundo é de 1 % e na Colômbia é de 1,2%. Objetivo: Descrever as características demográficas, de saúde, necessidades de cuidado e diagnóstico de enfermagem em pacientes internos com diagnóstico de TAB na Clínica Psiquiátrica Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón. Método: Estudo descritivo retrospectivo. Selecionaram-se 158 relatórios clínicos entre janeiro e junho de 2015. A informação foi coletada das anotações de admissão da equipe terapêutica, e para as necessidades de cuidado foram utilizados padrões funcionais de Marjory Gordon. Resultados: 55,7% foram mulheres, com idades entre 19 e 82 anos, 71,5% foram residentes em Medellin, 47,5% solteiros, 19% tinham ensino médio. 66,5% apresentou sintomatologia própria do TAB no momento do ingresso; o diagnóstico CIE-10 mais frequente foi TAB-episódio maníaco, presente com sintomas psicóticos. As necessidades encontradas, de acordo com os padrões de Marjory Gordon, foram: falta de introspeção, presença de insônia, alucinações e autoagressão. Para tais necessidades os diagnósticos de enfermagem foram: deterioração da tomada de decisões independente, transtorno do padrão de sonho e risco de violência autodirigida. Conclusões: As informações demográficas e de saúde são semelhantes às caraterísticas relatadas por outras pesquisas. Tanto as necessidades de cuidado quanto os diagnósticos de enfermagem são congruentes com a incapacidade mental que impede um adequado autocuidado.

Burden on caregivers of older patients with bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVES: Available data suggest high burden on caregivers of patientswith bipolar disorder (BD), yet the well-being of patients with BD increasingly depends on family members, partners and close friends. Aspatients with BD get older, the need for informal care may shift. We aimed to describe the caregivers of older adults with BD (OABD) and explore what patients' and caregivers' characteristics are associated with caregiver burden. METHOD: Forty-seven caregivers of OABD were questioned about their perceived burden and depressive symptoms. Linear regression analyses were performed to examine the influence of various patients' and caregivers' characteristics on caregiver burden or depression. RESULTS: More than half of all caregivers experienced some degree of burden,and 6.4% reported depressive symptoms. The number of psychiatric admissions and social functioning were the only patients' characteristics associated with higher burden. Caregiver burden was significantly associated with caregiver's other obligations. None of the patient or caregiver characteristics was significantly associated with depression in caregivers of OABD. CONCLUSION: In OABD, even with few residual symptoms, more than half of all caregivers experience substantial burden. Future studies are needed to confirm if improving social functioning and preventing psychiatric hospitalizations decrease the burden on the caregivers of OABD.

[Evolution of the levels of the caregiver burden in bipolar patients' family members who participated in a psychoeducational workshop]. / Evolución de los niveles de sobrecarga del cuidador en familiares de pacientes bipolares que participaron de un taller de psicoeducación.

PURPOSE: Caregiver burden is a variable which measures the impact of a chronic disease on the people who are closer to the patient. Different investigations have shown that the burden suffered by family members of patients with bipolar disorder is similar to that suffered by the relatives of schizophrenic patients and superior to the excessive strain caused by chronic diseases, such as diabetes. Lowering burden levels has been proved to improve family members' welfare and also to reduce patients' relapse indexes. This research accounts for the diminution in the burden endured by family members who participated in a psychoeducational workshop which included an "expert patient" in the coordinators team. METHODS: Zarit scale for assessment of caregiver burden was used at three stages: at the beginning of the workshop (n=95), at the end of the workshop (n=64) and three months later by a follow-up (n=34). RESULTS: The percentage of participants with overburden was reduced from a 75 % in the first sample taken to a 63% in the last one with a significant fall in the intense burden. CONCLUSIONS: The study has succeeded in showing that there was a reduction in the burden. However, it could not prove whether the results came as a consequence of the intervention model or as the natural evolution of the burden over the course of time. We have been advancing in further investigations which will shed light on these variables.

Comparing Affiliate Stigma Between Family Caregivers of People With Different Severe Mental Illness in Taiwan.

The family caregivers of people with mental illness may internalize the public stereotypes into the affiliate stigma (i.e., the self-stigma of family members). This study aimed to compare the affiliate stigma across schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, and to investigate potential factors associated with affiliate stigma. Each caregiver of family members with schizophrenia (n = 215), bipolar disorder (n = 85), and major depressive disorder (n = 159) completed the Affiliate Stigma Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Caregiver Burden Inventory, Taiwanese Depression Questionnaire, and Beck Anxiety Inventory. After controlling for potential confounders, the hierarchical regression models showed that caregivers of a family member with schizophrenia had a higher level of affiliate stigma than those of bipolar disorder (ß = -0.109; p < 0.05) and major depressive disorder (ß = -0.230; p < 0.001). Self-esteem, developmental burden, and emotional burden were significant factors for affiliate stigma. The affiliate stigma of caregivers is associated with their self-esteem, caregiver burden, and by the diagnosis.

Psychological Correlates of Burden Among Jordanian Caregivers of Patients With Serious Mental Illness.

PURPOSE: To examine prediction power of personality traits, expressed emotion, and coping strategies on caregivers' burden. DESIGNS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive correlational design was used to collect data from 196 caregivers using the Self-Administered Questionnaire from Jordanian caregivers of patients with serious mental illness. FINDINGS: Jordanian caregivers had a moderate-to-severe burden level (M = 47.1, SD = 11.5). Burden had a significant negative relationship with coping (r = -.15, p = .04) and significant positive relationship with personality dysfunction (r = .16, p = .021). Emotional expression, coping, and personality were found to be significant predictors of burden (F = 5.16, p = .002). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Mental health professionals need to address family caregivers in their plans of care.

Assessment and Care of Childbearing Women With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness.

Severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) refers to complex mood disorders that include major depressive disorder with or without psychosis; severe anxiety disorders resistant to treatment; affective psychotic disorders including bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder; and other nonaffective subtypes of schizophrenia. SPMIs affect 1 in 17 people and are among the leading causes of disability and impaired health-related quality of life in the United States. Caring for childbearing women with preexisting SPMI can be challenging for maternal-child health clinicians. This article provides an overview of SPMI during pregnancy and challenges for clinicians, including early identification, accuracy of diagnoses, and appropriate management through care coordination among an interdisciplinary team that includes obstetric providers, psychiatrists, nurses, and others.

Comparison of burden among family members of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in a large acute psychiatric hospital in China.

BACKGROUND: The difference of burden between caregivers of acute patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder has not been well studied in China, a culture where family responsibility has a very high value. Our aim is to compare family burden in these two categories diagnosis and to identify predictors of family burden in a large psychiatric hospital in China. METHODS: Two hundred forty-three schizophrenic patients and 200 bipolar patients were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Patients were independently evaluated on symptoms, insight, attitudes toward medication, quality of life during the first week of their admissions. The prime caregiver for each patient was also evaluated with a standard measure of family burden within 1 week of patients' admission. RESULTS: Caregiver perceptions of violent behavior and suicidal risk among patients with bipolar disorder were significantly greater than among families of those with schizophrenia. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated differential correlates of burden for all predictive factors with R(2) values ranging from 0.14 to 0.27 in the five burden factors in schizophrenia families; and from 0.12 to 0.24 in bipolar disorder families. Symptoms severity explained the greatest proportion of variance, whereas patient and caregiver demographic variables explained much less variance. CONCLUSION: Family burden, especially the caregiver perceptions of violent and suicidal behaviors were greater in care givers of acute bipolar disorder patients than among caregivers of schizophrenia patients in the present sample. However, in families of patients with both disorders clinical features were the strongest predictor of caregiver burden.

The role of family interventions in bipolar disorder: A systematic review.

The reciprocal relationship between bipolar disorder (BD) and the family system highlights the importance of adjunctive family intervention. However, its implementation in clinical practice is not widespread. To update the knowledge in this field and identify areas of uncertainty this manuscript present a comprehensive overview of the bidirectional relationship between BD and family variables, and a systematic review of the evidence-based studies published up to March 2015 on the efficacy of adjunctive family intervention in BD. Findings show that not only specific family's attitudes/interactions affect the course of BD but that equally the illness itself has a strong impact on family functioning, caregivers' burden and health. Regarding family intervention, there are methodological differences between studies and variability in the sample characteristics and the intervention used. Most evidence-based studies support the efficacy of adjunctive family treatment in the illness outcomes, both in youth and adult population, as well as benefits for caregivers. The results emphasize the need to involve caregivers in the therapeutic management of BD through tailored interventions based on patients' characteristics and family needs.

[Spousal burden in partners of patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder]. / Brzemie malzonków osób chorujacych na depresje nawracajaca lub chorobe afektywna dwubiegunowaq.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the burden level of spouses of patients in the symptomatic remission state of the major depressive disorder (MDD; 60 patients) or bipolar disorder (BD; 65 patients) and coping styles. METHODS: The Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire was used to assess the burden magnitude. Coping styles were evaluated by the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situation. Information concerning patients' clinical histories, a marriages characteristics and sociodemographic data were obtained from a structured clinical interview. RESULTS: There were significant levels of the perceived burden in spouses of patients with either BD or MDD. In both groups the burden level was significantly higher for spouses with worse appraisal of the marital adjustment and functioning. A positive correlation between higher perceived level of burden and emotion-focused coping style was found in both groups. For the problem-oriented coping style a negative correlation with the perceived burden level was found in the BD group only. The quality of'current sexual satisfaction' was significantly lower among the spouses of BD patients. The sense of illness-driven deterioration of the quality of their sexual lives implied higher level of total and objective burden of spouses in the MDD sample. This was not the case among the spouses of patients diagnosed with BD. CONCLUSIONS: Spouses of patients with affective disorders should be offered with opportunities of training in more effective methods of coping (including problem-solving methods) with an illness of a family member, in order to decrease the level of burden.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Greek version of the Family Questionnaire for assessing expressed emotion.

Expressed emotion (EE) has proved to be an established factor in short-term relapse in schizophrenia. The aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the Family Questionnaire (FQ), a brief self-report questionnaire measuring the EE status of relatives of patients with schizophrenia in terms of criticism (CC) and emotional overinvolvement (EOI). The translated and adapted 20-item FQ was administered to 176 family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Caregivers' burden (Family Burden Scale) and psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire-28) were also evaluated. The findings indicated that the Greek version displays a two-factor structure with two subscales of EE-CC and EOI-with 10 items each, similarly to the original version. The convergent validity of the subscales was highly supported by correlations with caregivers' burden and psychological distress. The Cronbach's α coefficient measuring internal consistency for the two scales were 0.90 for CC and 0.82 for EOI. The test-retest correlation coefficients measuring reproducibility were 0.99 and 0.98 for CC and EOI, respectively. The Greek version of the FQ appears to be a valid and reliable instrument to be used in both research and clinical assessment of family EE.

Physical health inequities in people with severe mental illness: identifying initiatives for practice change.

People with severe mental illness have a higher prevalence of co-morbid physical diseases and a significantly reduced life expectancy when compared with people in the general population. This article explores the literature published between 2002 and 2012 in order to identify causes of poor physical health in those with severe mental illness and discusses interventions that may be implemented to enhance health outcomes for this group. The causes of poor physical health in those with severe mental illness are difficult to address. However, existing literature does identify some interventions that can potentially provide the basis for practice change.

Towards a more liveable life for close relatives of individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

The life of close relatives of persons with bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with emotional distress, depression, and a high level of use of mental health care. Illness-related changes of their life situation endanger relationships, social life, finances, and occupational functioning. Understanding of facilitating conditions for close relatives is still a neglected research area. The aim of the present study thus was to explore what makes the life of close relatives of persons with BD more liveable. A lifeworld phenomenological approach was used. The findings reveal that keeping distance, having stability in everyday life, and strengthening equality through transparent communication are conditions that enable close relatives to influence the unpredictable and its consequences and thus make life more liveable. This implies contributions from close relatives, the person with BD, and the caring services. We propose that health-care support should not be divided in support for the patient and/or the close relatives but instead be designed as support for the 'patient and close relatives' as a unit. Professional caregivers need to take responsibility for creating intersubjective settings for the person with BD and their close relatives to share their needs and make joint plans for how to influence the illness-related life issues.

The measurement of burden of care in serious mental illness: a qualitative review.

OBJECTIVE: Caring for someone with serious mental illness such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder can result in considerable consequences for the caregiver. Carers often experience a range of negative emotions, impacts upon their physical and mental health, as well as financial strain. Resultant from these impacts, carers utilise medical services at a higher rate than their non-caregiving counterparts. Further, these consequences of caregiving can also impact upon the patient, resulting in an increase in psychopathology and relapse. Although the notion of burden has been studied for approximately 60 years, many flaws and inadequacies remain; most notably, a lack of agreement on the definition of the construct along with the poor psychometric properties of the burden assessment instruments. METHOD: This article reviews and evaluates the measures of burden of care that have been utilised with carers of people with a serious mental illness. A systematic search was conducted and all articles that had measured burden of care in schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in the database PUBMED were reviewed to ascertain the measure utilised. RESULTS: Ten different measures were subsequently identified and eight were reviewed; two were excluded on the basis that they had only been utilised once. CONCLUSIONS: It was apparent that many of the measures lacked a strong theoretical basis and sound psychometric properties. Further, some of the measures lacked utility, feasibility and specificity. The article concludes with recommendations for future research.

Drawing the line: a case study of ambivalence in sibling support for adults with complex needs.

The purpose of this article is to illuminate the dynamics of sibling group support when one sibling has complex needs accompanied by difficult behaviors. A case study of sibling support for a twenty-year-old woman with a disability, a mental health issue, and addictions, drawn from the perspectives of her full brother, her half-brother, and their mother, is presented. The brothers express ambivalence between devotion to supporting their sister and limits to the support they feel able to provide. The limits the brothers place on their support allow them to adhere to their values, preserve their energy and, ultimately, sustain their ability to provide support.

Caregiver burden in bipolar hypomania and mania: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Bipolar mania is characterized by marked impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. One should expect to see an equally severe burden in informal caregivers. The literature was reviewed in order to provide a foundation upon which to build nursing interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Several characteristics of bipolar mania-patient aggressiveness, lack of insight, and financial problems-were identified as severe burdens to caregivers. Professionals might not have a total view of the extent of the burden in caregivers. This review could not link the patients' mania or hypomania to factors that were described in other literature on caregiver burden related to bipolar disorder, regardless of the type of episode. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: There is a need for further research in this area to make more explicit the burden on caregivers during times of mania or hypomania.

Needs of persons with serious mental illness following discharge from inpatient treatment: patient and family views.

Patients with serious mental illnesses often struggle with persistent symptoms that interfere with daily functioning in the community. The first days and weeks following inpatient treatment for an acute episode may be a critical time for patients to connect with the recommended community follow-up. Residual symptoms may interfere with their ability to access and benefit from these services to meet their needs. A descriptive study was conducted to explore perceptions of patients and families of patients' needs, functioning, coping and social support in the first 4 weeks after inpatient treatment. Results suggested that these patients had residual symptoms after discharge that interfered with functioning despite the availability of follow-up services. Patients identified unmet needs related to their illness. Family members identified concerns related to the lack of improvement in their ill relatives over time. Patients expressed satisfaction with care and felt supported by their families. Both patients and families seemed to lack a thorough understanding of goals for follow-up care.

Engagement in primary care treatment by persons with severe and persistent mental illness.

Even when primary care provider relationships exist, persons with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) are more likely to be undertreated and seek care from emergency room settings. The purpose of this study was to describe the social process of engagement in primary care treatment from the perspective of persons with SPMI. Using grounded theory and semistructured interviews, 32 adults were interviewed. The process of engagement includes mattering, being perceived as credible and capable, and working together. Clinical, education, and research implications are discussed. Future studies should explore engagement in primary care with this population from the perspective of providers.

Rumination, gender, and depressive symptoms associated with caregiving strain in bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the associations between indices of caregiving strain, ruminative style, depressive symptoms, and gender among family members of patients with bipolar disorder. METHOD: One hundred and fifty primary caregivers of patients enrolled in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) participated in a cross-sectional study to evaluate the role of ruminative style in maintaining depressive symptoms associated with caregiving strain. Patient lifetime diagnosis and current episode status were evaluated by the Affective Disorder Evaluation and the Clinical Monitoring Form. Caregivers were evaluated within 30 days of the patient on measures of family strain, depressive symptoms, and ruminative style. RESULTS: Men and women did not differ on depression, caregiver strain, or ruminative style scores. Scores suggest an overall mild level of depression and moderate caregiver strain for the sample. Greater caregiver strain was significantly associated (P<0.05) with rumination and level of depressive symptoms, controlling for patient clinical status and demographic variables. Rumination reduced the apparent association between strain and depression by nearly half. Gender was not significantly associated with depression or rumination. CONCLUSION: Rumination helps explain depressive symptoms experienced by both male and female caregivers of patients with bipolar disorder. Interventions for caregivers targeted at decreasing rumination should be considered.

Managing patients with bipolar disorder at home: a family affair and a psychiatric challenge in home healthcare.

Medicare has covered psychiatric home care for many years, but the delivery of psychiatric services in the home continues to raise questions related to coverage and criteria. What services do psychiatric nurses provide in the home? What are the rules and regulations governing this service? This article presents information related to psychiatric nursing in home care and specifically bipolar disease. These questions are answered within Chapter 7 of the Medicare Benefit Policy Manual, April 2011. Section 40.1.2.15.