Scientific language trends among Swedish urologists and surgeons 1900-1955.

PURPOSE: Before English took the lead as the prime scientific language among northern European urologists and surgeons, German was widely regarded as the "lingua franca". This shift has to date not been systematically reconstructed. This article provides insights into the question how political and social factors influence how physicians communicate with each other, what they read, and how the constellations of international scientific communities in medicine change over time. METHODS: Through a language analysis of more than 2000 articles, including their references, in major Swedish medical journals as well as surgical doctoral dissertations defended at Swedish universities, this paper explores scientific language trends during the first half of the twentieth century among Swedish physicians for the first time on a large scale. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that Swedish urologists and surgeons generally did not switch to English during the years immediately after the First World War, as has been documented in other countries. After a decrease during the first 10 years after the First World War, the German language dominated among Swedish urologists and surgeons from the 1930s until the early 1940s, when English first dominated at large. The rapidity of this process shows that almost all surgical researchers had changed from German to English within just a few years.

From humble beginnings the evolution of the FRACS (Urology).

BACKGROUND: Surgery has a rich and colourful history dating as far back as, at least, the Neolithic period. There have been many advances in knowledge and technology, as well as changes to working conditions and public perception and expectations. The urology training programme is jointly managed by the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons and the Urological Society of Australia and New Zealand. Urological training in Australia and New Zealand has undergone a number of changes over the years. METHODS: A PubMed search was performed to find articles related to surgical training and, more specifically, urological training in Australia and New Zealand. The search terms that were used included 'urology training', 'surgical training', 'Australian urology history' and 'New Zealand urology history'. RESULTS: This narrative review outlines the origin and history of this training programme and describes the changes that have led to the current model of urology training. It also relates some of the current and future challenges faced as the training programme continues to evolve in order to improve its ability to train future urologists to meet the needs of the community and to ensure public safety. CONCLUSION: The urological training programme has evolved a number of times in order to tackle the challenges presented by evolving technology, community expectation and the needs of the trainee.

[History in the public communication of specialist scientific societies: history marketing]. / Geschichte in der öffentlichen Kommunikation wissenschaftlicher Fachgesellschaften : "History marketing"

History is nowadays used as an economic factor. The past is therefore specifically targeted and cultivated, which for specialist scientific associations and societies often fullfils totally different functions in comparison to the open market, although the techniques and requirements are similar. Within medical specialties these facts are often still unknown. Museums and archives as well as the historians and curators working in them are very familiar with the special cultures of communication within these scientific communities and they play a major role in the establishment and development of history as a modern part of public relations and public identity.

German urologists under national socialism.

OBJECTIVES: The first full-time professorship for urology at a German university was established in 1937 and in 1942, a rare teaching qualification (Habilitation) for urology was granted, both at the prestigious Berlin University. At the same time, nearly a third of all physicians who worked in the field of urology were classified as "non-Aryan" according to Nazi race laws and were forced out of their profession and their homeland. Many of them committed suicide or, if they refused to flee, were murdered in concentration camps. German urologists also contributed to compulsory sterilization of men according to the "law for the prevention of hereditarily diseased offspring" between 1934 and 1945. METHODS: Historical sources on the history of urology in Nazi Germany were reviewed and analyzed. These include textbooks and medical journals from the 1930s and 1940s, as well as files from different state and university archives. RESULTS: For urologists, the changing political environment in Germany after 1933 offered possibilities to assert their personal and professional interests. Unfortunately, in many cases, moral principles were thrown overboard, and physicians advanced their own careers and the specialty of urology at the expense of their patients and their Jewish colleagues. CONCLUSION: Under national socialism, German urologists backed Nazi health and race policies and in exchange gained further professionalization for their specialty, including university positions and increased independence from surgery. Only in recent years has this chapter of German urology's past become a topic of debate among members of the professional society.

[Historical comments on urinary bladder catheterisation: an urological success story]. / Historische Anmerkungenzum Harnblasenkatheterismus - eine urologische Erfolgsgeschichte.

The first sounds and tubes were made of gold, bronze and tin or instruments made of reed, straw or rolled palm leaves. Over the course of the centuries the material as well as the design evolved because of the better knowledge of the anatomy of the human body. Especially French and German pioneers of the 19th and 20th century with their new innovations led to the progress of the catheter. From the search of the right material, to the innovation of and appropriate fixation mechanism in the bladder. Only by continous promotion of the inventions over the turn of the time a perfect instrument made of the perfect material could evolve.

[Urine analysis. Luis Cifuentes in the transition from art to science]. / El estudio de la orina. Luis Cifuentes Delatte en el paso del arte a la ciencia.

OBJECTIVE: To emphasize the importance of the study of urine samples as well as the non replaceable figure of Dr. Luis Cifuentes Delatte. METHODS: We review the methodology of the study of urine samples. RESULTS: Urine analysis keeps a great diagnostic importance as Dr. Luis Cifuentes Delatte demonstrated, although it unavoidably has suffered modifications due to technological development and social needs. CONCLUSIONS: We should never forget in our clinical practice urine analysis of the sediment, as Dr. Luis Cifuentes Delatte supported in his time.

[Carlos Younger de la Peña (1920-1996). "Urology in Madrid during the second half of the 20th century"]. / Carlos Younger de la Peña (1920-1996). "La Urología Madrileña en la segunda mitad del siglo XX".

Carlos Younger de la Peña (1920-1996) was one of the representative urologists of his time, both in urology as a whole and particularly in urology in Madrid, during the 40 years between 1945 to 1985. His professional training was linked to the department of urology in the "La Princesa" Hospital chaired by Dr. Pedro Cifuentes Díaz first and Luis Cifuentes Delatte posteriorly. The important influence of French urology led Carlos Younger to complete his studies in the departments of urology chaired by professors J. Cibert (Lyon), Truc (Montpellier) and Couvelaire (Paris). When he returned from France he completed his doctoral thesis with the title "Experimental study on the ureterosigmoidostomy type Coffey I" directed by Prof. J. Garcia Orcoyen in 1957. His first publications started in 1946 and he ended with almost 100, including communications to various speciality congresses and meetings. Established in his private clinic in the Ferraz Street in Madrid he alternated his professional practice between Social Security patients and the Red Cross Central Hospital. At the end of his life he had collected near to 10.000 patients' clinical records. He was member of various scientific societies (among them the International Society Of Nephrology) and received various awards such as the one from the Pediatric Surgeons Association for his work on "bladder exstrophy "and the one from the Medical Academy of Valladolid for his study "Vascular renal hypertension". In 1961 he performed the second renal transplant in Spain. His professional interest was preferentially focused on uro-oncology, pediatric urology, gynecologic urology, and endoscopic surgery. He left many disciples with the same interests. The professional life of Carlos Younger de la Peña, in the period of time under analysis, is much significant as a reflex of the evolution of urology and urologists over half a century.

[The Spanish participation in the Congresses of the International Society of Urology during the 20th century]. / Participación española en los Congresos de la Sociedad Internacional de Urología en el siglo XX.

OBJECTIVES: With the occasion of the Centenary of the Constitution in 1907 of the International Society of Urology, initially named Association, we point at the topics treated and analyze the presence of the Spanish urologists in the foundation act as well as their role and contributions in the meetings during the 20th century. METHODS: We obtained the data from the information in various periodic publications, from the memories of some participant urologists and from the meeting records. RESULTS: We obtained notes from the foundation meeting of the International Association and two congresses, and also from the 25 congresses of the Society. We mainly extract data from the records edited by the meeting secretary, about the assistance of Spanish urologists and their contribution with conferences or communications and also about the relevance they have had holding positions within the organization. CONCLUSIONS: From 1907 the presence of Spanish urologists both in the Association and the International Society of Urology has been a constant. During the first half of the century, a time when our Urology was in a period of consolidation, the people in charge of the main urology departments in big hospitals in our country where the ones that could transmit their experience, with a level and quality comparable with the rest of Europeans. During the second half, once the nations recovered from wars, the scientific activity continued with an increasing Spanish contribution, which extended all over the country with the creation of the net of Social Security hospitals. They had hierarchical urology departments that performed study and analysis of their case series and started clinical and experimental research, significantly increasing the number of Spanish communications, mainly in congresses celebrated in Spanish speaking or European cities. As a consequence of their participation, three of the 25 meetings organized during the 20th century have been held in Spain. The Spanish presence in the directing boards of the society was favoured by the presence of Dr. Salvador Gil Vernet to consecutive periods.

Tres actores que no se entienden / Three players who does not understand themselves

Analisis del ejercicio de la medicina en el contexto de las reformas del sistema de salud en Colombia en los últimos años.