Clinical management of quadriplegia in low and middle-income countries: a patient's road to physiotherapy, prostheses and rehabilitation.

Here we discuss the follow-up case of a 27-year-old male patient from rural Philippines, who was neglected by local health services after losing all four of his limbs as a result of a high-voltage electrical accident. The case follows the patient's road to accessing prostheses, rehabilitation health services and physiotherapy. Significant disparities were found between the government health services and the private sector with respect to quality, accessibility and affordability. Access to affordable healthcare is a basic human right that must be a priority for low-income and middle-income countries.

[Work accidents and automatic circuit reclosers in the electricity sector: beyond the immediate causes]. / Acidentes de trabalho e os religadores automáticos no setor elétrico: para além das causas imediatas.

The Brazilian electricity sector has recorded high work-related mortality rates that have been associated with outsourcing, used to cut costs. In order to decrease the power outage time for consumers, the industry adopted the automatic circuit recloser as the technical solution. The device has hazardous implications for maintenance workers. The aim of this study was to analyze the origins and consequences of work accidents in power systems with automatic circuit recloser, using the Accident Analysis and Prevention (AAP) model. The AAP model was used to investigate two work accidents, aimed to explore the events' organizational origins. Case 1 - when changing a deenergized secondary line, a worker received a shock from the energized primary cable (13.8kV). The system reclosed three times, causing severe injury to the worker (amputation of a lower limb). Case 2 - a fatal work accident occurred during installation of a new crosshead on a partially insulated energized line. The tip of a metal cross arm section strap touched the energized secondary line and electrocuted the maintenance operator. The circuit breaker component of the automatic circuit recloser failed. The analyses revealed how business management logic can participate in the root causes of work accidents through failures in maintenance management, outsourced workforce management, and especially safety management in systems with reclosers. Decisions to adopt automation to guarantee power distribution should not overlook the risks to workers in overhead power lines or fail to acknowledge the importance of ensuring safe conditions.

O setor elétrico brasileiro registra elevados índices de mortalidade por acidentes de trabalho que vêm sendo associados à terceirização, introduzida como forma de rebaixamento de custos. Para diminuir o tempo de interrupção do fornecimento de energia aos consumidores, o setor adotou, como solução tecnológica, o religador automático. Essa medida apresenta características perversas para os trabalhadores de manutenção. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar origens e consequências de acidentes de trabalho em sistemas elétricos dotados de religador automático utilizando o Modelo de Análise e Prevenção de Acidentes (MAPA). O MAPA foi usado na investigação de dois acidentes de trabalho visando a explorar as origens organizacionais dos eventos. Caso 1 - ao trocar linha secundária desenergizada, um trabalhador foi atingido por cabo primário energizado (13,8kV). O sistema foi religado três vezes, agravando as lesões (amputação de membro inferior). Caso 2 - acidente de trabalho fatal ocorrido durante instalação de cruzeta nova, em linha energizada, parcialmente isolada. A extremidade de uma mão francesa metálica encostou na linha secundária energizada e eletrocutou o operador de manutenção. O componente desligador do religador automático não funcionou. As análises contribuem para desvelar como a lógica de gestão de negócios pode participar nas origens de acidentes de trabalho via falhas da gestão de manutenção, da gestão de força de trabalho de terceiras e, em especial, da gestão de segurança em sistemas dotados de religadores. As decisões pela automação para garantir a distribuição de energia não podem negligenciar os riscos aos trabalhadores da rede elétrica e, tampouco, deixar de reconhecer a importância do controle sobre as condições de segurança.

El sector eléctrico brasileño registra elevados índices de mortalidad por accidentes de trabajo, que están siendo asociados a la tercerización, introducida como forma de reducción de costes. Para disminuir el tiempo de interrupción de la energía a los consumidores, el sector adoptó como solución tecnológica, el reconectador automático. Esta medida presenta características perversas para los trabajadores del sector de mantenimiento. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los orígenes y consecuencias de los accidentes de trabajo en sistemas eléctricos dotados de reconectador automático, utilizando el Modelo de Análisis y Prevención de Accidentes (MAPA). El MAPA se usó en la investigación de dos accidentes de trabajo, con el objetivo de explorar las causas organizativas de los eventos. Caso 1 - al cambiar la línea secundaria sin energía, un trabajador fue alcanzado por un cable primario con energía (13,8kV). El sistema se reconectó tres veces, agravando las lesiones (amputación de miembro inferior). Caso 2 - accidente de trabajo fatal ocurrido durante la instalación de una cruceta nueva, en una línea con energía, parcialmente aislada. La extremidad de una cruceta metálica cayó en la línea secundaria con energía y electrocutó al obrero de mantenimiento. El componente que desconectaba el reconectador automático no funcionó. Los análisis contribuyen a desvelar cómo la lógica de gestión de negocios puede ser partícipe en las causas de accidentes de trabajo, vía fallos en la gestión del mantenimiento, de la gestión de fuerza de trabajo de terceras personas y, en especial, de la gestión de seguridad en sistemas dotados de reconectadores. Las decisiones de la automatización para garantizar la distribución de energía no pueden obviar los riesgos para los trabajadores de la red eléctrica y tampoco dejar de reconocer la importancia del control sobre las condiciones de seguridad.

Wildfires as collateral effects of wildlife electrocution: An economic approach to the situation in Spain in recent years.

The interaction between wildlife and power lines has collateral effects that include wildfires and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, currently available information is scarce and so new approaches are needed to increase our understanding of this issue. Here, we present the first analysis of wildfires and their incidence as a result of this interaction in Spain during the period 2000-2012. Amongst the 2788 Power-Line Mediated Wildfires (PLMW recorded) during this period, 30 records of Fauna Mediated Wildfires (FMW) were found, with an average affected vegetation cover of 9.06ha. Our findings suggest that no significant differences were observed between the amount of affected surface area due to fauna mediated wildfires and power-line mediated wildfires. In both cases, a space-grouping trend was observed. In terms of changing trends over time, after the first incident detected in 2005, the number of incidents increased until 2008, year in which the percentage of wildfires caused by wildlife stabilized at approximately 2.4% of all power-line-induced wildfires. Population density and road abundance were variables that better explained PLMW whereas for FMW, the models that included land use and raptor abundance. In the multivariate model, FMW emergence was positively related with population density, percentage of grazing areas and Natura 2000 cover, and predatory abundance; and negatively with the percentage of forested area. No significant differences were observed between the species of birds that caused wildfires and the species of ringed birds killed by electrocution. The economic and environmental impact due to necessary repairs, the loss of biodiversity and CO2 emissions represent an estimated net value of €7.6-12.4M for the period 2000-2012, which indicates the importance of the economic and environmental costs associated with wildfires.

Acidentes de trabalho e os religadores automáticos no setor elétrico: para além das causas imediatas / Work accidents and automatic circuit reclosers in the electricity sector: beyond the immediate causes / Accidentes de trabajo y reconectadores automáticos en el sector eléctrico: más allá de las causas inmediatas

Resumo: O setor elétrico brasileiro registra elevados índices de mortalidade por acidentes de trabalho que vêm sendo associados à terceirização, introduzida como forma de rebaixamento de custos. Para diminuir o tempo de interrupção do fornecimento de energia aos consumidores, o setor adotou, como solução tecnológica, o religador automático. Essa medida apresenta características perversas para os trabalhadores de manutenção. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar origens e consequências de acidentes de trabalho em sistemas elétricos dotados de religador automático utilizando o Modelo de Análise e Prevenção de Acidentes (MAPA). O MAPA foi usado na investigação de dois acidentes de trabalho visando a explorar as origens organizacionais dos eventos. Caso 1 - ao trocar linha secundária desenergizada, um trabalhador foi atingido por cabo primário energizado (13,8kV). O sistema foi religado três vezes, agravando as lesões (amputação de membro inferior). Caso 2 - acidente de trabalho fatal ocorrido durante instalação de cruzeta nova, em linha energizada, parcialmente isolada. A extremidade de uma mão francesa metálica encostou na linha secundária energizada e eletrocutou o operador de manutenção. O componente desligador do religador automático não funcionou. As análises contribuem para desvelar como a lógica de gestão de negócios pode participar nas origens de acidentes de trabalho via falhas da gestão de manutenção, da gestão de força de trabalho de terceiras e, em especial, da gestão de segurança em sistemas dotados de religadores. As decisões pela automação para garantir a distribuição de energia não podem negligenciar os riscos aos trabalhadores da rede elétrica e, tampouco, deixar de reconhecer a importância do controle sobre as condições de segurança.

Abstract: The Brazilian electricity sector has recorded high work-related mortality rates that have been associated with outsourcing, used to cut costs. In order to decrease the power outage time for consumers, the industry adopted the automatic circuit recloser as the technical solution. The device has hazardous implications for maintenance workers. The aim of this study was to analyze the origins and consequences of work accidents in power systems with automatic circuit recloser, using the Accident Analysis and Prevention (AAP) model. The AAP model was used to investigate two work accidents, aimed to explore the events' organizational origins. Case 1 - when changing a deenergized secondary line, a worker received a shock from the energized primary cable (13.8kV). The system reclosed three times, causing severe injury to the worker (amputation of a lower limb). Case 2 - a fatal work accident occurred during installation of a new crosshead on a partially insulated energized line. The tip of a metal cross arm section strap touched the energized secondary line and electrocuted the maintenance operator. The circuit breaker component of the automatic circuit recloser failed. The analyses revealed how business management logic can participate in the root causes of work accidents through failures in maintenance management, outsourced workforce management, and especially safety management in systems with reclosers. Decisions to adopt automation to guarantee power distribution should not overlook the risks to workers in overhead power lines or fail to acknowledge the importance of ensuring safe conditions.

Resumen: El sector eléctrico brasileño registra elevados índices de mortalidad por accidentes de trabajo, que están siendo asociados a la tercerización, introducida como forma de reducción de costes. Para disminuir el tiempo de interrupción de la energía a los consumidores, el sector adoptó como solución tecnológica, el reconectador automático. Esta medida presenta características perversas para los trabajadores del sector de mantenimiento. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los orígenes y consecuencias de los accidentes de trabajo en sistemas eléctricos dotados de reconectador automático, utilizando el Modelo de Análisis y Prevención de Accidentes (MAPA). El MAPA se usó en la investigación de dos accidentes de trabajo, con el objetivo de explorar las causas organizativas de los eventos. Caso 1 - al cambiar la línea secundaria sin energía, un trabajador fue alcanzado por un cable primario con energía (13,8kV). El sistema se reconectó tres veces, agravando las lesiones (amputación de miembro inferior). Caso 2 - accidente de trabajo fatal ocurrido durante la instalación de una cruceta nueva, en una línea con energía, parcialmente aislada. La extremidad de una cruceta metálica cayó en la línea secundaria con energía y electrocutó al obrero de mantenimiento. El componente que desconectaba el reconectador automático no funcionó. Los análisis contribuyen a desvelar cómo la lógica de gestión de negocios puede ser partícipe en las causas de accidentes de trabajo, vía fallos en la gestión del mantenimiento, de la gestión de fuerza de trabajo de terceras personas y, en especial, de la gestión de seguridad en sistemas dotados de reconectadores. Las decisiones de la automatización para garantizar la distribución de energía no pueden obviar los riesgos para los trabajadores de la red eléctrica y tampoco dejar de reconocer la importancia del control sobre las condiciones de seguridad.

Assessment of electrocardiographic parameters in patients with electrocution injury.

BACKGROUND: Electrocution injury (EI) is a major problem in developing countries. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of EI on electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters. METHODS: A total of 43 patients hospitalized with diagnosis of EI were prospectively enrolled. Admission ECGs were compared with follow-up ECGs obtained one month after the event. RESULTS: Maximum P wave duration (Pmax), minimum P wave duration (Pmin), P wave dispersion (PWD), PR interval, QRS complex duration, corrected QT duration (QTc), QT dispersion (QTD), T peak to T end (Tp-e) interval were longer and Tp-e interval/QT and Tp-e interval/QTc ratios were higher on admission ECGs compared to follow-up ECGs. Frontal QRS-T angle and frequency of patients with fragmented QRS were also higher on admission ECGs. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that EI causes significant deterioration of admission ECG parameters. The clinical use of these parameters in prediction of arrhythmias after EI warrants further studies.

After the storm: the social relations of return to work following electrical injury.

In this study, we explored the experiences of 13 individuals who had suffered an electrical injury at work and had subsequently returned to work. In this article, we report on the social, institutional, and relational elements that workers perceived to influence return to work experiences and the provision of workplace accommodations. These elements included (a) worker resources, (b) job characteristics, (c) workplace setting, (d) injury elements, (e) workers' compensation context, and (f) supports and advocacy provided. We conclude that the availability and provision of supportive accommodations are influenced by a multiplicity of interrelated factors including the legitimacy of resulting impairments following electrical injury, institutional structures (e.g., compensation and health care systems), the social relations of work, and broader labor market and economic contexts. Those workers who were vulnerable because of factors such as employment circumstances or labor market conditions were often poorly supported when returning to work following electrical injury.

Understanding the burden and outcome of trauma care drives a new trauma systems model.

BACKGROUND: The Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service (PMTS) attempts to provide care for a whole city and hence is referred to as a service rather than a center. As part of a multifaceted quality improvement program, the PMTS has developed and implemented a robust electronic surgical registry (ESR). This review of the first year's data from the ESR forms part of a situational analysis to assess the burden of trauma managed by the service and the quality of care delivered within the constraints of the available resources. METHODS: Formal ethical approval was obtained prior to design and development of this study, and appropriate commercial software was sourced. The exercise of data capture was integrated into the process of service delivery and was accomplished at the endpoint of patient care. 12 months after implementation of the registry, the data were extracted and audited. RESULTS: A total of 2,733 patients were admitted over the 12 month study period. The average patient age was 28.3 years. There were 2,255 (82.5 %) male patients and 478 (17.5 %) female patients. The average monthly admission rate was 228 patients, with a peak of 354 admissions over the December period. The mean injury severity score (ISS) was 12 [interquartile range (IQR) 6.7-23.2]. A quarter (24.8 %) of all new emergency admissions had an ISS > 15. The average duration of stay for patients was 5.12 days (IQR 2.3-13.2 days). Some 2,432 (92.1 %) patients survived, and 208 (7.9 %) died. A total of 333 (13 %) patients required admission to either the intensive care unit (ICU) or the high dependency unit. From the city mortuary data a further 362 deaths were identified. These included 290 deaths that occurred on scene and 72 that occurred within Pietermaritzburg hospitals other than Greys and Edendale. The total trauma-related mortality for the entire city in 2012 was 570 (51 % on-scene deaths and 49 % in-hospital deaths). Blunt trauma accounted for 62 % of deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The PMTS treats a significant volume and spectrum of trauma. Despite significant resource limitations, we have managed to implement a functional and sustainable trauma service across multiple hospitals. We believe the major resource deficits limiting our service could be ameliorated by the development of an additional trauma facility, adequately equipped with dedicated trauma operating slates and trauma ICU beds. The adoption of our current model of trauma care came out of a need to work within our resource constraints, and it differs from the traditional model. Within the aforementioned limits, our data suggest that this model of delivering care is feasible, practical, and successful. Considering the universal burden of trauma and the all-too-common imbalance between resource demand and supply among many health-care institutions, it is our hope that this report will contribute to the ongoing academic debate around the topic of optimal systems of providing global trauma care.

Neurophysiological assessment of fatigue in electrical injury patients.

To investigate for the presence of central and peripheral physiological fatigue in electrical injury (EI) patients with experiential fatigue. Eight EI patients and eight age-matched healthy volunteers were recruited. Motor evoked potentials (MEP) following transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and M-waves from ulnar nerve stimulation at the wrist were measured from the right abductor digiti minimi. Fatigue was induced by 2 min of maximal voluntary contraction, and subjects were followed for 15 min of recovery. The experiment was performed twice for each subject. In one of the two sessions (randomly assigned), a blood pressure (BP) cuff was inflated during the first 75 s of recovery period to prolong muscle ischemia. Baseline measures showed no difference in central and peripheral conduction times. Cortical silent period was prolonged in patients compared to controls with no differences in abduction force. Decrement of MEP amplitude with consecutive TMS pulses was observed in the post-recovery period only with EI patients who had prolonged muscle ischemia induced by the BP cuff. The post-exercise M-wave area during contraction was significantly higher for patients. Prolonged cortical silent period in EI patients suggests that they had increased GABAB receptor-mediated cortical inhibition. The ischemia-induced decrement in consecutive MEP amplitudes post-exercise demonstrates greater physiological fatigue in EI patients after exercise. The greater increase in M-wave area of EI patients post-exercise suggests larger decrease in conduction velocity of muscle action potentials with exercise. These findings provide preliminary physiological correlates for increased central and peripheral fatigue in EI patients with experiential fatigue.

Electrical injury in construction workers: a special focus on injury with electrical power.

BACKGROUND: Electrical injury in construction workers due to contact with overhead power lines accounts for an important cause of admission at the emergency department. Due to lack of specific treatment options for this type of injury, prevention remains the mainstay of management. AIMS: Our study aimed to demonstrate the characteristics of electrical injury in construction workers among one of the largest Iranian population at a burn care hospital. METHODS: Through a retrospective review of hospital data base, patients with electrical injuries admitted to Motahari hospital in Tehran, Iran between March 2011 and June 2012 were included for analysis. Patients were divided into construction workers and other patients. Primary characteristics and final outcomes were then compared between the 2 study groups. RESULTS: Of 202 patients included in this study, 105 patients (52%) were construction workers and 97 patients (48%) constituted the remainder. There was significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of mean age, gender, and average burn size. In contrast, mean duration of hospitalization and mortality rate did not differ significantly between the 2 study groups (p>0.05). Contacts with over head power-lines accounted for the most common mechanism of injury. There was significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of place of injury and electrical current power. However, total cost of treatment did not differ significantly between the 2 groups (p>0.05). Frequency of severe complications was higher in construction workers and this group underwent more invasive procedures such as limb amputation and fasciotomy. CONCLUSION: The most common mechanism of electrical injuries in construction workers is due to contact with over head high voltage power-lines at workplace. This type of electrical injury is associated with higher use of fasciotomy, flap and limb amputation.

Detection and assessment of electrocution in endangered raptors by infrared thermography.

BACKGROUND: Most European birds of prey find themselves in a poor state of conservation, with electrocution as one of the most frequent causes of unnatural death. Since early detection of electrocution is difficult, treatment is usually implemented late, which reduces its effectiveness. By considering that electrocution reduces tissue temperature, it may be detectable by thermography, which would allow a more rapid identification. Three individuals from three endangered raptor species [Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti), Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) and Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)] were studied thermographically from the time they were admitted to a rehabilitation centre to the time their clinical cases were resolved. CASES PRESENTATION: The three raptors presented lesions lacking thermal bilateral symmetry and were consistent with electrocution of feet, wings and eyes, visible by thermography before than clinically; lesions were well-defined and showed a lower temperature than the surrounding tissue. Some lesions evolved thermally and clinically until the appearance of normal tissue recovered, while others evolved and became necrotic. A histopathological analysis of a damaged finger amputated off a Lammergeier, and the necropsy and histopathology examination of an osprey, confirmed the electrocution diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that thermography is effective and useful for the objective and early detection and monitoring of electrocuted birds, and that it may prove especially useful for examining live animals that require no amputation or cannot be subjected to invasive histopathology.

Evaluation of a nationally funded state-based programme to reduce fatal occupational injuries.

BACKGROUND: The Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) programme was established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to help prevent occupational traumatic fatalities by funding states to conduct targeted fatality investigations within cause-specific focus areas and associated prevention efforts. PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of the state-based FACE programme on two previous focus areas. METHODS: A longitudinal time-series analysis spanning 22 years compared state fatality rates for occupational falls and electrocutions before and after FACE programme funding with states not receiving FACE programme funding. Lag periods were utilised to allow time for the programme to have an effect, and rates were adjusted for a variety of covariates. Separate analyses were conducted for each injury outcome. RESULTS: A reduction in fall fatality rates that was of borderline significance (1-year lag adjRR=0.92 (0.84 to 1.00)) and a non-significant reduction in electrocution fatality rates (3-year lag adjRR=0.92 (0.82 to 1.03)) were observed in states with FACE programme funding, Best-fit models presented two separate lag periods. CONCLUSIONS: While it is challenging to quantitatively evaluate effectiveness of programmes such as FACE, the data suggest the FACE programme may be effective in preventing occupational injury deaths within its outcome focus areas throughout the state. It is important to look for ways to measure intermediate effects more precisely, as well as ways to maintain effects over time.

Epidemiology of electrical injury: findings from a community based national survey in Bangladesh.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to explore the magnitude and pattern of electrical injury in Bangladesh. METHOD: A national survey was conducted between January and December 2003 in Bangladesh. Nationally representative data were collected from 171,366 rural and urban households comprising a 819,429 population. The survey was conducted at a household level with a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The incidence of fatal and non-fatal injury was found to be 1.6 and 73.7 per 100,000 population year respectively. Compared to females, males were found at a higher risk (RR 1.62; 95% CI 1.37-1.91) and rural people found more vulnerable compared to urban people (RR 5.97; 95% CI 4.71-7.57). The home was found as the most common place for electrical injury, with more than 50% of injury taking place at home. The household source of electricity was found as the most common source of electrical injury. Lightning was also found as major source for electrical injury which constituted more than 25% of the injuries cause by electrical current. More than 80% of electrical injuries occurred between 6a.m. and 6p.m. CONCLUSION: Electrical injury is an emerging cause of mortality and morbidity in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. Males and rural people were the more vulnerable group for electrical injury compared to women and the urban population. The home is the most common place for injury occurrence.

Etiology of work-related electrical injuries: a narrative analysis of workers' compensation claims.

The purpose of this study was to provide new insight into the etiology of primarily nonfatal, work-related electrical injuries. We developed a multistage, case-selection algorithm to identify electrical-related injuries from workers' compensation claims and a customized coding taxonomy to identify pre-injury circumstances. Workers' compensation claims routinely collected over a 1-year period from a large U.S. insurance provider were used to identify electrical-related injuries using an algorithm that evaluated: coded injury cause information, nature of injury, "accident" description, and injury description narratives. Concurrently, a customized coding taxonomy for these narratives was developed to abstract the activity, source, initiating process, mechanism, vector, and voltage. Among the 586,567 reported claims during 2002, electrical-related injuries accounted for 1283 (0.22%) of nonfatal claims and 15 fatalities (1.2% of electrical). Most (72.3%) were male, average age of 36, working in services (33.4%), manufacturing (24.7%), retail trade (17.3%), and construction (7.2%). Body part(s) injured most often were the hands, fingers, or wrist (34.9%); multiple body parts/systems (25.0%); lower/upper arm; elbow; shoulder, and upper extremities (19.2%). The leading activities were conducting manual tasks (55.1%); working with machinery, appliances, or equipment; working with electrical wire; and operating powered or nonpowered hand tools. Primary injury sources were appliances and office equipment (24.4%); wires, cables/cords (18.0%); machines and other equipment (11.8%); fixtures, bulbs, and switches (10.4%); and lightning (4.3%). No vector was identified in 85% of cases. and the work process was initiated by others in less than 1% of cases. Injury narratives provide valuable information to overcome some of the limitations of precoded data, more specially for identifying additional injury cases and in supplementing traditional epidemiologic data for further understanding the etiology of work-related electrical injuries that may lead to further prevention opportunities.

Circumstances of fatal lockout/tagout-related injuries in manufacturing.

BACKGROUND: Over the past few decades, hundreds of manufacturing workers have suffered fatal injuries while performing maintenance and servicing on machinery and equipment. Using lockout/tagout procedures could have prevented many of these deaths. METHODS: A narrative text analysis of OSHA accident investigation report summaries was conducted to describe the circumstances of lockout/tagout-related fatalities occurring in the US manufacturing industry from 1984 to 1997. RESULTS: The most common mechanisms of injury were being caught in or between parts of equipment, electrocution, and being struck by or against objects. Typical scenarios included cleaning a mixer or blender, cleaning a conveyor, and installing or disassembling electrical equipment. Lockout procedures were not even attempted in the majority (at least 58.8%) of fatal incidents reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Lockout/tagout-related fatalities occur under a wide range of circumstances. Enhanced training and equipment designs that facilitate lockout and minimize worker contact with machine parts may prevent many lockout/tagout-related injuries.

Thermal burn and electrical injuries among electric utility workers, 1995-2004.

This study describes the occurrence of work-related injuries from thermal-, electrical- and chemical-burns among electric utility workers. We describe injury trends by occupation, body part injured, age, sex, and circumstances surrounding the injury. This analysis includes all thermal, electric, and chemical injuries included in the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Occupational Health and Safety Database (OHSD). There were a total of 872 thermal burn and electric shock injuries representing 3.7% of all injuries, but accounting for nearly 13% of all medical claim costs, second only to the medical costs associated with sprain- and strain-related injuries (38% of all injuries). The majority of burns involved less than 1 day off of work. The head, hands, and other upper extremities were the body parts most frequently injured by burns or electric shocks. For this industry, electric-related burns accounted for the largest percentage of burn injuries, 399 injuries (45.8%), followed by thermal/heat burns, 345 injuries (39.6%), and chemical burns, 51 injuries (5.8%). These injuries also represented a disproportionate number of fatalities; of the 24 deaths recorded in the database, contact with electric current or with temperature extremes was the source of seven of the fatalities. High-risk occupations included welders, line workers, electricians, meter readers, mechanics, maintenance workers, and plant and equipment operators.

Supplying the power for medicine.

The specification of power supplies for medical applications needs to be approached with care. The check list here, which is designed to help the selection process, includes a look at the performance benefits of switch-mode circuitry.