Racial and ethnic disparities in inferior vena cava filter placement for deep vein thrombosis in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether racial and ethnic disparities existed in inferior vena cava (IVC) filter (IVCF) placement rates among Black and Latino patients for the treatment of acute proximal lower extremity (LE) deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the United States from 2016 to 2019. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of National Inpatient Sample data to identify adult patients with a primary discharge diagnosis of acute proximal LE DVT from January 2016 to December 2019, including self-reported patient race and ethnicity. IVCF placement rates were identified using International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, codes. Weighted multivariable logistic regression was used to compare IVCF use by race and ethnicity. The regression model was adjusted for patient demographics (ie, sex, primary payer, quartile classification of household income), hospital information (ie, region, location, teaching status, bed size), weekend admission, and clinical characteristics (ie, modified Charlson comorbidity index, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus type 2, congestive heart failure, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, smoking, obesity, alcohol abuse, chronic kidney disease, pulmonary embolism, malignancy, contraindications to anticoagulation, including other major bleeding). RESULTS: Of 134,499 acute proximal LE DVT patients, 18,909 (14.1%) received an IVCF. Of the patients who received an IVCF, 12,733 were White (67.3%), 3563 were Black (18.8%), and 1679 were Latino (8.9%). IVCF placement decreased for all patient groups between 2016 and 2019. After adjusting for the U.S. population distribution, the IVCF placement rates were 11 to 12/100,000 persons for Black patients, 7 to 8/100,000 persons for White patients, and 4 to 5/100,000 persons for Latino patients. The difference in IVCF placement rates was statistically significant between patient groups (Black patients vs White patients, P < .05; Black patients vs Latino patients, P < .05; Latino patients vs White patients, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: This nationwide study showed that Black patients have higher IVCF placement rates compared with White and Latino patients. Given the known long-term complications and uncertain benefits of IVCFs, coupled with the 2010 U.S. Food and Drug Administration safety warning regarding adverse patient events for these devices, proactive measures should be taken to address this disparity among the Black patient population to promote health equity. Future work should assess whether clinician bias might be perpetuating this disparity.

Assessment of portal system hemodynamics for the prediction of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis-A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in cirrhosis is multifactorial, with altered hemodynamics being proposed as a possible contributor. The present systematic review was conducted to study the role of assessment of portal hemodynamics for the prediction of PVT in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS: Three databases (Medline, Embase, and Scopus) were searched from inception to February 2023 for studies comparing portal venous system parameters in patients with cirrhosis developing PVT with those not. Results were presented as mean difference (MD) or odds ratio (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: A total of 31 studies (patients with cirrhosis: 19 studies, patients with cirrhosis undergoing splenectomy: 12 studies) were included. On pooling the data from multivariable analyses of the included studies, a larger portal vein diameter was a significant predictor of PVT in patients with cirrhosis without or with splenectomy with OR 1.74 (1.12-2.69) and OR 1.55 (1.26-1.92), respectively. On the other hand, a lower portal vein velocity (PVV) was a significant predictor of PVT in cirrhotics without or with splenectomy with OR 0.93 (0.91-0.96) and OR 0.71 (0.61-0.83), respectively. A PVV of <15 cm/s was the most commonly used cut-off for the prediction of PVT. Patients developing PVT also had a significantly higher splenic length, thickness, and splenic vein velocity. CONCLUSION: The assessment of portal hemodynamic parameters at baseline evaluation in patients with cirrhosis may predict the development of PVT. Further studies are required to determine the optimal cut-offs for various parameters.

Understanding patient assessment and treatment in deep vein thrombosis.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) commonly develops in the deep veins of the legs, but it can potentially form in any part of the body. There are several risk factors associated with DVT including prolonged immobility, malignancy, recent surgery and family history. One of the main risks of DVT is that the thrombus that has formed in a vein may travel through the body and become lodged in the pulmonary system, causing a pulmonary embolism, which is life-threatening. In the UK, specialist services and diagnostic pathways have been developed to speed up the diagnosis and treatment of DVT, many of which are now nurse-led. This article uses a case study to outline the assessment of patients with suspected DVT and the treatment of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of DVT.

Assessment of the lymphatic system by indirect lymphography in patients with post-thrombotic syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Alterations in lower extremity lymph drainage caused by chronic venous obstruction (CVO) have not been well studied, partially because of a lack of standardized imaging modalities to assess the quality of lymphatic drainage in the lower extremities of patients with post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). However, these changes are likely to have an impact on the severity of the disease and clinical outcomes of interventions. In the present study, we investigated the feasibility and diagnostic value of preintervention indirect lymphography in patients with CVO and their pre- and postintervention Villalta scores. METHODS: A total of 17 patients (21 limbs) with iliofemoral and caval CVO were included in the study between 2017 and 2018. The deep and superficial lymphatic vessels in both legs were assessed before venous recanalization and stenting. The quality of lymphatic flow was compared between the legs with CVO and healthy legs. Moreover, the correlation between the lymphatic changes and clinical severity of PTS was evaluated using the Villalta score and CEAP (Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology) classification. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 44 ± 12 years, and 10 patients (59%) were women. The patients had undergone treatment at a mean of 25 ± 6 months after their first episode of deep vein thrombosis. Five patients (29%) had had recurrent deep vein thrombosis. The mean pre- and postinterventional Villalta score was 10.5 ± 1.46 and 9.27 ± 1.12, respectively (P = .0096). Using the CEAP classification, four legs were class 5, seven were class 4, and three each were class 3 and 2. The primary and secondary patency rate was 70.5% and 82.5% after a mean follow-up of 18 months, respectively. Indirect lymphography of the superficial and deep lymphatic systems was completed before intervention in both legs for all 17 patients (21 legs). According to the qualitative criteria, abnormal lymphatic vessel function was found in 35.2% of the superficial and 58.8% of the deep lymphatic vessels of the affected legs. Further analysis revealed abnormal function of the deep lymphatic vessels in all patients with moderate to severe PTS according to the Villalta score. CONCLUSIONS: Indirect lymphography is a feasible diagnostic tool to use for the evaluation of the function of lymphatic vessels. Impaired drainage of the deep lymphatic system was found in all our patients with moderate to severe PTS. The clinical significance of these lymphatic changes is not clear; however, an association between clinical severity and outcomes is possible.

Routine Lower Extremity Screening Ultrasound Protocols in Trauma Patients Are Not Cost Effective.

BACKGROUND: Despite prophylaxis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism remain dreaded complications following traumatic injury and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Screening ultrasound (US) protocols have been employed in trauma centers for early detection of lower extremity (LE) deep venous thrombosis. We hypothesized that screening lower extremity venous duplex US would not prove cost effective in our trauma population who receives early pharmacologic prophylaxis. METHODS: Data was collected for one year on all adult trauma patients admitted to the trauma service from December 2019 to 2020. DVT screening US was obtained at 3 days after admission for patients with long bone or pelvic fracture, spinal cord injury, immobility, and/or spinal fracture requiring surgery. Screening US was obtained at 7 days for all others and repeated weekly until discharge. Data was retrospectively collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Exactly 1365 patients met inclusion criteria with median ISS 12 (IQR, 9-17), median age 56 (IQR, 36-73 years), and with majority blunt injuries (90.7%). A total of 1369 screening US were performed finding 27 DVTs (2%). The total cost of screening for the year analyzed amounted to over $270,000 with 50.7 screening US needed to detect 1 DVT. This resulted in an average screening cost of over $10,000 for the detection of a single DVT. DISCUSSION: In trauma patients receiving early pharmacologic prophylaxis, routine LE screening US protocols to detect LE DVT are not cost effective.

Risk of Venous Thromboemboli, Readmissions, and Costs in Opioid Use Disorder Patients Following Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty.

INTRODUCTION: Opioid use disorder (OUD) patients have an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), readmissions, and higher costs following primary elective primary total joint arthroplasty, but these risks have not yet been clarified for other arthroplasty surgeries. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether OUD patients undergoing revision total knee arthroplasty (RTKA) have higher rates of: VTEs, readmissions, and costs of care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who had a 90-day history of OUD prior to undergoing RTKA were identified and randomly matched to a comparison cohort in a 1:4 ratio by age, sex, Elixhauser-Comorbidity Index (ECI), diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and tobacco use with a total of 16,851 patients collectively in both groups. The 90-day frequency and odds (OR) of developing VTE, deep vein thrombosis (DVTs), and PEs along with 90-day readmission rates and 90-day costs of care were analyzed. A p-value less than 0.01 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: OUD patients undergoing RTKA were found to have a higher incidence and odds of VTE (2.91 vs. 1.88; OR: 1.58, p<0.0001) 90 days following RTKA. Compared to the matched cohort, patients who have OUD had a higher incidence and increased risk of lower extremity DVT (2.61 vs. 1.73; OR: 1.52, p=0.0008) and PE (0.97 vs. 55%; OR: 1.74, p=0.007). Furthermore, the likelihood (25.7 vs. 21.4%; OR: 1.26, p<0.0001) of being readmitted within 90 days was higher in OUD patients. Additionally, OUD was associated with significantly higher total global 90-day episode-of-care costs ($19,289.31 ± $17,378.71 vs. $17,292.87 vs. $11,690.61; p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Patients who have OUD undergoing RTKA have higher rates of thromboembolic complications, readmission rates, and total global 90-day episode-of-care costs. Orthopaedic surgeons should educate OUD patients about these risks and titrate patient opioid consumption through multi-specialty interventions prior to surgery to improve outcomes and reduce costs.

Non-enhanced multimodal magnetic resonance imaging in assessment of iliac vein obstruction with or without thrombosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a contrast-free multimodal magnetic resonance (MR) protocol (including M2DIPEAR, THRIVE, BTFE-SPAIR, and FLAIR sequences) in the detection of iliac vein obstruction with or without thrombosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May 1st, 2015, to May 1st, 2016, a total of 73 patients (aged 51.33 ± 4.21 years) who received both digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and the multimodal MR imaging were included. The protocol of the multimodal MR included M2DIPEAR and BTFE-SPAIR for presenting iliac vein obstruction, and THRIVE and FLAIR for revealing the co-existed thrombosis. Three observers who were blinded to clinical and DSA results independently analyzed all multimodal MR datasets. Per-patient evaluations on presence or absence of iliac vein obstruction were performed to calculate the diagnostic performance of MR imaging (DSA regarded as gold reference) in terms of overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Capability to display the co-existing venous thrombus was also evaluated per-MR sequence using a 3-point scale system. RESULTS: Iliac vein obstruction was depicted with DSA in 64 patients. In per-patient evaluation, the multimodal MR imaging yielded accuracy of 95.9% (70/73), sensitivity of 96.9% (62/64), specificity of 88.9% (8/9), positive predictive value of 98.4% (62/63), and negative predictive value of 80% (8/10), respectively. In the multimodal MR sequences, balanced turbo field echo-spectral attenuated inversion recovery (BTFE-SPAIR) sequence was superior to other sequences in depicting the iliac vein configuration, but fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T1 high-resolution isovolumetric examination (THRIVE) seemed superior in detecting co-existing venous thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: M2DIPEAR and BTFE-SPAIR sequence can reveal iliac vein obstruction while THRIVE and FLAIR can detect the co-existed thrombosis. The proposed multimodal MR protocol can accurately depict the iliac vein obstruction and accurately detect the co-existing venous thrombosis comparable with that of DSA.

SARS-CoV-2 and Stroke Characteristics: A Report From the Multinational COVID-19 Stroke Study Group.

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Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in general surgery in Spain. Analysis of a national survey. / Profilaxis del tromboembolismo venoso en cirugía general en España. Análisis de una encuesta nacional.

INTRODUCTION: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) represents a serious postoperative complication that can be prevented by adequate thromboprophylaxis. Surveys provide relevant information about clinician's attitudes and preferences regarding VTE prophylaxis. METHODS: Transversal, descriptive study based on a survey sent to general surgeons members of the Spanish Association of Surgeons (AEC), that included 31 questions regarding postoperative VTE and its prevention, as well as three clinical scenarios. RESULTS: 530 surgeons, 21.8% of the 2,429 invited by electronic mail to participate, completed the survey. Most of the answering clinicians work on in big teaching hospitals, and 28.5% are residents. VTE represents a serious problem for 28% of participants. Although 81% consider that their knowledge on the prevention of postoperative VTE is adequate, a similar percentage recognizes the need for further education. The vast majority (98.7%) use low molecular weight heparins, which are considered the most effective and safe modality, followed by mechanical methods. The Caprini risk assessment score is used by 81% of surgeons, who usually start pharmacological prophylaxis preoperatively. However, there are remarkable differences in the dosing of heparins, timing of initiation, and duration, especially in non-oncologic surgical patients. CONCLUSIONS: Most Spanish surgeons are interested in the prevention of postoperative VTE. Overall, the level of knowledge on thromboprophylaxis is adequate. However, our results indicate that there is a need for better education on relevant practical aspects of prophylaxis that could be achieved by incorporating recommendations from recent guidelines to local hospital-based protocols.

Management of acute extensive portal vein thrombosis: the complexity and morbidity.

A 62-year-old patient was admitted with an acute unprovoked portal vein thrombosis with splenic and mesenteric extension. His progress was complicated by progressive small bowel ischaemia and increasing clot burden despite systemic anticoagulation. This case report describes the use of catheter-directed thrombolysis via a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, with the disease and its treatment complicated by a ruptured iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm, abdominal compartment syndrome and small bowel infarction necessitating extensive small bowel resection.

[Incidence and impact of venous thrombosis in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of ovarian cancer]. / Incidence et impact de la maladie thrombo-embolique sur la prise en charge du cancer de l'ovaire.

OBJECTIVE: Ovarian cancer is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE), which worsens overall survival. The main objective of our study was to calculate the incidence of VTE in our population. We analyzed VTE impact on diagnosis and management of ovarian cancer. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, monocentric study in ovarian, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer patients, divided into 2 groups (« Presence of VTE ¼ and « Absence of VTE ¼). A univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with VTE was performed, and we compared delays of management in both groups. RESULTS: Among 157 patients included in the study, 22.9% presented a VTE, and 52.8% were asymptomatic. The VTE was diagnosed prior to any treatment in 61.1% of patients and revealed the ovarian cancer in 27.8% of cases. In multivariate analysis, tumor size (OR=1.1, 95% CI: 1-2.21, P=0.012), malnutrition (OR=3.79, 95% CI: 1.16-12,4, P=0.028) and Ddimer level above 1.5µg/mL (OR=13.8, 95% CI 1.2-152.8, P=0.02) were significantly associated with VTE. No significant difference was found between the two groups in diagnostic or therapeutic strategy, as well as in delays of management. CONCLUSION: We report a high incidence of VTE in ovarian cancer, including a lot of asymptomatic events. An early diagnosis with clinical examination and Ddimer level could improve its management and its prognosis.

Assessment of the Probability of Post-thrombotic Syndrome in Patients with Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis.

This study was performed to assess the probability of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) after treatment of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (LEDVT). Patients with LEDVT undergoing their first treatments in Nanjing First Hospital from January 2013 to December 2014 were enrolled in this study (156 patients were enrolled in the training cohort, and 135 patients were enrolled in the validation cohort). 51 and 45 patients developed PTS in the two cohorts, respectively. Independent risk factors for PTS were investigated in the training cohort, and these independent risk factors were employed to develop the APTSD scoring system with which to predict the probability of PTS. Four independent risk factors for PTS were identified: iliac vein compression syndrome, residual iliac-femoral vein thrombosis, residual femoral-popliteal vein thrombosis and insufficient anticoagulation. Patients in the training cohort were divided into 2 groups according to the APTSD score of ≤7.0 and >7.0 points regarding the probability of PTS (median PTS-free time, 21.82 vs. 18.84 months; P < 0.001). The accuracy of this score system was 81.7% for the training cohort and 82.5% for the validation cohort. Patients with an APTSD score of >7.0 points may have an increased probability of developing PTS.

Brief cardiovascular imaging with pocket-size ultrasound devices improves the accuracy of the initial assessment of suspected pulmonary embolism.

Pulmonary embolism onset is frequently neglected due to the non-specific character of its symptoms. Pocket-size imaging devices (PSID) present an opportunity to implement imaging diagnostics into conventional physical examination. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that supplementation of the initial bedside assessment of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) with four-point compression venous ultrasonography (CUS) and right ventricular size assessment with the use of PSID equipped with dual probe could positively influence the accuracy of clinical predictions. A single-centre, prospective analysis was conducted on 100 patients (47 men, mean age 68 ± 13 years) with suspected PE. Clinical assessment on the basis of Wells and revised Geneva score and physical examination were supplemented with CUS and RV measurements by PSID. The mean time of PSID scanning was 4.9 ± 0.8 min and was universally accepted by the patients. Fifteen patients had deep venous thrombosis and RV enlargement was observed in 59 patients. PE was confirmed in 24 patients. If the both CUS was positive and RV enlarged, the specificity was 100% and sensitivity 54%, ROC AUC 0.771 [95% CI 0.68-0.85]. The Wells rule within our study population had the specificity of 86% and sensitivity of 67%, ROC AUC 0.776 (95% CI 0.681-0.853, p < 0.0001). Similar values calculated for the revised Geneva score were as follows: specificity 58% and sensitivity 63%, ROC AUC 0.664 (95% CI 0.563-0.756, p = 0.0104). Supplementing the revised Geneva score with additional criteria of CUS result and RV measurement resulted in significant improvement of diagnostic accuracy. The difference between ROC AUCs was 0.199 (95% Cl 0.0893-0.308, p = 0.0004). Similar modification of Wells score increased ROC AUC by 0.133 (95% CI 0.0443-0.223, p = 0.0034). Despite the well-acknowledged role of the PE clinical risk assessment scores the diagnostic process may benefit from the addition of basic bedside ultrasonographic techniques.

Assessment of coexisting deep vein thrombosis for risk stratification of acute pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND: In patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE), studies have shown an association between coexisting deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and short-term prognosis. It is not known whether complete compression ultrasound testing (CCUS) improves the risk stratification of their disease beyond the recommended prognostic models. METHODS: We included patients with normotensive acute symptomatic PE and prognosticated them with the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) risk model for PE. Subsequently, we determined the prognostic significance of coexisting DVT in patients with various ESC risk categories. The primary endpoint was a complicated course after the diagnosis of PE, defined as death from any cause, haemodynamic collapse, or adjudicated recurrent PE. RESULTS: According to the ESC model, 37% of patients were low-risk, 56% were intermediate-low risk, and 6.7% were intermediate-high risk. CCUS demonstrated coexisting DVT in 375 (44%) patients. Among the 313 patients with low-risk PE, coexisting DVT (46%) did not show a significant increased risk of complicated course (2.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8%-7.0%), compared with those without DVT (0.6%; 95% CI, 0%-3.2%), (P = 0.18). Of the 478 patients with intermediate-low risk PE, a complicated course was 14% and 6.8% for those with and without DVT, respectively (P = 0.01). Of the 57 patients that had intermediate-high risk PE, a complicated course occurred in 17% and 18% for those with and without DVT, respectively (P = 1.0). CONCLUSIONS: In normotensive patients with PE, testing for coexisting DVT might improve risk stratification of patients at intermediate-low risk for short-term complications.

[Anticoagulant therapy of venous thromboembolic complications: balancing between risks]. / Antikoaguliantnaia terapiia venoznykh tromboémbolicheskikh oslozhnenii: balansiruia mezhdu riskami.

This article is a review of the literature, related to the problem of recurrence of venous thromboembolic complications and the possibilities of their secondary prevention. The problems of determining the rational duration of anticoagulant therapy on the basis of an individual assessment of its benefit and risk are considered. The information on modern prognostic models allowing quantitative assessment of the probability of hemorrhagic and thrombotic events occurrence is presented (Vienna prediction model, DASH, HAS-BLED, stratification according to ACCP 2016). Particular attention is paid to the effectiveness and safety of new oral anticoagulants and acetylsalicylic acid in the context of secondary prevention of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. A review and a critical analysis of the EINSTEIN CHOICE study were carried out. The results demonstrated the high efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban 10 and 20 mg in the frame of prolonged therapy of venous thromboembolic complications in patients, who completed the standard 6-12-month course of treatment and who do not need further use therapeutic doses of anticoagulants. The study demonstrated that the use of rivaroxaban in both doses for 12 months is characterized by greater efficacy and a similar frequency of occurrence of large and clinically significant bleeding compared with the intake of 100 mg of acetylsalicylic acid. The authors attempted to determine rational indications for the application of 10 mg of rivaroxaban in the frame of prolonged anticoagulant therapy, which will be possible after making appropriate changes to the official instruction for the drug.

Rivaroxabana para o tratamento de trombose venosa profunda em indivíduos com síndrome de Budd-Chiari / Rivaroxaban for the treatment of deep venous thrombosis in individuals with Budd-Chiari syndrome

CONTEXTO: A síndrome de Budd-Chiari (SBC) é uma doença vascular hepática causada pela obstrução do fluxo venoso hepático que pode estar localizado desde as vênulas hepáticas até à entrada da veia cava inferior. Essa obstrução causa diminuição da circulação sanguínea (estase venosa), congestão das veias centrolobulares e necrose hepatocitária, o que pode causar fibrose centrilobular, hiperplasia regenerativa nodular e, em última instância, cirrose do fígado (1,2,3,4). É dividida em primária quando relacionada a uma causa principalmente venosa (trombose ou flebite) e secundária quando relacionada à compressão ou invasão por uma lesão originada fora das veias, como por exemplo, tumor benigno ou maligno, abscesso e cisto. TECNOLOGIA: Xarelto® - Rivaroxabana. PERGUNTA: Rivaroxabana é eficaz e seguro para o tratamento de trombose venosa profunda em indivíduos com síndrome de Budd-Chiari? EVIDÊNCIAS: Não foram encontrados estudos que avaliassem o uso de rivaroxabana em indivíduos com síndrome de Budd-Chiari ou trombose venosa profunda em síndrome de Budd-Chiari. Foram incluídos dois estudos que avaliaram o medicamento para trombose venosa profunda. Cohen et al (2016) conduziram uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise de comparações indiretas que avaliaram rivaroxabana, dabigatrana, apixabana, varfarina, ácido acetilsalicílico e placebo para o tratamento de tromboembolismo venoso (trombose venosa profunda e embolismo pulmonar). Foram incluídos sete ensaios clínicos randomizados de fase III. Rivaroxabana não demonstrou eficácia superior a varfarina (em RNI 2-3) nos desfechos de tromboembolismo venoso e morte por tromboembolismo venoso (desfecho composto) 2,34 (IC 95% 0,79 - 6,76), sangramento maior ou não maior clinicamente significante (desfecho composto) 0,99 (0,37 - 2,74), sangramento maior 4,89 (0,29 - 76,4), sangramento não maior clinicamente significante 0,93 (0,34 - 2,66) e mortalidade 1,67 (0,04 - 27,75). Varfarina e rivaroxabana demonstraram eficácia superior ao ácido acetilsalicílico para os desfechos de tromboembolismo venoso e morte por tromboembolismo venoso (desfecho composto) e sangramento maior ou não maior clinicamente significante (desfecho composto) sem diferenças estatisticamente significantes para os desfechos de mortalidade, sangramento maior ou sangramento não maior clinicamente significante. CONCLUSÕES: A síndrome de Budd-Chiari é uma condição rara e não foram encontradas evidências diretas que avaliem a rivaroxabana para o seu tratamento ou para indivíduos com TVP e síndrome de Budd-Chiari. Por meio de evidência indireta, observa-se que rivaroxabana não apresenta diferenças nos desfechos de eficácia, efetividade e segurança comparada a varfarina e tratamento anticoagulante padrão (heparina/heparina de baixo peso molecular seguido por varfarina) para o tratamento de tromboembolismo venoso.

Development of CAPTSureTM - a new index for the assessment of pediatric postthrombotic syndrome.

Essentials We developed a discriminative and evaluative index for pediatric postthrombotic syndrome (PTS). A Delphi-survey was used for item reduction and multi-criteria decision analysis for item weighting. The new index assesses limb PTS based on the relative severity of each sign and symptom. Higher scores related to higher odds of parental dissatisfaction with their child's condition. SUMMARY: Background Postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a complication of deep vein thrombosis defined by the presence of characteristic signs and symptoms. We developed a discriminative and evaluative index for the assessment of upper extremity (UE) and lower extremity (LE) pediatric PTS. Methods The items to be included in the index were voted for by 26 pediatric thrombosis experts invited to participate in a Delphi survey. Subsequent item weighting was based on item importance elicited by the use of multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA); 122 healthcare providers and patients/parents were invited to participate in item weighting. The implications of the overall scores were explored by comparison with PTS diagnosis (independently assessed by two clinical experts) and parental satisfaction/dissatisfaction with their child's current condition. Results Items voted for inclusion by at least 70% of the Delphi survey respondents (81% response rate) were pain, paresthesia, swelling, heaviness, endurance, collateral circulation and arm circumference difference for the UE, and pain, paresthesia, swelling, heaviness, tightness, tired limb, redness/purple or blotchy skin, endurance, ulcers and thigh/calf circumference difference for the LE. Items were then weighted by the use of MCDA (82% response rate). The index had excellent discrimination for patients with/without PTS. For every 10-point increase in index scores (with higher scores being indicative of worse PTS), the odds of parental dissatisfaction increased by 75% and 92% in the UE and LE, respectively. Conclusion We report the development of the CAPTSure™ (index for the Clinical Assessment of Postthrombotic Syndrome in children), which reflects collective judgement of the severity of pediatric PTS. We also provide information on the meaning of the scores.

Venous thromboembolism and subsequent permanent work-related disability.

Essentials The burden of venous thromboembolism (VTE) related to permanent work-related disability is unknown. In a cohort of 66 005 individuals, the risk of work-related disability after a VTE was assessed. Unprovoked VTE was associated with 52% increased risk of work-related disability. This suggests that indirect costs due to loss of work time may add to the economic burden of VTE. SUMMARY: Background The burden of venous thromboembolism (VTE) related to permanent work-related disability has never been assessed among a general population. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the risk of work-related disability in subjects with incident VTE compared with those without VTE in a population-based cohort. Methods From the Tromsø Study and the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT), Norway, 66 005 individuals aged 20-65 years were enrolled in 1994-1997 and followed to 31 December 2008. Incident VTE events among the study participants were identified and validated, and information on work-related disability was obtained from the Norwegian National Insurance Administration database. Cox-regression models using age as time-scale and VTE as time-varying exposure were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for sex, body mass index, smoking, education level, marital status, history of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and self-rated general health. Results During follow-up, 384 subjects had a first VTE and 9862 participants were granted disability pension. The crude incidence rate of work-related disability after VTE was 37.5 (95% CI, 29.7-47.3) per 1000 person-years, vs. 13.5 (13.2-13.7) per 1000 person-years among those without VTE. Subjects with unprovoked VTE had a 52% higher risk of work-related disability than those without VTE (HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.09-2.14) after multivariable adjustment, and the association appeared to be driven by deep vein thrombosis. Conclusion VTE was associated with subsequent work-related disability in a cohort recruited from the general working-age population. Our findings suggest that indirect costs because of loss of work time may add to the economic burden of VTE.