International guidelines for the prevention of sexual violence: A systematic review and perspective of WHO, UN Women, UNESCO, and UNICEF's publications.

BACKGROUND: Sexual violence is a major public health issue worldwide, with a high prevalence and extensive human and financial costs. Implementing prevention programs is complex, requiring not only evidence-based practices and high ethical standards, but also close collaboration with local governments and non-governmental organizations. In order to guide and support all stakeholders necessary to achieve large-scale prevention (e.g., politicians, decision-makers, in-field professionals), it is essential to establish international benchmarks for the prevention of sexual violence. OBJECTIVE: The main goal of this collaborative study was to conduct a systematic review of the frameworks adopted by WHO, UN Women, UNESCO, and UNICEF to help prevent sexual violence worldwide, according to the PRISMA methodology. A secondary objective was to highlight the levels of prevention and determinants of health targeted by these organizations. RESULTS: Overall, 1008 references were identified, of which 50 met the inclusion criteria. All international guidelines were limited to primary or tertiary prevention, and they were not specifically dedicated to sexual violence. In addition, each organization had developed idiosyncratic prevention strategies. Common primary prevention determinants of health were still found across organizations, including education, socio-economic inequalities, and life skills training. Tertiary prevention was poorly developed and polarized between victims and perpetrators. Secondary prevention was never addressed, however, despite the effectiveness of approaches such as helplines for people sexually attracted to children. DISCUSSION: Given these results, an international French-speaking consortium of professional teams, all involved in the secondary prevention of sexual violence, was recently formed with a ratified charter presented here.

Fire risk management in Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex as a UNESCO World Heritage Site: 2009-2019 experiences.

Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex (THBC) is one of the historical monuments of Iran. It has been registered in the list of The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites. However, the destructive power and frequency of fires are the main threat to this bazaar. This research examined the factors affecting the fire in THBC and the key components affecting the fire risk management based on the 2009-2019 experiences. The obtained findings showed that 25 components in economic, physical, socio-cultural, technical, and managerial dimensions were effective in the occurrence of fire in this bazaar. There were many fires during national-religious ceremonies. The highest rate of fire in leather shops was during carpet sales. Also, the highest rate of fire was from 22 to 3 at midnight, especially in winter. The results also showed that out of 26 components affecting fire risk management, 10 components were vital factors, the most important of which were modern equipment, control of electrical equipment, and night guards and activity monitoring. Finally, according to the obtained results, practical suggestions were offered to focus on modern equipment and the use of patrol forces.

A Qualitative Assessment of Community Learning Initiatives for Environmental Awareness and Behaviour Change: Applying UNESCO Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) Framework.

This study uses qualitative research methods of text mining to elucidate the potential and prospects for community-based learning opportunities for raising environmental awareness and bringing about healthy behaviour change among university students and local residents. In particular, we focus on the importance of community-based learning in raising environmental awareness and inspiring action to support healthy living and harmony with nature. The three groups were triangulated using semi-structured questionnaires to model the ways in which education for sustainable development (ESD) can contribute to the promotion of environmental education in local communities. In order to collect in-depth data, the authors themselves were present at the study sites and collected textual data based on semi-structured questionnaires in a participatory observation framework, where they had a common experience to understand the observations. Analysis was carried out using NVivo12. The two community learning initiatives studied were in Okayama and Tokyo, which are leading ESD policy areas. The two case studies are both university student-led projects that aim to raise environmental awareness in local communities through environmentally conscious behaviour change and the creation of a foundation for healthy living. This study focuses on "youth" and "community" among the five priority areas proposed in the 2015 ESD report and discusses the potential and prospects for community learning initiatives and the triggering of the nudge effect on environmentally conscious behaviour change and health behaviours. The results of the textual analysis with triangulation show that, while policymakers and teachers and leaders driving the initiative acknowledge the importance of ESD in a comprehensive way, their attention is more focused on the design of specific projects and curricula. In contrast, university students engaged in ESD activities rated the social education facilities (local community centres, community learning centres) as "lively" and "motivating". It was found that there are high expectations for "public living rooms", which are important as a base for learning to promote healthy and sustainable communities and environmentally conscious behaviour change.

El desarrollo y beneficio de las escuelas de odontología sustentables / The development and benefit of sustainable dentistry school

Las Escuelas de Odontología como espacios educativos universitarios son un lugar idóneo para trabajar de manera urgente los procesos de ambientalización curricular que permitan realizar de forma horizontal y vertical temáticas y contenidos para crear y recrear un tipo de cultura y conciencia más amigable con el medio ambiente, y contribuir con conductas y actitudes sustentables en los estudiantes, docentes y trabajadores administrativos hacia una reducción significativa en la contaminación del ambiente local, regional y mundial, colaborando en ello con la solución a la regularización del clima y el control de los desastres ocasionados por el cambio climático. Además de esto, a ser las Escuelas de Odontología instituciones educativas que pueden funcionar bajo el paradigma de la sustentabilidad, se lograría contribuir al aseguramiento de los recursos naturales renovables y no renovables para las nuevas generaciones, además del logro de un importante ahorro económico en el gasto corriente de las escuelas (AU)

The Dental School as university educational spaces are an ideal place to urgently work on the curricular greening processes that allow working horizontally and vertically with themes and contents that allow creating and recreating a type of culture and awareness that is more friendly to the environment and contribute with sustainable behaviors and attitudes in students, teachers and administrative workers a more significant reduction in pollution of the local, regional and global environment, collaborating in this with the solution to the regularization of the climate and the control of disasters caused by change climate. In addition, being the School of Dentistry educational institutions that can function under the paradigm of sustainability, it would be possible to contribute to the assurance of renewable and non-renewable natural resource for the new generations, in addition to achieving significant economic savings in current spending from school (AU)

[Bioethics, Human Rights and COVID-19]. / Bioética, Derechos Humanos y COVID-19.

In this paper present, from a bioethical perspective, a reflection on how to reconcile efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic with the safeguard of human rights. To do this, I develop three points. First, the regulatory framework that justifies the restriction or suspension of rights in the face of serious threats to public health. Second, the declarations of the international bioethics committees on the way in which human rights should be protected during public health crisis. And third, a review of the main rights threatened both by the public health crisis and by the means adopted to combat it. Before going into each of these points, I offer a preliminary note to clarify certain legal concepts and underline the need to overcome disjunctive approaches in considering human rights.

[Ethical reflections on the Measures Taken in Nursing Homes During Pandemic]. / Reflexiones éticas en torno a las Medidas tomadas en las Residencias durante la Pandemia.

The crisis in the health system caused by COVID-19 has left some important humanitarian deficits on how to care for the sick in their last days of life. The humanization of the dying process has been affected in three fundamental aspects, each of which constitutes a medical and ethical duty necessary. In this study, I analyze why dying accompanied, with the possibility of saying goodbye and receiving spiritual assistance, constitutes a specific triad of care and natural obligations that should not be overlooked - even in times of health crisis - if we do not want to see human dignity violated and violated some fundamental rights derived from it.

The revised international technical guidance on sexuality education - a powerful tool at an important crossroads for sexuality education.

In January 2018, UNESCO, together with UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF, UN Women, and the WHO, completed the substantial technical and political process of updating the International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education, thereby unifying a UN position on rationale, evidence, and guidance on designing and delivering comprehensive sexuality education (CSE). The revised Guidance builds on the original Guidance, with improvements and updates based on new evidence and good practice documented from across the globe. User-surveys and structured consultations with representatives from a wide range of fields and interest-groups informed and guided the revision process. The revised Guidance presents one, commonly agreed definition of CSE; enhances and expands its key concepts, topics and learning objectives; places a strengthened focus on gender and human rights; provides guidance on building support and planning the implementation of CSE programmes; and reflects the contribution of CSE to the realization of multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). With its unified voice, progressive position, and attention to key implementation challenges, the revised Guidance is a responsive, timely, and critically needed tool to advance towards a tipping point for the large-scale application of quality CSE.

Bioethics of intervention, inter-culturality andnon-coloniality / Bioética de intervención, interculturalidad y no-colonialidad

The proposal of Intervention Bioethics (BI), which arose in the 1990s as a response to the Anglo-Saxon perspective of four universally presumed principles, which though necessary are insufficient in the Latin-American context, has continued its collective construction process. The article shows the common points between this proposal and Latin-American perspectives of inter-cultural and non-colonial issues. Simultaneously, the utilitarian perspective of John Stuart Mill opens the possibilities of approximation between utilitarianism and individual rights, ethically opposing positions for many authors. In addition, we show that BI has consonance with three Unesco declarations on culture, genetic heritage and human rights. All of these elements allow progress towards an epistemological statute of Intervention Bioethics, one of the more important proposals towards a Latin-American vision of this new interdisciplinary territory of knowledge.

La propuesta de Bioética de Intervención (BI) surgida en los años 1990 como respuesta a la mirada anglosajona de la bioética centrada en cuatro principios pretendidamente universales - que aunque necesarios son insuficientes al contexto latinoamericano - ha continuado su proceso de construcción colectiva. El artículo muestra los puntos comunes entre esta propuesta y perspectivas regionales latinoamericanas acerca de interculturalidad y no-colonialidad. A partir de la mirada utilitarista de John Stuart Mill, abre posibilidades de aproximación entre el utilitarismo y los derechos individuales, posturas éticas contrarias para muchos autores. Igualmente, muestra como la BI está en consonancia con el contenido de las tres declaraciones de la Unesco en asuntos relacionados con la cultura, patrimonio genético y derechos humanos. Todos estos elementos permiten avanzar hacia un estatuto epistemológico para la Bioética de Intervención, una de las propuestas más difundidas en la contextualización latinoamericana de este territorio interdisciplinar del conocimiento.

Leitura bioética do princípio de não discriminação e não estigmatização / Bioethics reading of the principle of non-discrimination and non-stigmatization

O presente estudo objetiva realizar, na perspectiva da bioética, uma leitura analítica do artigo 11 da Declaração Universal sobre Bioética e Direitos Humanos (DUBDH) da UNESCO, segundo o qual: “Nenhum indivíduo ou grupo deve ser discriminado ou estigmatizado por qualquer razão, o que constitui violação à dignidade humana, aos direitos humanos e às liberdades fundamentais”. Tendo como referência os direitos humanos universais, são discutidos os seguintes conceitos indispensáveis à compreensão dos processos de produção do estigma e da discriminação: identidade, alteridade, diferença e tolerância. O texto procura demonstrar a centralidade do princípio da não discriminação e não estigmatização na agenda bioética contemporânea, ampliando a discussão para além das questões afetas unicamente aos campos da biotecnociência e da saúde, individual ou coletiva. Nesse sentido, traz para reflexão, além de questões do campo biomédico propriamente dito, aspectos de natureza social, indispensáveis no atual contexto internacional para uma melhor compreensão dos conflitos morais verificados nesse domínio...

This paper aims at an analytical reading of Article II of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (UDBHR), from UNESCO, which states: “No individual or group should be discriminated against or stigmatized on any grounds, in violation of human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms”. Taking universal human rights as a reference, the following key concepts are discussed to better understand the processes of producing stigma and discrimination: identity, otherness, difference and tolerance. The text seeks to demonstrate the centrality of the principle of non discrimination and non stigmatization in the contemporary bioethics agenda, extending the discussion beyond questions related only to the bio-techno-science and health fields. In this sense, this paper reflects on social aspects, indispensable to providing a better understanding of moral conflicts in this field in the current international context, besides issues in the biomedical field itself...

A cultura como dispositivo de governo da população pela UNICEF e UNESCO: apontamentos genealógicos / Culture as a device of government population by UNICEF and UNESCO: genealogical notes / La cultura como un dispositivo de población de gobierno por el UNICEF y la UNESCO: apuntes genealógicos

Este artigo discute como o governo da população é realizado por uma instrumentalização da cultura pelas práticas da UNESCO e do UNICEF, no Brasil. Utilizamos as contribuições teórico-metodológicas de Michel Foucault, para efetuar a problematização dos documentos selecionados. Esses organismos multilaterais têm-se posicionado no jogo de forças da cena política atual, como responsáveis pela produção da paz mundial. A presente análise pauta-se em uma das séries temáticas abordadas nos relatórios estudados: a de governo da cultura como mecanismo de redução de conflitos, com o objetivo de produzir consensos e promover uma justiça equitativa, ancorando-se na preocupação em difundir discursos de economia política sobre o objeto desenvolvimento sustentável para o Brasil. Conclui-se que a gestão da cultura pelos organismos multilaterais busca forjar um consenso mundializado, em nome da democracia e fomento aos direitos humanos, como estratégia de segurança da população.

This article discusses how the governenment’s population is accomplished by a manipulation of the culture by the practices of UNESCO and of UNICEF, in Brazil. We use the theoretical and methodological contributions of Michel Foucault to make the questioning of the selected documents. These multilateral agencies have been positioned in the power game of politics today as responsible for the production of world peace. This analysis is in a series of issues addressed in the reports studied: the governance of culture as a mechanism to reduce conflict in order to produce consensus and promote a fair justice, anchoring on the concern of broadcasting the speeches of political economy on the object development for Brazil. Concluded that the management of culture by multilateral organizations seeking to forge a consensus in the name of globalization, democracy and promoting human rights and security strategy of the population.

Este artículo describe cómo la población del gobierno se lleva a cabo mediante una manipulación de las prácticas de la cultura de la UNESCO y el UNICEF en el Brasil. Nosotros utilizamos los aportes teóricos y metodológicos de Michel Foucault para hacer el interrogatorio de los documentos seleccionados. Estos organismos multilaterales han sido posicionados en el juego de poder de la política actual como responsable de la producción de la paz mundial. Este análisis figura en una serie de cuestiones abordadas en los informes estudiados: la gobernanza de la cultura como un mecanismo para reducir los conflictos a fin de producir un consenso y promover una justicia imparcial, el anclaje en la preocupación de la difusión de los discursos de la economía política en el desarrollo de objetos para el Brasil. Llegó a la conclusión de que la gestión de la cultura de las organizaciones multilaterales como objetivo crear un consenso en el nombre de la globalización, la democracia y la promoción de los derechos humanos y la estrategia de seguridad de la población.

Dignidad, integridad y vulnerabilidad desde las declaraciones de la UNESCO / Dignity, integrity and vulnerability in UNESCO declarations

Los conceptos de Dignidad, Integridad y Vulnerabilidad son centrales a las tres Declaraciones promulgadas por UNESCO entre 1997 y 2005. En ellas se abordan asuntos relativos a la genética, las bio-ciencias y la salud, pero también la protección de la biodiversidad, la biosfera y el medio ambiente, desde una perspectiva de justicia y equidad, y, en cuanto hace referencia al ser humano, amparados por los derechos humanos, teniendo en cuenta en su concepción la diversidad cultural, religiosa y filosófica de los pueblos, y condiciones particulares asociadas a la disparidad socio-económica y de género entre las sociedades. Sin entrar a definir la dignidad como tal, las Declaraciones emplean la noción jurídica de la misma, y la identifican en la práctica de la vida social, siempre en referencia a los derechos y libertades individuales, pero también de la sociedad humana en su conjunto, y defendiendo una posición de solidaridad y cooperación en beneficio de todos, pero particularmente de los grupos más vulnerables.