The thrombotic risk in Cushing's syndrome-questions, answers, and the algorithm to consider in its assessment: part I-thrombotic risk not related to surgery.

Introduction: Recently, it has been reported that there is a great diversity in strategies used for thromboprophylaxis in patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS). An aim of this review was to discuss these practices in light of the existing data on the thrombotic risk in patients with CS and guidelines for medically ill patients. Methods: The four relevant topics and questions on thrombotic risk in CS were identified. The current guidelines on prevention and diagnosis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) were reviewed for the answers. An algorithm to consider in the assessment of the thrombotic risk in patients with CS was proposed. Results: To address both generic and CS-specific risk factors for VTE, the algorithm includes the stepwise approach consisting of Padua Score, urine free cortisol, and CS-VTE score, with no indication for routine thrombophilia testing in the prediction of an index VTE episode. Having confirmed VTE, selected patients require thrombophilia testing to aid the duration of anticoagulant treatment. The separate part of the algorithm is devoted to patients with ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome in whom exclusion of VTE precedes introducing routine thromboprophylaxis to prevent VTE. The cancer-related VTE also prompts thromboprophylaxis, with the possible vessel invasion. The algorithm presents a unifactorial and multifactorial approach to exclude high-bleeding risks and safely introduce thromboprophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin. Summary: Our article is the first to present an algorithm to consider in the thrombotic risk assessment among patients with Cushing's syndrome as a starting point for a broader discussion in the environment. A plethora of factors affect the VTE risk in patients with CS, but no studies have conclusively evaluated the best thromboprophylaxis strategy so far. Future studies are needed to set standards of care.

Assessment of the hypoglycemic and anti-hemostasis effects of Paederia foetida (L.) in controlling diabetes and thrombophilia combining in vivo and computational analysis.

Paederia foetida is valued for its folk medicinal properties. This research aimed to assess the acute toxicity, hypoglycemic and anti-hemostasis properties of the methanolic extract of P. foetida leaves (PFLE). Acute toxicity of PFLE was performed on a mice model. Hypoglycemic and anti-hemostasis properties of PFLE were investigated on normal and streptozotocin-induced mice models. Deep learning, molecular docking, density functional theory, and molecular simulation techniques were employed to understand the underlying mechanisms through in silico study. Oral administration of PFLE at a dosage of 300 µg/kg body weight (BW) showed no signs of toxicity. Treatment with PFLE (300 µg/kg/BW) for 14 days resulted in a hypoglycemic condition and a 30.47% increase in body weight. Additionally, PFLE mixed with blood exhibited a 44.6% anti-hemostasis effect. Deep learning predicted the inhibitory concentration (pIC50, nM) of Cleomiscosins against SGLT2 and FXa to be 7.478 and 6.017, respectively. Molecular docking analysis revealed strong binding interactions of Cleomiscosins with crucial residues of the target proteins, exhibiting binding energies of -8.2 kcal/mol and -7.1 kcal/mol, respectively. ADME/Tox predictions indicated favorable pharmacokinetic properties of Cleomiscosins, and DFT calculations of frontier molecular orbitals analyzed the stability and reactivity of these compounds. Molecular simulation dynamics, principal component analysis and MM-PBSA calculation demonstrated the stable, compact, and rigid nature of the protein-ligand complexes. The methanolic PFLE exhibited significant hypoglycemic and anti-hemostasis properties. Cleomiscosin may have inhibitory properties for the development of novel drugs to manage diabetes and thrombophilia in the near future.

Assessment-based management of placenta-mediated pregnancy complications: Pragmatism until a precision medicine approach evolves.

The management of pregnant women with thrombophilia and a history of gestational vascular complications remains debatable. Treatment of the latter is often based on clinical outcome rather than disease mechanism. While the use of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in pregnancy is recommended for those at increased risk, the ability of anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet agents to lower the risk of placenta-mediated complications in this clinical setting remains controversial. The available guidelines are inconsistent in some situations, which reflects the limited evidence base. This review critically discusses risk assessment models (RAMs) and management strategies of women with thrombophilia and pregnancy complications, using clinical vignettes. RAMs, taking into account obstetric and thrombotic history as well as thrombophilia status, could drive a precision medicine approach, based on disease mechanism, and guide individual therapeutic interventions in high-risk clinical settings.

Assessment of the Particularities of Thrombophilia in the Management of Pregnant Women in the Western Part of Romania.

Background and objectives: Thrombophilia in pregnant women is a condition whose incidence is constantly increasing worldwide, and, under these conditions, the development of preventive procedures is becoming essential. In this study, we aimed to evaluate thrombophilia in pregnant women in the western part of Romania and to establish anthropometric characteristics, socioeconomic features, and genetic and risk factors. Material and Methods: 178 pregnant women were divided into three study groups, according to the type of thrombophilia, aiming to carry out the genetic profile and the acquired one. Anthropometric measures and biological tests were performed. Results: The mixed type of thrombophilia predominates. The particularities of pregnant women diagnosed with thrombophilia are higher age, living in an urban environment, with normal BMI, approximately 36 weeks of gestational period, and having at least one miscarriage. Regarding the most frequent thrombophilic genetic markers, we obtained the MTFHR gene mutation C677T and A1298C, followed by the PAI-1 4G/5G gene mutation. Smoking represents an aggravating factor in the evolution of this pathology, manifested through the increase of D-dimers and the decrease in antithrombin values, simultaneously with the increase in therapeutic need. Conclusions: The predominance of MTHFR and PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism is a particularity of pregnant women with thrombophilia from the western part of Romania. Smoking is confirmed as an important risk factor in spontaneous abortion.

Assessment of breast cancer progression and metastasis during a hypercoagulable state induced by silencing of antithrombin in a xenograft mouse model.

Local coagulation activation has been shown to impact both primary tumor growth and metastasis in mice. It is well known that components of the blood clotting cascade such as tissue factor and thrombin play a role in tumor progression by activating cellular receptors and local formation of fibrin. However, whether venous thromboembolism (VTE) or a hypercoagulable state has a direct impact on cancer progression is unknown. Here we have combined an orthotopic murine breast cancer model, using female Nod-SCID mice, with siRNA-mediated silencing of antithrombin (siAT) leading to the induction of a systemic hypercoagulable state. We show that, compared to control siRNA-treated (not experiencing a hypercoagulable state) tumor-bearing mice, siAT treated tumor-bearing mice do not show enhanced tumor growth nor enhanced metastasis. We conclude that, in this murine model for hypercoagulability, induction of a hypercoagulable state does not contribute to breast cancer progression.

A Retrospective Assessment of Thrombophilia in Pregnant Women with First and Second Trimester Pregnancy Loss.

Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL) affects between 1% to 5% of women of reproductive age. It is widely believed that RPL is a complex disorder that is influenced by chromosomal abnormalities, genetic mutations, uterine anatomic deformity, endocrine dysfunction, immunologic factors, infections, and the environment. Thrombotic disorders are a frequent cause of RPL, accounting for almost half of all cases; however, in the rest of the cases, the cause of RPL remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, it was planned to determine the genetic mutations involved in RPL during the first and second trimester of pregnancy. An observational retrospective cohort study was conducted in 2021, collecting data from 157 first trimester miscarriages and 54 s trimester pregnancies. All patients with a panel of laboratory and genetic analysis for thrombophilia were included for data analysis. It was observed that four factors were significantly more prevalent in one of the groups. Factor V Leiden (FVL) homozygosity and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) antibodies were statistically significantly more common in pregnant women who suffered first trimester pregnancy losses. On the other hand, Protein C deficiency and Glycoprotein Ia polymorphism were statistically significantly more frequent in the second trimester group. The strongest independent risk factors for first trimester pregnancy loss were FVL and prothrombin (PT) compound mutations (OR = 3.11), followed by FVL homozygous mutation (OR = 3.66), and APS antibodies (OR = 4.47). Regarding second trimester pregnancy loss risk factors, the strongest were FVL and PT compound (OR = 3.24), followed by Glycoprotein Ia polymorphism (OR = 3.61), and respectively, APS antibodies (OR = 3.85). Numerous thrombophilic risk factors for early and late pregnancy loss have been found, including several mutations that seem to occur more often either during the first or the second trimester. Even though we are aware of risk-free and efficient diagnostics for thrombophilia abnormalities, no intervention has been proved to be clearly successful after the detection of these variables.

Thrombosis risk assessment in patients with congenital thrombophilia during COVID - 19 infection.

BACKGROUND: Coagulation dysfunction represents a serious complication in patients during the COVID-19 infection, while fulminant thrombotic complications emerge as critical issues in individuals with severe COVID-19. In addition to a severe clinical presentation, comorbidities and age significantly contribute to the development of thrombotic complications in this disease. However, there is very little data on association of congenital thrombophilia and thrombotic events in the setting of COVID-19. Our study aimed to evaluate the risk of COVID-19 associated thrombosis in patients with congenital thrombophilia. METHODS: This prospective, case-control study included patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection, followed 6 months post-confirmation. The final outcome was a symptomatic thrombotic event. In total, 90 COVID-19 patients, 30 with known congenital thrombophilia and 60 patients without thrombophilia within the period July 2020-November 2021, were included in the study. Evaluation of hemostatic parameters including FVIII activity and D-dimer was performed for all patients at 1 month, 3 months and 6 months post-COVID-19 diagnosis. RESULTS: Symptomatic thrombotic events were observed in 7 out of 30 (23 %) COVID-19 patients with thrombophilia, and 12 out of 60 (20 %) without thrombophilia, P = 0.715. In addition, the two patient groups had comparable localization of thrombotic events, time to thrombotic event, effect of antithrombotic treatment and changes in FVIII activity, while D-dimer level were significantly increased in patients without thrombophilia. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that patients with congenital thrombophilia, irrespective of their age, a mild clinical picture and absence of comorbidities, should receive anticoagulant prophylaxis, adjusted based on the specific genetic defect.

The postpartum uterine ultrasonographic scale in assessment of uterine involution after cesarean section in treated thrombophilia pregnant patients at term.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is a prothrombotic condition which can be abnormally exaggerated in women with thrombophilia. METHODS: In a prospective study, patients who delivered at term, by cesarean section, between 1 October 2017 and 1 December 2021, who already had a diagnosis of thrombophilia before coming to our hospital, were included in the study group (n = 80). A similar number of nonthrombophilia patients (n = 80) without any history of thrombotic events, age- and para-matched with the study group, were included in the control group. The postpartum uterine ultrasonographic scale (PUUS) values, in the first 24-48 h, were correlated with the patients' data. RESULTS: The P-LCR (platelet large cell ratio), was significantly higher in the treated thrombophilia group (p = 0.042). There was no correlation between PUUS and complete blood count values, coagulation factors, maternal characteristics, or fetal outcomes, except for postpartum neutrophils (p = 0.047) and postpartum platelet count (p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: Postpartum uterine involution was not significantly different, after cesarean section, between treated thrombophilia patients and nonthrombophilia patients. Involution correlated only with postpartum neutrophils and postpartum platelet count.

Assessment of Coagulation Profiles by Rotational Thromboelastometry in COVID 19 Patients.

BACKGROUND: According to recent studies, thrombotic complications frequently occur in Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) and are associated with increasing disease severity and poor prognosis. However, conventional coagulation assays are unable to identify these patients' hypercoagulable states, raising questions about the appropriate assessment tool. We aimed to evaluate coagulation abnormalities in patients with different severity of CO-VID-19 using viscoelastic tests. METHODS: This was a single center retrospective observational study in a group of 50 adult patients with SARS-COV-2 infection and different severity of pneumonia (20 moderate, 30 severe). Coagulation status was evaluated using rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) in conjunction with conventional coagulation assays (platelet count, PT, aPTT, fibrinogen, and D-dimer levels). RESULTS: Shorter than normal EXTEM CFT, higher than normal A10 and MCF in INTEM, EXTEM, and FIBTEM and higher than normal α-angle were classified as markers of hypercoagulable state. Forty-four (88%) patients had at least two hypercoagulable ROTEM parameters. Seven patients developed thromboembolic complications. All were classified as having severe COVID-19 pneumonia. With increment increases in disease severity, we observed an increase in the number of patients with hypercoagulable parameters and higher INTEM, EXTEM, and FIBTEM MCF but without being statistically significant. On the other hand, we noted a significant decrement of PT (p = 0.039), higher fibrinogen (p = 0.001), higher D dimer (p < 0.001), and shorter CT EXTEM (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the presence of a hypercoagulable state in COVID-19 patients, especially in the severe forms. It also highlights the role of viscoelastic tests in assessing COVID-19 coagulopathy and, therefore, their potential use in thrombophrophylactic management.

Cost-Effective Use of the Protein S Algorithm in Thrombophilia Testing.

BACKGROUND: One of the most complex risk factors for the laboratory assessment of thrombophilia is Protein S (PS). The testing algorithm for PS employs the plasma-based assays of free PS antigen, total PS antigen, and PS activity creating a complex diagnostic scheme that can lead to misdiagnosis if incorrectly used, and a potential waste of resources and money. CONTENT: This paper compares the recently published evidence-based algorithm from the International Society for Hemostasis and Thrombosis (ISTH) with several commonly performed nonevidence-based testing schemes, to demonstrate the efficiency of the evidence-based algorithm for diagnostic efficiency with improved patient care and increased cost savings for the laboratory. SUMMARY: Significant savings (31%-60%) can be realized when the evidence-based algorithm is used in place of other testing modalities of initial PS activity testing (31%) or testing with all 3 assays simultaneously (60%). This study utilizing the PS testing evidence-based algorithm as part of a thrombophilia evaluation demonstrates that the appropriate testing methods can be used to limit wasteful practices while achieving the maximum level of information in this time of limited resources and need for increase monetary savings.

The modification of the thrombin generation assay for the clinical assessment of hypercoagulability in patients receiving heparin therapy.

BACKGROUND: Heparin diminishes thrombin generation (TG) because it decreases the survival time of thrombin in plasma. Under heparin therapy, the TG curve therefore does not reflect the true hemostatic status of the patient. AIM: We investigated how far the in vitro addition of a heparin antagonist can restore the underlying TG capacity. MATERIALS & METHODS: Five different heparin antagonists were tested: polybrene, protamine sulfate, heparinase type 1, heparinase HEP-TEM, and (Z-GGR)2 -rhodamine (P2Rho). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Polybrene, P2Rho, and heparinase HEP-TEM effectively neutralized heparin at prophylactic and therapeutical doses of both low molecular weight and unfractionated heparin. The advantages and limits of each molecule and the most favorable combinations of TG-trigger and antagonist are discussed.

Chronic anticoagulation is not associated with a reduced risk of acute kidney injury in hospitalised Covid-19 patients.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) has been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organisation. Severe disease typically presents with respiratory failure but Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and a hypercoagulable state can also occur. Early reports suggest that thrombosis may be linked with AKI. We studied the development of AKI and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 taking chronic anticoagulation therapy. METHODS: Electronic records were reviewed for all adult patients admitted to Manchester University Foundation Trust Hospitals between March 10 and April 302,020 with a diagnosis of COVID-19. Patients with end-stage kidney disease were excluded. AKI was classified as per KDIGO criteria. RESULTS: Of the 1032 patients with COVID-19 studied,164 (15.9%) were taking anticoagulant therapy prior to admission. There were similar rates of AKI between those on anticoagulants and those not anticoagulated (23.8% versus 19.7%) with no difference in the severity of AKI or requirement of renal replacement therapy between groups (1.2% versus 3.5%). Risk factors for AKI included hypertension, pre-existing renal disease and male sex. There was a higher mortality in those taking anticoagulant therapy (40.2% versus 30%). Patients taking anticoagulants were less likely to be admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (8.5% versus 17.4%) and to receive mechanical ventilation (42.9% versus 78.1%). CONCLUSION: Patients on chronic anticoagulant therapy did not have a reduced incidence or severity of AKI suggesting that AKI is unlikely to be thrombotic in nature. Therapeutic anticoagulation is currently still under investigation in randomised controlled studies to determine whether it has a potential role in COVID-19 treatment.

A multi-laboratory assessment of congenital thrombophilia assays performed on the ACL TOP 50 family for harmonisation of thrombophilia testing in a large laboratory network.

OBJECTIVES: Thrombophilia testing is commonly performed within hemostasis laboratories, and the ACL TOP 50 family of instruments represent a new 'single platform' of hemostasis instrumentation. The study objective was to evaluate these instruments and manufacturer reagents for utility of congenital thrombophilia assays. METHODS: Comparative evaluations of various congenital thrombophilia assays (protein C [PC], protein S [PS], antithrombin [AT], activated protein C resistance [APCR]) using newly installed ACL TOPs 550 and 750 as well as comparative assessments with existing, predominantly STAGO, instrumentation and reagents. Verification of manufacturer assay normal reference ranges (NRRs). RESULTS: HemosIL PC and free PS assays showed good comparability with existing Stago methods (R>0.9) and could be considered as verified as fit for purpose. HemosIL AT showed high relative bias with samples from patients on direct anti-Xa agents, compromising utility. Manufacturer NRRs for PC, PS and AT were verified with minor variance. Given the interference with direct anti-Xa agents, an alternate assay (Hyphen) was evaluated for AT, and the NRR also verified. The HemosIL Factor V Leiden (APC Resistance V) evidenced relatively poor performance compared to existing assays, and could not be adopted for use in our network. CONCLUSIONS: This evaluation of HemosIL reagents on ACL TOP 50 family instruments identified overall acceptable performance of only two (PC, free PS) of four thrombophilia assays, requiring use of third-party reagents on ACL instruments for the other two assays (AT, APCR).

Enoxaparina 60 mg/0, 6 mL injetável para a prevenção de tromboembolismo venoso em gestantes com trombofilia / Enoxaparin 60 mg/0. 6 mL injectable for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in pregnant women with thrombophilia

CONTEXTO: O tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) associado à gravidez, incluindo trombose venosa profunda (TVP) e embolia pulmonar (EP), embora incomum, continua sendo causa importante de morbimortalidade. Por ser uma condição próinflamatória com ativação de células endoteliais, as gestantes apresentam um risco maior de TEV quando comparado com mulheres não grávidas. Mulheres com trombofilia e aquelas que se submetem à cesariana representam a maioria das pacientes com TEV pós-parto. Atualmente, o Brasil possui um Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) de Profilaxia do Tromboembolismo Venoso em Gestantes com Trombofilia. O PCDT foi publicado por meio da Portaria Conjunta SAES-SCTIE nº 04, de 12 de fevereiro de 2020 e preconiza o uso do medicamento enoxaparina para prevenção e tratamento do tromboembolismo venoso em gestantes com trombofilia. Entretanto, a apresentação de 60 mg/0,6 mL de enoxaparina, necessária para uma dose precisa em grávidas ou puérperas com trombofilia com massa corporal acima de 90 kg com indicação de anticoagulação profilática ou em grávidas ou puérperas com trombofilia e indicação de esquema de anticoagulação plena, independentemente do peso corporal, atualmente não está disponível no SUS. TECNOLOGIA: Enoxaparina sódica 60 mg/0,6 mL injetável. PERGUNTA: A enoxaparina 60 mg/0,6mL é eficaz, efetiva e segura em grávidas ou puérperas com trombofilia com massa corporal acima de 90 kg que estiverem em tratamento com esquema de anticoagulação profilática ou em gestantes com indicação esquema de anticoagulação plena, independentemente do peso corporal? EVIDÊNCIAS CLÍNICAS: Foram incluídos 4 estudos descritos em 5 referências, sendo 02 ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR) e dois estudos observacionais do tipo coorte retrospectiva. Os estudos apontam que não há diferenças significativas para os desfechos de eficácia, efetividade e segurança entre a dose mínima e o ajuste de dose de enoxaparina na Prevenção de Tromboembolismo Venoso em Gestantes com Trombofilia. Para o desfecho mais relevante que corresponde ao número de nascidos vivos por gestação, a meta-análise incluiu 165 gestantes recebendo enoxaparina com dose ajustada e 155 gestantes recebendo 40 mg/dia de enoxaparina em dose fixa. O resultado agrupado dos dois ECRs gerou um RR de 0,95 sem diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos no modelo de efeitos randômicos, (IC95% = 0,86 ­ 1,04; I 2 = 0%; p = 0,55). Nos efeitos indesejáveis da tecnologia, ambas as doses de enoxaparina indicam ser seguras e bem toleradas (Anexo 1). ANÁLISE DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: Foi adotado um horizonte temporal de cinco anos (2021 a 2025). No cenário mais conservador, a análise de impacto orçamentário evidenciou uma economia de R$ 55.369.020,00 diante da incorporação da enoxaparina 60 mg/0,6 mL no SUS (Anexo 2). MONITORAMENTO DO HORIZONTE TECNOLÓGICO: Não foram detectadas tecnologias para compor o esquema terapêutico de prevenção de tromboembolismo venoso em gestantes com trombofilia. No Brasil, a enoxaparina não está sob proteção patentária. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Considerou-se que a enoxaparina 60 mg/0,6 mL mostra-se como uma alternativa segura quando comparada à dose mínima de 40 mg/0,4 mL. Ademais, a incorporação da enoxaparina 60 mg/0,6 mL pode levar à economia de R$ 55.369.020,00 ao longo de cinco anos. RECOMENDAÇÃO PRELIMINAR DA CONITEC: O Plenário da Conitec, em sua 96ª Reunião Ordinária, no dia 07 de abril de 2021, deliberou que a matéria fosse disponibilizada em Consulta Pública com recomendação preliminar favorável à incorporação da enoxaparina 60 mg/0,6 mL injetável para a prevenção de tromboembolismo venoso em gestantes com trombofilia no SUS. Os membros da Conitec consideraram que a incorporação desta nova apresentação de enoxaparina é necessária para a prevenção de tromboembolismo venoso em gestantes com sobrepeso ou com indicação de anticoagulação plena. Além disso, considerou-se que essa incorporação potencialmente irá representar economia para o Sistema Único de Saúde. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: Foram recebidas 16 contribuições, sendo 8 técnico-científicas e 8 sobre experiência ou opinião. A grande maioria destas concordou da recomendação inicial da Conitec. Ao final, o Plenário da Conitec entendeu que não foram apresentadas novas evidências que mudassem seu entendimento sobre o tema, fazendo com que sua recomendação preliminar fosse mantida. RECOMENDAÇÃO FINAL DA CONITEC: O Plenário da Conitec, em sua 98ª Reunião Ordinária, no dia 09 de junho de 2021, deliberou por unanimidade recomendar a incorporação da enoxaparina 60 mg/0,6 mL injetável para a prevenção de tromboembolismo venoso em gestantes com trombofilia. Assim, foi assinado o Registro de Deliberação nº 622/2021. DECISÃO: Incorporar a enoxaparina 60 mg/0,6 mL injetável para a prevenção de tromboembolismo venoso em gestantes com trombofilia, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde ­ SUS, conforme a Portaria nº 35, publicada no Diário Oficial da União nº 127, seção 1, página 143, em 08 de julho de 2021.

Enoxaparina 60 mg/0, 6 mL injetável para a prevenção de tromboembolismo venoso em gestantes com trombofilia / Enoxaparin 60 mg/0. 6 mL injectable for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in pregnant women with thrombophilia

CONTEXTO: O tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) associado à gravidez, incluindo trombose venosa profunda (TVP) e embolia pulmonar (EP), embora incomum, continua sendo causa importante de morbimortalidade. Por ser uma condição próinflamatória com ativação de células endoteliais, as gestantes apresentam um risco maior de TEV quando comparado com mulheres não grávidas. Mulheres com trombofilia e aquelas que se submetem à cesariana representam a maioria das pacientes com TEV pós-parto. Atualmente, o Brasil possui um Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) de Profilaxia do Tromboembolismo Venoso em Gestantes com Trombofilia. O PCDT foi publicado por meio da Portaria Conjunta SAES-SCTIE nº 04, de 12 de fevereiro de 2020 e preconiza o uso do medicamento enoxaparina para prevenção e tratamento do tromboembolismo venoso em gestantes com trombofilia. Entretanto, a apresentação de 60 mg/0,6 mL de enoxaparina, necessária para uma dose precisa em grávidas ou puérperas com trombofilia com massa corporal acima de 90 kg com indicação de anticoagulação profilática ou em grávidas ou puérperas com trombofilia e indicação de esquema de anticoagulação plena, independentemente do peso corporal, atualmente não está disponível no SUS. PERGUNTA: A enoxaparina 60 mg/0,6mL é eficaz, efetiva e segura em grávidas ou puérperas com trombofilia com massa corporal acima de 90 kg que estiverem em tratamento com esquema de anticoagulação profilática ou em gestantes com indicação esquema de anticoagulação plena, independentemente do peso corporal? EVIDÊNCIAS CLÍNICAS: Foram incluídos 4 estudos descritos em 5 referências, sendo 02 ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR) e dois estudos observacionais do tipo coorte retrospectiva. Os estudos apontam que não há diferenças significativas para os desfechos de eficácia, efetividade e segurança entre a dose mínima e o ajuste de dose de enoxaparina na Prevenção de Tromboembolismo Venoso em Gestantes com Trombofilia. Para o desfecho mais relevante que corresponde ao número de nascidos vivos por gestação, a meta-análise incluiu 165 gestantes recebendo enoxaparina com dose ajustada e 155 gestantes recebendo 40 mg/dia de enoxaparina em dose fixa. O resultado agrupado dos dois ECRs gerou um RR de 0,95 sem diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos no modelo de efeitos randômicos, (IC95% = 0,86 ­ 1,04; I 2 = 0%; p = 0,55). Nos efeitos indesejáveis da tecnologia, ambas as doses de enoxaparina indicam ser seguras e bem toleradas. ANÁLISE DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: Foi adotado um horizonte temporal de cinco anos (2021 a 2025). No cenário mais conservador, a análise de impacto orçamentário evidenciou uma economia de R$ 55.369.020,00 diante da incorporação da enoxaparina 60 mg/0,6 mL no SUS. MONITORAMENTO DO HORIZONTE TECNOLÓGICO: Não foram detectadas tecnologias para compor o esquema terapêutico de prevenção de tromboembolismo venoso em gestantes com trombofilia. No Brasil, a enoxaparina não está sob proteção patentária. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Considerou-se que a enoxaparina 60 mg/0,6 mL mostra-se como uma alternativa segura quando comparada à dose mínima de 40 mg/0,4 mL. Ademais, a incorporação da enoxaparina 60 mg/0,6 mL pode levar à economia de R$ 55.369.020,00 ao longo de cinco anos. RECOMENDAÇÃO PRELIMINAR DA CONITEC: O Plenário da Conitec, em sua 96ª Reunião Ordinária, no dia 07 de abril de 2021, deliberou que a matéria fosse disponibilizada em Consulta Pública com recomendação preliminar favorável à incorporação da enoxaparina 60 mg/0,6 mL injetável para a prevenção de tromboembolismo venoso em gestantes com trombofilia no SUS. Os membros da Conitec consideraram que a incorporação desta nova apresentação de enoxaparina é necessária para a prevenção de tromboembolismo venoso em gestantes com sobrepeso ou com indicação de anticoagulação plena. Além disso, considerou-se que essa incorporação potencialmente irá representar economia para o Sistema Único de Saúde. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: Foram recebidas 16 contribuições, sendo 8 técnico-científicas e 8 sobre experiência ou opinião. A grande maioria destas concordou da recomendação inicial da Conitec. Ao final, o Plenário da Conitec entendeu que não foram apresentadas novas evidências que mudassem seu entendimento sobre o tema, fazendo com que sua recomendação preliminar fosse mantida. RECOMENDAÇÃO FINAL DA CONITEC: O Plenário da Conitec, em sua 98ª Reunião Ordinária, no dia 09 de junho de 2021, deliberou por unanimidade recomendar a incorporação da enoxaparina 60 mg/0,6 mL injetável para a prevenção de tromboembolismo venoso em gestantes com trombofilia. Assim, foi assinado o Registro de Deliberação nº 622/2021. DECISÃO: Incorporar a enoxaparina 60 mg/0,6 mL injetável para a prevenção de tromboembolismo venoso em gestantes com trombofilia, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde ­ SUS, conforme a Portaria nº 35, publicada no Diário Oficial da União nº 127, seção 1, página 143, em 08 de julho de 2021.

Thrombophilia Testing After Ischemic Stroke: Why, When, and What?

Thrombophilia testing is frequently performed after an ischemic stroke, particularly when cryptogenic. However, there is minimal evidence supporting a significant association between most conditions assessed through thrombophilia testing and ischemic stroke, and the rationale for thrombophilia testing in many clinical situations remains uncertain. In this topical review, we review and contextualize the existing data on the risks, predictors, and outcomes of thrombophilic conditions in patients with ischemic stroke. We report that inherited thrombophilias have an uncertain relationship with ischemic stroke. Conversely, antiphospholipid syndrome, an acquired immune-mediated thrombophilia, seems to be a strong risk factor for arterial thromboembolic events, including ischemic stroke, and especially among young patients. Our findings suggest that certain circumstances may warrant targeted thrombophilia testing, such as stroke in the young, cryptogenic stroke, and high estrogen states. Future prospective studies should investigate the utility and cost effectiveness of thrombophilia testing in various stroke settings, including among patients with patent foramen ovale; as well as the optimal secondary stroke prevention regimen in patients with confirmed thrombophilia, particularly if no other potential stroke mechanism is identified.

Suggestions for global coagulation assays for the assessment of COVID-19 associated hypercoagulability.

INTRODUCTION: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection is associated with a clear prothrombotic phenotype. Although the exact pathophysiological mechanisms are not yet fully understood, thrombosis is clearly a highly important in the prognosis and outcome of COVID-19. As such, there is a need for diagnostic analysis and quantification of the coagulation potential in these patients, both at diagnosis and follow-up. Global coagulation assays like thrombin generation (TG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) might be suitable in estimating COVID-19 associated coagulopathy and thrombosis risk. Therefore, we aimed at validating both assays for samples with high levels of fibrinogen and in the presence of anticoagulant heparins, such as commonly observed for COVID-19 ICU patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Calibrated Automated Thrombography (CAT) was optimized to assess plasma thrombin generation in the presence of heparins. The final conditions with either 10 µg/mL Ellagic acid (EA) or PPP Reagent HIGH (high tissue factor; HPPH) were validated according to the EP5 protocol for within-run and between-run variability. Overall variability was well below 10%. To estimate the influences of heparins and high fibrinogen levels, CAT was performed on spiked plasma aliquots from 13 healthy volunteers. Comparable to the CAT method, tPA-ROTEM was used to validate the effect of high fibrinogen and heparins on clotting time, clot firmness and clot lysis parameters. RESULTS: Our adjusted COVID-19 assay showed a heparin dose dependent decrease in peak height and endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) for both EA and HPPH triggered variants. High fibrinogen did not alter the inhibitory effect of either LMWH or UFH, nor did it influence the peak height or ETP in any of the conditions. The tPA-ROTEM showed a significant prolongation in clotting time with the additions of heparin, which normalized with the addition of high fibrinogen. MCF was markedly increased in all hyperfibrinogenemic conditions. A trend towards increased lysis time and, thus, decreased fibrinolysis was observed. CONCLUSION: Thrombin generation and tPA-ROTEM protocols for measurements in the COVID-19 populations were adjusted and validated. The adjusted thrombin generation assay shows good sensitivity for measurements in heparin spiked plasma. High levels of fibrinogen did not alter the assay or the effectiveness of heparins as measured in this assay. t-PA ROTEM was effective in measurement of both high fibrinogen and heparins spiked samples and was sensitive to the expected relevant coagulant changes by these conditions. No clear fibrinolytic effect was observed in different conditions.

The Utility of the Markers of Coagulation and Hemostatic Activation Profile in the Management of Embolic Strokes of Undetermined Source.

BACKGROUND: Potential causes of embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) include occult malignancy, venous thrombosis (VTE) with paradoxical embolism, and hypercoagulable disorders. Given the association of markers of coagulation and hemostatic activation (MOCHA) with these causes, the objective of this study was to validate the utility of the MOCHA profile in identifying the underlying cause of stroke. METHODS: We prospectively identified ESUS patients from January 1, 2017 to December 1, 2019 who underwent MOCHA profile (plasma d-dimer, prothrombin fragment 1.2, thrombin-antithrombin complex, fibrin monomer) testing. Abnormal MOCHA profile was defined as ≥ 2 abnormal markers. New diagnoses of malignancy, VTE, hypercoagulable disorders and recurrent stroke were identified during routine clinical follow-up. RESULTS: Of 236 ESUS patients, 104 (44%) patients had an abnormal MOCHA profile. In multivariable analyses the number of MOCHA abnormalities was significantly associated with malignancy, VTE, and hypercoagulable disorders (OR 2.59, CI 95% 1.78-3.76, p<0.001). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of an abnormal MOCHA profile for the combined outcome of malignancy, VTE, and hypercoagulability was 96%, 62%, 23%, and 99% respectively. DISCUSSION: The MOCHA profile was able to identify ESUS patients more likely to have malignancy, VTE, and hypercoagulable disorders during follow-up. Our results show that a normal MOCHA profile in ESUS patients can effectively rule out these potential causes of ESUS.

Prospective Assessment of Biomarkers of Hypercoagulability for the Identification of Patients With Severe Coronary Artery Disease. The ROADMAP-CAD Study.

In patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) blood hypercoagulability figures among factors leading to thrombosis. Tissue factor (TF) exposure at ruptured plaque initiates blood coagulation and hypercoagulability is responsible for thrombus formation. Early identification of patients eligible for angiography is a challenging issue for effective prevention of ACS. This pilot study aimed to identify biomarkers of hypercoagulability that can be prospectively used in risk assessment tools for the evaluation of CAD severity. Biomarkers of hypercoagulability could be a used for the evaluation of CAD severity. Platelet-poor plasma from 66 patients who were referred to coronary angiography was assessed for thrombin generation, phospholipid-dependent clotting time (Procoag-PPL ® ) and D-Dimers, and evaluated against atherosclerotic burden. Patients with CAD, as compared to controls, showed attenuated thrombin generation lag time: 4.7 (3.8-5.4) min versus 2.5 (2.1-2.9) min; p < 0.0001, shorter Procoag-PPL® clotting time 55.0(32-66) s versus 62.8 (42-85) s; p = 0.001), and higher D-Dimer levels 0.509 (0.27-2.58) µg/ml versus 0.309 (0.23-0.39) µg/ml; p = 0.038. Multivariate logistic regression model showed excellent discriminatory value in predicting CAD severity. The ROADMAP-CAD study showed that the Procoag-PPL® clotting time and thrombin Peak are informative for the the burden of the coronary atherosclerotic disease. The clinical relevance of this observation in the development of a new clinic-biological risk assessment model for early diagnosis of severe CAD has to be examined in a prospective study.